introduction to Electrolysis of Water science:

Electrolysis of Water involves the breakdown of water.The process of electrolysis is Inter change of atoms and ions. By removing or adding electrons which happens by an external circuit. Electrolysis of water produces pure hydrogen.
The following equation represents the breaking apart of H2O(l): 2H2O(l) 2H2(g) + O2 (g) Electrolysis is an example for redox reaction. "Redox" is short form for "oxidation and reduction", two complimentary types of chemical reactions. In all oxidation-reduction reactions, there is an exchange of electrons - one chemical substance loses electrons while the other/s gain/s them. If a chemical substance loses electron it is Oxidation and if a chemical substance gains electrons it is Reduction.

About the separation of Oxygen from water:

During electrolysis, two electrodes are connected which act as a power source of electricity and then these electrodes are immersed in water. On negatively charged cathode hydrogen appears and on positively charged anode oxygen appears. We see that the hydrogen generated doubles the oxygen that generates. To overcome various activation barriers more energy is required while pure waters electrolysis. If not the case then the pure waters electrolysis is very slow or will not occur at all. The electrical conductivity of water is about one millionth of seawater. A number of electrolytic cells may not have the required electro catalysts. By adding electrolyte and by use of electro catalysts the efficiency of electrolysis is increased.

Fig:- electrolysis. In water, at the negative electrode reduction reaction takes place. This makes the electrons (e) from the cathode being given to hydrogen cations to form hydrogen gas Cathode Reduction : 2 H+(aq) + 2e H2(g) At the positively charged anode oxidation reaction takes place, which produces oxygen gas and giving electrons to the anode to complete the circuit: Oxidation at Anode: 2 H2O(l) O2(g) + 4 H+(aq) + 4e

Electrolysis of Water in Science

The equation represents the breaking apart of H2O(l):

2H2O(l) 2H2(g) + O2 (g) It can split into two parts as shown below: reduction oxidation 2H2O(l) + 2e- H2 + 2 OH2H2O(l) O2 + 4H+ + 4e-0.83 V -1.23V

Experimental Set up of Electrolysis of Water in Science

An electrolyte is added to the water since water does not carry a charge. Acetic acid (vinegar) which is a weak acid can be used to make water, a carrier of charges. Inverted test tubes are often used to collect the hydrogen and oxygen gases produced, as shown in the diagram.

Use of porous nickel electrodes:

Use of porous nickel electrodes as water electrolysis electrodes compared to plate electrodes in water electrolysis permits high cell density operation with reduced voltages. But its use is limited since the high heat generated as a result of high current density causing high heat which ultimately results in the formation of very fine bubbles.

Path of Electrons during the Electrolysis of Water in Science

The reaction will not occur, unless electrons make a complete circuit.

At the anode (positive electrode) of the battery, electrons are produced (oxidation) . The electrons leave the electrochemical cell along the external circuit.

These electrons create a cathode (negative electrode) in the electrolytic cell which results in the reduction of water. Thus, the area around this electrode will become basic as OH ions are produced. 2H2O(l) + 2e H2(g) + 2 OH (aq) At the same time, water will undergo oxidation at the positive electrode:

2H2O(l) O2 (g) + 4H

(aq)

+ 4e

Electrons thus produced during this oxidation process will return to the electrochemical cell.

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The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the combustion of a fuel (normally a fossil fuel) occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber. In an internal combustion engine the expansion of the high-temperature and -pressure gases produced by combustion applies direct force to some component of the engine, such as pistons, turbine blades, or a nozzle. This force moves the component over a distance, generating useful mechanical energy.
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The term internal combustion engine usually refers to an engine in which combustion is intermittent, such as the more familiar four-stroke and two-stroke piston engines, along with variants, such as the Wankel rotary engine. A second class of internal combustion engines use continuous combustion: gas turbines, jet engines and most rocket engines, each of which are internal combustion engines on the same principle as previously described.
[1][2][3][4]

Animated two stroke engine in operation

The internal combustion engine (or ICE) is quite different from external combustion engines, such as steamor Stirling engines, in which the energy is delivered to a working fluid not consisting of, mixed with, or contaminated by combustion products. Working fluids can be air, hot water, pressurized water or even liquid sodium, heated in some kind of boiler. A large number of different designs for ICEs have been developed and built, with a variety of different strengths and weaknesses. Powered by an energy-dense fuel (which is very frequently petrol, a liquid derived fromfossil fuels), the ICE delivers an excellent power-to-weight ratio with few disadvantages. While there have been and still are many stationary applications, the real strength of internal combustion engines is in mobile applications and they dominate as a power supply for cars, aircraft, and boats, from the smallest to the largest. Only for hand-held power tools do they share part of the market with battery powered devices.

