IT1402 Nov Dec 2009 Answer

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NOV/DEC-'09/IT1402-Answer Key Nov/Dec 2009 Part-A 1. What are the main problems of signal propagation? Ans: Power additionally influenced by o fading (frequency dependent) o shadowing o Reflection at large obstacles o Refraction depending on the density of a medium o scattering at small obstacles o Diffraction at edges 2. Give the use of SDMA. Ans: Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA) is used for allocating separated spaces to users in wireless networks. The basis for the SDMA algorithm is formed by cells and sectorized antennas which constitute the infrastructure implementing space division multiplexing (SDM) 3. Define GPRS. Ans: The General Packet Radio Service provides packet mode transfer for applications that exhibit traffic patterns such as frequent transmission of small volumes. 4. What do you mean by DAMA? Ans: Demand Assigned Multiple Access Channel efficiency only 18% for Aloha, 36% for Slotted Aloha (assuming Poisson distribution for packet arrival and packet length). Reservation can increase efficiency to 80% 5. What are the various versions of a physical layer defined in IEEE 802.11 standards? Ans: IEEE 802.11-83.5 MHz IEEE 802.11a -300 MHz IEEE 802.11b 83.5 MHz IEEE 802.11g - 83.5 MHz 6. List the three low power states to save battery power in a Bluetooth device. Ans: PARK state HOLD state SNIFF state 7. What are the two kinds of entities in mobile IP? Ans: Two kinds of entities Foreign network Home network 8. Define Generic Routing Encapsulation. Ans: GRE allows the encapsulation packets of one protocol suite into the payload portion of another protocol suite. 1
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NOV/DEC-'09/IT1402-Answer Key
9. What are the key elements of the WAP specification? Ans: Networks and Network Bearers TCP/IP as Transport Protocol Processors 10. What are the goals of WTLS layer? Ans: It provides the upper-level layer of WAP with a secure transport service interface that preserves the transport service interface below it. In addition, WTLS provides an interface for managing (e.g., creating and terminating) secure connections. It provides functionality similar to TLS 1.0 and incorporates additional features such as datagram support, optimized handshake and dynamic key refreshing. Part-B 11. a) i) Discuss the advantage and disadvantage of cellular system with small cells. [6 Marks] Ans: Cellular Network Organization Areas divided into cells Each served by its own antenna(s) Band of frequencies allocated Neighbors are equidistant Architecture PSTN MTSO Base Station and Antenna Cellular Concept Limited number of frequencies => limited channels Single high power antenna => limited number of users Smaller cells => frequency reuse possible => more number of users Base stations (BS): implement space division multiplex Each BS covers a certain transmission area (cell) Each BS is allocated a portion of the total number of channels available Cluster: group of nearby BSs that together use all available channels Mobile stations communicate only via the base station FDMA, TDMA, CDMA may be used within a cell As demand increases (more channels are needed) Number of base stations is increased Transmitter power is decreased correspondingly to avoid interference
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NOV/DEC-'09/IT1402-Answer Key Advantages: Higher capacity, higher number of users Less transmission power needed More robust, decentralized Base station deals with interference, transmission area etc. locally Disadvantages: Fixed network needed for the base stations Handover (changing from one cell to another) necessary Interference with other cells: co-channel, adjacent-channel Cellular Architecture Each tower serves one cell Different frequencies Handoff calls
Each cell is served by a base station (BS) Each BS is connected to a mobile switching center (MSC) through fixed links Each MSC is connected to other MSCs and PSTN
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11. a) ii) Explain briefly the types of spread spectrum techniques. [10 Marks] Ans: Types of spread spectrum DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) I FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum) I
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11. b) i) Compare TDMA, FDMA and CDMA. Ans:
[6 Marks]
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NOV/DEC-'09/IT1402-Answer Key 11. b) ii) Explain the different types of phase shift key modulation. [10 Marks] Ans:
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NOV/DEC-'09/IT1402-Answer Key 12) a) Describe the system architecture of a GSM. Ans: [16 Marks]
