1

CE115 - Civil Engineering Drawing and

Spatial Analysis
Civil Engineering Drawing Pt 1:
Plan Reading & Structural Drawings
Christopher M. Monsere, Ph.D., P.E.
Assistant Professor
Portland State University
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
monsere@pdx.edu
2
Outline
Plan reading
Scale
Terminology
Structural drawing
Steel
Concrete
3
Plan Reading
Types of scales include:
Engineers
Decimal
10, 50, 20, 40, 30, 60
Architects
2 scales per edge
Feet-inches
1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 3/4, 3/8,
3, 11/2, Regular, 3/32,
3/16
Metric
4
Engineers Scale
1"
3"
30"
30'
300'
3 miles
The Engineer's Scale expresses
measurements as a ratio, depending
on the ratio assigned.
Actual Length
NTS: Not to scale
This means
30 gradations
in the sale
per inch
5
Engineers Scale
1"




Actual Length
Given SCALE 1=300
There are always 10 gradations between units
660 feet
NTS: Not to scale
00 00 00
then line that measures 1 actual inch represents 300 feet
on drawing
6
Engineers Scale





Given SCALE 1=300
NTS: Not to scale
325 feet
7
Engineers Scale
,
NTS: Not to scale
8
Dont confuse 1:30 with 1=30
SCALE 1=30
Paper Units : Actual Units
PU
AU
=
1
30
=
1
360
= 0.0028
Reduction scale
in ACAD
9
Architectural Scale

The scale
means how
many inches
per foot, so a
scale means
that inch
equals one foot
Each scale read
from 0 closest
definition
Each unit
represents 12
inches
10
Architectural Scale
Given SCALE 3/4=1
this is a reduction
scale..
Note this is always divisions of 1 foot. So,
since this is sub-divided unit into 24 units.
each 2 units is 1 inch.
This means
= 1
11
Architectural Scale
Note that the sub-divided unit is divided into
12 units. Therefore, each unit is 1 inches.
Given SCALE 1/4=1
then line that measures 1 paper inch represents 4 actual
feet
It measures approx 14-5
12
In-class Exercise
13
Plan View (Top View)
Shows the horizontal alignment
14
Stationing
Given as:
STA + FT (or m)
Typically:
stations in 100 ft or 100 m
So the distance from STA 1+55 to 2+33
(assuming 100 foot stations)
(100-55) + (33) = 78 feet
OR
233-155 = 78 feet
1 2 3
15
Profile View (Front View)
Shows the vertical alignment
16
Plan and Profile
17
Slopes
Angles sometimes given as V:H, read as X on
X slope (RISE:RUN).
1V
5H
1:5
18
Percent Slopes
Angles sometime given as % slope. A 2%
means for every 100 unit horizontal, there is a
2 unit change in the vertical.
2
100
-2%
2
100
+2%
19
Elevations
A building elevation is typically labeled in relation to
the compass direction it faces; the direction from
which a person views it.
20
Elevations
21
Cross Section
Centerlines
(CL) indicate
center of
alignment of
structure
22
Cross Section of Deck and Hangers
Source: Dorman Long (1932) Sydney Harbour Brige. Dorman Long & Co.
Ltd., p35, http://sydney-harbour-bridge.bos.nsw.edu.au/engineering-
studies/engineering-graphics.php
link
23
Section View
24
In-class Exercise
What if I dont know
the scale or the drawing
looks to have
copied/zoomed, how
could use a scale (ruler)
to determine an object?
Task: Make your own
scale to measure the
distance between DH-
3-97 and DH-1-97
25
Approximating scale
Find a dimension on the plan sheet, measure it
Create your conversion based on PU:AU
PU
AU
=
3.78
76 m
So if I measure 3.15 on
paper.
AU (m)
=
76 m
3.78 in
PU (in)
AU (m) =
76 m
3.78 in
3.15 (in)
AU (m) = 63.33
26
Structural Drawings
Structural drawings include:
Foundation plans
Wall sections and framing details
Structural steel framing and details
Beam and column drawings and details
Materials
Wood
Steel
Concrete
Masonary
27
Approach
Nearly all of the drawing principles that you
have learned apply to structural drawing
AutoCAD has tools built-in to help you
draw elements faster
28
Structural Steel
Two things to
design/draw
Structure
Beams and
columns
Size, orientation,
shape, length,
placement
Connections
Bolted, welded, or
riveted (not really
used)
C
o
l
u
m
n
Beam
C
o
l
u
m
n
29
Engineering design drawings
Show the overall dimensions of the structure
including:
Locations of columns, beams, angles and other
shapes
Sizes of structural members
Detail in the form of cross sections, special
connections required, and notes
30
Structural Steel Shapes
Structural steel is
available in many
standard shapes
Most CAD
programs have
structural shapes
symbol libraries
available
Video Link
Nominally,
depth and
mass/unit,
so shape is
14 tall
53#/ft
31
Manual of Steel Construction
32
Structural Steel
Plan View of One Floor
Dimensions in
feet and
inches, no
symbol
33
Shop drawings
Consist of detail drawings of all parts of the
entire structure showing exactly how the
parts are to be made
These drawings show all dimensions necessary
for fabrication, usually calculated to the
nearest 1/16
34
Piece Marks
A system is used to mark
each piece that is
separately handled
This mark is called a
piece mark and should
be shown wherever the
member appears on the
drawings
35
Connections
Main members are joined together in the field
to build a structure and most joints are
welded connections to the main members
Riveting is seldom used as a connection but
you may find reference to riveted joints in
original plans
36
Welding
Welding is a
common method for
connecting steel
members of buildings
and bridges
The principal
methods of welding
are:
Gas welding
Arc welding
Resistance welding
37
Types of Welded
Joints
Butt joint
Corner joint
T-joint
Lap joint
Edge joint
38
Types of Basic Welds & Symbols
39
Complete Welding Symbol
40
Fillet Welds
The arrow points to the joint where the weld is
to be made. If weld symbol is below line, weld
is made on leader arrow side. If above, opposite
arrow. If both above and below, then both sides
of joint.
41
CAD Welding Templates
Welding templates can simplify drawing
welding symbols by hand
They have all the forms needed for drawing
the arrow, weld symbols, and supplementary
symbols
42
Simple Beam Connection
43
In-class Exercise
44
Has Design Been Constructed?
1. On sheet GW-34, mark
locations of welds.
2. Review the WSDOT
plans for the bridge.
Based on the photos
shown here, find as
many clues that answer
this question
45
Concrete
Concrete is made by mixing sand, gravel,
or other aggregates with Portland cement
and water
Concrete is very good in compression,
but weak in tension
To solve this, embedded steel reinforcing
bars are added to concrete
Reinforced concrete
Prestressed concrete,
steel is pretensioned before the
superimposed load is applied
46
Reinforced Concrete Drawings
Size of and shape of members
Concrete material pattern shown in section
Placement of reinforcing steel in section
and plan views
Steel reinforcing shown as solid lines or filled
circles depending on view or section
AR-CONC
HATCH
pattern in
ACAD
SOLID
HATCH
pattern in
ACAD
47
Reinforced Concrete Drawings
48
Spiral Column Reinforcing
49
50
51
52
Jackson School Road Oxing
53
Jackson School Road Oxing
Bent 2
54
Rebar Reinforcing Details