A two-stroke engine is an internal combustion engine that completes the process cycle in one revolution of the crank shaft (an up stroke and a down stroke of the piston, compared to twice that number for a four-stroke engine). This is accomplished by using the beginning of the compression stroke and the end of the combustion stroke to perform simultaneously the intake and exhaust (or scavenging) functions. In this way two-stroke engines often provide strikingly high specific power, at least in a narrow range of rotations speeds. The functions of some or all of the valves of a four stroke engine are usually served by ports that are opened and closed by the motion of the pistons, greatly reducing the number of moving parts. Gasoline (spark ignition) versions are particularly useful in lightweight (portable) applications such as chainsaws and the concept is also used in diesel compression ignition engines in large and non-weight sensitive applications such as ships and locomotives. Invention of the two-stroke cycle is attributed to Scottish engineer Dugald Clerk who in 1881 patented his design, his engine having a separate charging cylinder. The crankcase-scavenged engine, employing the area below the piston as a charging pump, is generally credited to Englishman Joseph Day (and Frederick Cock for the piston-controlled inlet port).

In the water at the negatively charged cathode, a reduction reaction takes place, with electrons (e ) from the cathode being given to hydrogen cations to form hydrogen gas (the half reaction balanced with acid): Reduction at cathode: 2 H (aq) + 2e H2(g) At the positively charged anode, an oxidation reaction occurs, generating oxygen gas and giving electrons to the anode to complete the circuit: Anode (oxidation): 2 H2O(l) O2(g) + 4 H (aq) + 4e
+ +

The same half reactions can also be balanced with base as listed below. Not all half reactions must be balanced with acid or base. Many do like the oxidation or reduction of water listed here. To add half reactions they must both be balanced with either acid or base. Cathode (reduction): 2 H2O(l) + 2e H2(g) + 2 OH (aq) Anode (oxidation): 4 OH (aq) O2(g) + 2 H2O(l) + 4 e
-

Combining either half reaction pair yields the same overall decomposition of water into oxygen and hydrogen: Overall reaction: 2 H2O(l) 2 H2(g) + O2(g) The number of hydrogen molecules produced is thus twice the number of oxygen molecules. Assuming equal temperature and pressure for both gases,

the produced hydrogen gas has therefore twice the volume of the produced oxygen gas. The number of electrons pushed through the water is twice the number of generated hydrogen molecules and four times the number of generated oxygen molecules.

Electrolisis is Chemical change, especially decomposition, produced in an electrolyte by an electric current. Electrolytes dissolve by dissociation. That is when the molecules of the substance break down into charged particles called ions. An ion with a negative charge is called an anion because it is drawn through the solution to the positive charge on the anode. A particle with a positive charge is called a cation. It moves through the solution to the cathode. Water has its solvent properties because it is polar. The molecule has charged ends (+ and -). These charged ends react with charges on other polar substances to dissolve them. They do so by taking hydrogen atoms from the substance to form hydronium ions. The word electrolysis means the process of breaking molecules to smaller components by using an electric current. Positive and negative poles of a DC electric source such as a battery can absorb opposite ions of an electrolyte causing separation of ions and creation of a new substance. Hypothesis: Adding some Sulfuric Acid as electrolyte will increase conductivity of water and creation of Hydrogen and Oxigen gases. Experiment: In this experiment, initially we used two copper wires, one twelve-volt battery, and some drinking water to do the tests. The process was slow and caused excessive amounts of corrosion on the copper wires and discoloration in the water. To avoid corrosion of electrodes and discoloration of water, we repeated the test using Graphit Rods as electrodes. Also to speed up the process we added some Sulfuric Acid to the water as electrolyte. Materials Used: Copper Wire, Graphite Rods, Sulfuric Acid, Test Tubes, Beaker, Water Procedure: Fillup of beaker with clear watter, secure two test tubes filled with water in the beaker in a way that test tubes are up-side down over the beaker. Mount the wires or electrodes that you have prepared and then connect the electricity.

Check the produced hydrogen and oxygen gasses in five minutes. Repeat the test with different electrodes and different amounts of electrolytes and record the results in the table below. You may want to repeat the experiment with different electrods. (Electrod is only the area that has contact with water, not the part that has insulator or plastic cover. In the above picture electrodes are identified with yellow color).
Electrode Aluminum Steel Platinum Copper Graphite Record and Analyze Date: Credits, References, Sources: Comptons Online Encyclopedia
http://www.miniscience.com/projects/waterelectrolise.htm

No Additive

5% Salt

5% Sulfuric Acid

10% Sulfuric Acid

Cara kerja dari tabung diatas adalah dengan memanfaatkan tegangan listrik untuk menghasilkan gelembung gelembung pada air, gelembung ini adalah hasil pemisahan air menjadi gas hidrogen dan uap air. Gas yang dihasilkan nantinya akan digunakan untuk proses pembakaran. Sehingga pembakaran yang terjadi nanti tidak hanya melibatkan bahan bakar dan udara, tapi ada penambahan gas hidrogen dan uap air, usaha ini dilakukan untuk menigkatkan daya mesin serta mengurangi kadar NOx pada gas hasil pembakaran motor diesel.

Rangkaian yang akan dilakukan nanti seperti yang tersusun pada gambar . Yang mana accu dihubungkan ke tabung elektrolisis kemudian hasil gas elektrolisis dimasukkan di intake manifold pada engine. Gas hasil elektrolisis ini dimasukkan bersama dengan udara bilas yang masuk ke engine. Setelah terhubung kemudian dilakukan pengambilan gas buang untuk dilakukan pengukuran kadar emisi.