Th Department The D t t of f Construction C t ti

RC Design Chapter I

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Essential References 1. Buildings Department of the HKSAR - Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Concrete 2004 (2nd Edition 2008) 2 British Standard, 2. Standard BS8110 (1997) - Structural Use of Concrete. 3 Buildings Department of the HKSAR Fire 3. Resisting Construction 1996. 4 W.H. 4. W H Mosley Mosley, J.H. J H Bungey & R. R Hulse, Hulse 5th edition, (1999), Reinforced Concrete Design. 5 T.J. 5. T J MacGinley and B.S. B S Choo, Choo 2nd edition, edition (1993), Reinforced Concrete Design Theory and Examples
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1. General Introduction

This chapter will discuss the following topics:

Outlining the properties of reinforced concrete. Introduction of the Ultimate Limit State and the Serviceability Limit State. Partial Safety Factors for materials and loads. Determination of the design strengths and design loads. Introduction of load pattern, shear force and bending moment envelopes.

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1.1 Properties of Reinforced Concrete Concrete and steel have properties that are complementary to each other. other Reinforced concrete is widely used because it combines the best features of concrete and steel.
Concrete
Strength in Tension S Strength hi in C Compression i Strength g in Shear Durability Fire resistance Weak G d Good Fairly y Good Good Good

Steel
Very Good G d long Good, l steel l bars b may buckle Good Corrodes if unprotected Poor - suffers rapid loss of f strength h at hi high h temp.
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RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition)

Design Assumptions for Reinforced Concrete

The tensile strength of concrete (weak) is usually ignored g in reinforced concrete design. g Reinforcement (steel bar) is used to carry all the tensile force in the reinforced concrete structural element. Tensile force is transferred by the bond (e.g. adhesion, friction) between these TWO materials. The effectiveness ff i of f the h f force transfer f d depends d on whether h h the bond is strong enough to achieve composite action of the two materials (e.g. (e g the strain of the interface of concrete and steel is the same, there is no relative movement).
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Stress - Strain Curve of Concrete

Stress St

Strain Fig. 1.1 Stress-strain curve of concrete in compression

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Design g Stress-strain curve of concrete

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Stress - Strain Curve of Concrete From fig 1.1, it is noted that

the ratio between the stress and strain is approximately linear at low stress level. The curve is no longer linear at higher stress level and concrete behaves as plastic material.

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Simplified Stress-Strain Curves of Reinforcing Bars

High yield cold worked bars
High yield hot rolled bars

460

250

Mild steel hot rolled bars

0.002

0.004

Strain

Fig. 1.2 Stress-strain curves of reinforcing bars

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Design Stress-Strain Curves of Reinforcing Bars

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Stress-Strain Curves of Reinforcing Bars From fig. 1.2, it is noted that:

The h h hot rolled ll d b bars h have d definite fi i yield i ld point. i
The specified strength used in design is based on the yield i ld stress. t

The cold worked bars do not have a definite yield point.

The specified strength used in design is based on 0.2% proof stress as defined in fig. 1.2. (i.e., draw a straight line at strain = 0.002 and parallel to the i iti l slope initial l of f the th stress-strain t t i curve, when h the th straight line cuts the stress-strain curve, it defines the value of the yield stress)
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Durability Properly designed and constructed reinforced concrete structures are long lasting (very durable). The durability of the concrete is influenced by:
exposure conditions (e.g. whether the structure is sheltered or exposed to wind/rain) (see table 4.1) concrete quality (e.g. cement content, fcu) cover to the reinforcement (e.g. (e g the thickness of concrete measured from the concrete surface to the embedded reinforcement) (see table 4.2 & table A, C, E & F) - width of any cracks (for normal R.C. structure, crack k width idth is i controlled t ll d to t be b within ithi 0.3mm) 03 )
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Specification of Concrete The selection of the concrete type is based on the strength t th and dd durability bilit requirements. i t
Concrete strength is assessed by using concrete cube b and/or d/ concrete t cylinder. li d Concrete C cubes b are widely id l used d in i Hong H Kong. K Th The strength h of f concrete is i usually ll expressed d in i fcu at 28 days.
e e.g. g A grade 35or C35 or fcu = 35 N/mm2 concrete has a characteristic cube crushing strength of 35 2 at 28 d N/mm / days. ys.
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Characteristic Strength of Reinforcing Bars The characteristic strength of the common types of reinforcement are shown below:
Designation Nominal Size (mm) Specified Characteristic Strength (N/mm2) 250 460