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12) b) i) Write a note on LEO satellite system. [8 Marks] Ans: Leo circulate on a lower orbit It exhibit a much shorter period It will only be visible from the earth for around ten minutes. Used for low bandwidth services. Advantage: Using advanced compression scheme. For voice communication. Using low transmit power in the range of 1W Smaller footprint for better frequency reuse. Disadvantage: Need for many satellites if global coverage is to be used. More satellites in orbit. Short life time (5 8 years) 12) b) ii) Explain the transport mechanism of DAB Ans: Digital Audio Broadcasting: Introduction (2) Two basic transport mechanism (2) Main service channel Fast information channel Program associated data (1) DAB frame structure (2) Each frames are divided into three frames (3) Synchronization channel Fast information channel Main service channel Components of a DAB sender Multimedia object transfer protocol [8 Marks].
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NOV/DEC-'09/IT1402-Answer Key 13 a) i) Explain the basic architecture of an IEEE 802.11 MAC data frame. [8 Marks]
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13) a) ii) Discuss briefly the HyperLAN2. Ans:
[8 Marks]
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13) b) Explain about the IEEE 802.11b standard. Ans:
[16 Marks]
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NOV/DEC-'09/IT1402-Answer Key 14) a) i) Discuss about the IP in IP encapsulation. Ans: IP in IP Encapsulation: Encapsulation format (4) Fields are, (4) Version Internet Header Length Length IP Identification Fragment offset Time to Live IP checksum IP address of HA Care of Address of COA IP address of CN IP address of MN [8 Marks]
14 a) ii) Explain the Dynamic Source Routing. [8 Marks] Ans: Split routing into discovering a path and maintaining a path Discover a path: Only if path for packets to a certain destination is needed and no path available maintaining a path: Only while path is in use one has to make sure that it can be used continuously No periodic updates needed! Path discovery: Broadcast a packet with destination address and unique ID If a station receives a broadcast packet If the station is the receiver (i.e., has the correct destination address) then return the packet to the sender (path was collected in the packet) If the packet has already been received earlier (identified via ID) then discard the packet Otherwise, append own address and broadcast packet Sender receives packet with the current path (address list) Optimizations: Limit broadcasting if maximum diameter of the network is known Caching of address lists (i.e. paths) with help of passing packets: Stations can use the cached information for path discovery (own paths or paths for other hosts) Maintaining paths: After sending a packet: Wait for a layer 2 acknowledgement (if applicable) Listen into the medium to detect if other stations forward the packet (if possible) Request an explicit acknowledgement 16
NOV/DEC-'09/IT1402-Answer Key If a station encounters problems it can inform the sender of a packet or look-up a new path locally [16 Marks]
14 b) Explain the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. Ans:
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NOV/DEC-'09/IT1402-Answer Key 15) a) i) Explain the concept of Snooping TCP. Ans: [8 Marks]
15 a) ii) Explain the WAE logical model. [8 Marks] Ans: Goals Device and network independent application environment for low-bandwidth, wireless devices considerations of slow links, limited memory, low computing power, small display, simple user interface (compared to desktops) 18
NOV/DEC-'09/IT1402-Answer Key Integrated Internet/WWW programming model High interoperability WAE Logical mode:
15 b) Explain the architecture of WAP 2.0 [16 Marks] Ans: Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) _ Empowers mobile users with wireless devices _ A standard created by wireless and Internet companies wapforum.org: Co-founded by Ericsson, Motorola, Nokia, Phone.com Goals Deliver Internet services to mobile devices Enable applications to scale across a variety of transport options and device types Independence from wireless network standards GSM, CDMA IS-95, TDMA IS-136, 3G systems (UMTS, WCDMA)
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11. b) i) Compare TDMA, FDMA and CDMA. Ans:

13) a) ii) Discuss briefly the HyperLAN2. Ans:

13) b) Explain about the IEEE 802.11b standard. Ans:

14 b) Explain the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. Ans:

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