Soil-Metal Structures

Evolution of Design Codes in North American

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Canada

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CSA G401-01 (2007 Pending)

1.1 This Standard applies to the material and fabrication requirements for corrugated steel pipe, spiral rib pipe, and structural plate corrugated steel pipe products. 1.2 This Standard applies to the use of corrugated steel pipe, spiral rib pipe, and structural plate corrugated steel pipe for applications such as culverts, storm sewers, sanitary sewers, subdrains, ground recharge systems, well casings, underpasses, stream enclosures, shelters, and tunnels. 1.3 This Standard does not include requirements for hydraulic design, structural design, construction, and installation.

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CAN/CSAS6-06 Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code

Spans greater then 3 m. This is the tenth edition of CAN/CSA-S6, Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code. It supersedes the previous edition published in 2000, which amalgamated and superseded CAN/CSA-S6-88, Design of Highway Bridges, and the Ontario Ministry of Transportation's OHBDC-91-01, Ontario Highway Bridge Design Code, 3rd ed. Earlier editions of the CSA Standard were published in 1978, 1974, 1966, 1952, 1938, 1929, and 1922. Earlier editions of the Ontario Highway Bridge Design Code were published in 1983 and 1979 by the Ontario Ministry of Transportation.

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United States - American Society for Testing and Materials - American Association of State

ASTM

AASHTO

Highway and Transportation Officials

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Design History
Until the late 1930s, the design of SoilMetal structures was largely empirical. In the 40s and 50s, studies were instigated to better understand how corrugated steel structures preformed. Armco published Height of cover tables in 1955 but did not reference a design method. During this era, AASHTO referenced a rational design method based on past history and the ring compression theory. Prior to 1979, Canada followed the AASHTO design method.

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Design History
In 1976 Province of Ontario decided to develop their own Bridge code because AASHTO was a very large bureaucracy and did not permit quick changes to its design specifications. The term Soil-Steel structures was first used in 1976 by Dr Baidar Bakht as he was developing the 1st edition of the OHBDC in Canada. In 1979 the first Canadian based code was published Limit States Design Method. As the OHBDC evolved through its various editions, things like Minimum Heights of Cover, Design check during construction and backfill, Soil arching Factors, Seismic, and Bending Moments were addressed. In 1989, AASHTO decided to write an alternate specification modeled after the OHBDC. This specification, called AASHTO LRFD (load and resistance factor design) was published in 1994. It is only due to be adopted this year.

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Soil-Metal Structures Design

In 1995 the rest of the Canadian Provinces worked with Ontario to begin the Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code (CHBDC). It was first published in 2000. The Second edition was published in Nov 2006.

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Testing Back Up For the CHBDC

Box Culvert Haunch Bending Test

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Super-Cor Flexural Tests

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Super-Cor Seam Strength Tests

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Full Destructive Box Culvert Test

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Box Culvert Instrumentation

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Box Culvert Instrumentation

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MTO - Canada Test

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Full Scale Arch Test Whitehorse Creek, Canada

Worlds largest corrugated structure Span of 24 m Heavy live load 1100 Tonnes Constructed in six weeks

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Structure Monitoring
Whitehorse Creek was instrumented and monitored Provides a tool to validate design codes, and FEA Gives immediate feedback during construction phase, the most critical time Provides information on how to optimize future designs

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Finite Element Analysis (FEA)

First FEA programs geared towards soilstructure interaction developed in the 1970s Used as a method to confirm analysis theories from design codes A good tool for advancing products Essential for understanding behaviour of structures outside the scope of design codes

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FEA Soil Zones

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Innovations - FEA Construction Layers

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FEA Structure Results

Bending Moment

Axial Thrust

Increase knowledge of large soil-metal structure behaviour Bending and axial stresses change even after construction has completed

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FEA Results Soil Stress

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Innovations

1. EC Ribs 2. Concrete Relieving Slabs 3. Skew-Bevel Ends

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Innovations - Encased Concrete Ribs

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Relieving Slabs

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Innovations Skew-Bevel Ends

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Soil-Metal Structure Summary Can be safely designed using the Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code & FEA Deflections are small Economical alternative to traditional bridges

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Thank You

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