Hot-rolled mild steel (R) (CS2) Hot-rolled high tensile steel (T) (CS2)

All sizes All sizes

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1.2

Limit State Design Philosophy

Aims of Design:
Achievement of an acceptable probability that the structures being designed will perform satisfactorily during their intended life life. With an appropriate i t d degree of f safety, f t th they should h ld sustain all the loads and deformations of normal construction and use. use H Having i an adequate d d durability bili and d resistance i to the h effects of misuse and fire.
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Limit States There are two principal types of limit states and they are: Ultimate Limit State (ULS) Serviceability y Limit State (SLS) ( )

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Ultimate Limit State This requires that the structure must be able to support its load with an adequate factor of safety against collapse. Buckling, overturning, accidental damage, internal explosion, .etc. of the structure should be considered.

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Serviceability Limit State Deflection

the appearance or efficiency of the structure must not be adversely affected by deflection.

Response to Wind Load

The effect of lateral deflection should be considered , particular for a tall, slender structure.

Cracking
the appearance appearance, efficiency efficiency, durability of the structure must not be adversely affected by the damage due to cracking and spalling.
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Serviceability Limit State Durability

the expected life of the structure and its exposure conditions shall be considered.

Vibration
Discomfort or alarm to occupants, structural damage, and interference with proper function should be avoided.

Fatigue
when the imposed load on a structure is predominantly cyclical it may be necessary to consider the effect of fatigue. fatigue
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Serviceability Limit State Fire Resistance

A structure or a structural element is required to have fire resistance. It should be designed to possess an appropriate p pp p degree g of resistance to flame penetration, heat transmission and collapse. (see table A, C, E & F)

Special Circumstances
any special requirements of the structures which are not covered by any of the more common limit states shall be considered.

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Characteristic Material Strength

The distribution of the material strength is assumed to follow a normal normal distribution curve curve. (see fig fig. 1 1.3) 3) The characteristic strength is taken as that value below which it is unlikely that more than 5% of the results will fall fall, i.e. ie fk = fm -1.64s where fk = characteristic strength; fm = mean strength; t th s = standard deviation; 1.64 is a factor of the normal distribution curve.
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Fig. 1.3 Normal frequency distribution of strengths

Mean strength (fm) Number of test specimen results

Characteristic Strength
(fk)

1 64 s 1.64 Strength
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Characteristic Load
Because of the large variation in characteristic loads they are usually obtained from relevant loads, design codes. In Hong Kong, characteristic loads shall be obtained f from th the B Building ildi (C (Construction) t ti ) R Regulations. l ti

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Partial Factors of Safety Partial Factors of Safety y for Materials (m)

Design Strength = Characteristic Strength (fk) / m

Factors to be considered in selecting m

the strength of the materials in the actual member, member e.g.:
the strength of concrete is easily affected by placing, compacting, curing.. Higher m Steel is a relative consistent material Smaller m. m

the severity of the limit state being considered.

Higher m for ULS ULS, Smaller m for SLS
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RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition)

Table 1.1 Recommended values for m to HKC 2004

Partial factors of safety applied to materials (m) Material Limit State Ultimate Flexure Sh Shear Bond Serviceability 1.5 1 25 1.25 1.4 1.0 1.0 1.15 1 15 1.15 Concrete Steel

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Partial Factors of Safety for Loads (f) f is used to take into account of the errors that may arise due to :
Design g assumptions p and inaccuracy y of calculations (the analysis model may not truly reflect the actual behaviour of the structure) Possible unusual load increases ( (eg. g People p crowded in footbridge to watch fireworks, this is an unusual load increase)

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Partial Factors of Safety for Loads (f)

Unforeseen stress redistribution (indeterminate structure has the ability to redistribute the loading to other members) Constructional inaccuracies (dimensions of actual member may not be exactly the same as that in the design calculations)

Design Load = Characteristic Load * f

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Table 1.2 Partial factors of safety for load

R Reproduce d from f HK C Code d

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Partial Safety Factors for Loads

Consider the stability (e.g. sliding and overturning) of the building 1 subjected to dead and wind loads. loads When the building subjecting to wind load * 1.4 and dead load * 1.0 1 0 produces the most critical loading case for stability.
Wind Load *1.4

Dead Load *1.0

Building 1 Elevation

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Partial Safety Factors for Loads

Consider the stability (e.g. sliding and overturning) of the building 2 subjected to dead and wind loads. loads When the building subjecting to wind load * 1.4, dead load 1 * 1.0 1 0 and dead load 2 * 1.4 1 4 produces the most critical loading case for stability.
Wind Load *1.4

Dead Load 1 *1.0 Dead Load 2 *1.4

Building 2 Elevation

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1.3 Loading Combination and Patterns Loading

Dead Load
Dead load includes the weight of the structure complete with finishes, finishes fixture and partitions. partitions
Typical value for the self-weight of reinforced concrete is 24 kN/m3

Imposed load
Imposed load on structure includes the weight of occupants, p , furniture, , the p pressure of wind, , the weight of the snow, pressure from the retained earth and water. etc.
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Load Combination for ULS

a)

Dead and imposed load

1.4 1 4 Gk + 1.6 1 6 Qk 1.0 Gk + 0.0 Qk

b)

Dead and wind load

1.4 Gk + 1.4 Wk 1.0 Gk + 1.4 Wk

c)

Dead , imposed and wind load

1.2 Gk + 1.2 Qk + 1.2 Wk

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Fig. 1.4 Load Pattern for Obtaining Design Moment

1.4Gk + 1.6 Q k 1.4Gk + 1.6 Q k 1.4Gk + 1.6 Qk 1.4Gk + 1.6 Q k 1.0G 1.0G 1.0Gk k k

( i) Loading arrangement for maximum moments in the spans

1.4Gk + 1.6 Qk 1.4Gk + 1.6 Q 1.4Gk + 1.6 Q k k 1.0Gk 1.0Gk A

(ii) Loading arrangement for maximum support moment at A

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Load Pattern for Obtaining Design Moment Fig. 1.4 shows load pattern for a continuous beam to cause
Maximum sagging moment in alternate spans Maximum M i h hogging i moment t at t support tA A.

In order to obtain approximate ultimate design moments at the supports, the loading case to be considered is from one loading condition with all span fully loaded.

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Load Combination for SLS A partial factor of safety f = 1.0 is normally used in loading combination at SLS. SLS (Serviceability Limit State)

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Bending Moment and Shear Force Envelopes

A simply supported beam ABCD with g shown in fig. g 1.5 is subjected j to the overhangs following loadings.
Characteristic dead load = 15 kN/m Characteristic imposed load = 23 kN/m

Fi Find d the h shear h f force and db bending di moment envelopes of the beam.
Maximum load = 1.4*D.L. + 1.6* L.L. =1 1.4*15 4*15 + 1 1.6*23 6*23 = 57 57.8 8 kN/m (say 58 kN/m) Minimum load = 1 1.0* 0* D D.L. L =1 1.0*15 0*15 = 15 kN/m
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Fig. 1.5 - Beam ABCD

Characteristic Dead Load = 15 kN/m Characteristic Imposed Load = 23 kN/m
A

B 2m
7m

C 2m

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Bending Moment and Shear Force Envelopes Fig. 1.6a, b & c show the loading patterns to obtain the design g shear force and bending g moment, i.e. shear force and bending moment envelopes.
Loading pattern A is used to obtain maximum sagging moment of span BC, and maximum shear of span BC. Loading pattern B is used to obtain maximum hogging moment at supports B & C, and the possible hogging moment of span BC. It also gives the maximum shear of span p AB & CD. Loading pattern C is used to obtain maximum support pp reactions at B & C, , and maximum support pp moments at B & C.
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Fig. 1.6a - Load Pattern A

Min
A

Max. B
C

Min D 2m

2m 203

7m

30 A Shear (kN) B -30 -203 -30 30 A -30 30 C D

D Bending Moment (kNm)

325
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Fig. 1.6b - Load Pattern B

Max
A

Min B
C

Max D 2m 116

2m 52.5 A B -116

7m

C -52.5 52 5

D Shear (kN)

-116 116 -24.1 A

-116 116

D Bending Moment (kNm)

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Fig. 1.6c - Load Pattern C

Max
A

B 2m 203 7m

D 2m

116 Sh (kN) Shear B -116 -203 -116 C D

-116

D Bending Moment (kNm)

239

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Bending Moment and Shear Force Envelopes

By plotting the shear force diagrams of Fig. 1 6a b & c to scale on the reference line of 1.6a, beam ABCD, we can obtain the shear force envelope (outer boundary of the overlaying shear force diagrams) for design. (see fig. 1.7) By plotting the bending moment diagrams of Fig 1.6a, Fig. 1 6a b & c to scale on the reference line of beam ABCD, we can obtain the bending moment t envelope l (outer ( t boundary b d of f the th overlaying bending moment diagrams) for design. (see fig. 1.8)
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Fig. 1.7 Shear Force Envelope

203 116 52 5 52.5 B A -30 30 - 116 -203

Shear Force Envelope

30 C -52.5 D

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Fig. 1.8 Bending Moment Envelope

- 116 -30 A B -24.1

- 116 -30 C 239 325

Bending Moment Envelope (kNm)

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Table 4.1 Classification of Exposure Conditions

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Table 4.2 Nominal Cover to All Reinforcement

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Table A Minimum Wall Thickness

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Table C - Minimum Slab Thickness

Reproduced from CP for Fire Resisting Costruction 1996

Reproduce from Ref. 3

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Table E Min Dimensions & cover of R.C. Members for FRP

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Table F Minimum Thickness of Stairs

R Reproduce d from f R Ref. f 3

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Self-Assessment Questions
Q1. A simply supported beam is subjected to a characteristic dead load of 20 kN/m and a characteristic imposed load of 15 kN/m. Find the design load for the beam. Choices: (a) w = 35 kN/m (b) w = 42 kN/m (c) w = 52 kN/m

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Self-Assessment Questions
Q2. Find the design strength of high tensile steel (T) with a g fy = 460 N/mm2. characteristic strength Choices: (a) 250 N/mm2 (b) 400 N/mm2 (c) 437 N/mm2 (d) 460 N/mm2

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Self-Assessment Questions
Q3. Find the design bending strength of a concrete with a fcu = 35 N/mm2. Choices: (a) 35 N/mm2 (b) 23.45 N/mm2 (c) 15.75 N/mm2

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Self-Assessment Questions
Q4. (a) (b) Give TWO examples of Ultimate Limit State. (Answer:) Give TWO examples of Serviceability Limit State. State (Answer:)

Q5 Q5.

(a) (b)

Give TWO examples of imposed load. load (Answer:) Gi e TWO examples Give e amples of dead load. load (Answer:)

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Assignment No. 1
AQ1 Fig. AQ1 shows a three-span continuous beam subjected j to uniformly y distributed characteristic dead load (D.L.) and characteristic imposed load (L.L.). Sketch the load patterns for obtaining: (a) (b) ( ) (c)
A

Maximum span moment of BC. Maximum support pp moment at B. Maximum span moments of span AB & CD.
B C D

Fig.AQ1 AQ2 Fig.

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Assignment No. 1
AQ2 Fig. AQ2 shows a simply supported beam with an g The beam is subjected j to a uniformly y overhang. distributed characteristic dead load of 20 kN/m and a characteristic imposed load of 15 kN/m. Draw the shear force and bending moment envelopes for the beam.
A 7.5m

B
2.5m

Fig. AQ3 Fig. AQ2

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