Microbiology Know the commensals Propionibacterium (+B) Corynebacterium (+B) Stahylococcus (+C) Lactobacillus (+B) strept Haemophililus (-B)

Prevotella (-B) Veillonella (-Cocci Corynebacterium (+B) Bacteroides (-B)

Skin Propionibacterium Salmonella 0 know typhi and paratypi GN bacilli Enterobacter family Just know what abbreviations mean Salmonella o Source (animal reservoir) o Pathogenic species (typhi and paratypihi) Vibrio cholerae o Source water o Pathogenic mechanism Cholera toxin (CT) Mode of action Vaccine types? against toxin and bacteria itslef Pseudomonas aeruginosa o Source o Pathogenic mechanisms (capsule, falgellu, toxins, biofilms) o Infections type by source Noscocomial( systemic types, pumoary, UTI, burns, surgical) Community (pneumonia CF patients, otitis, wounds, skin) Haemolphilus o Source (endogenous/commensal, sexual) o Virulence factors (H. Inf capsule (b-serotype)

Gram positive bacilli

Pathogenic properties/mechanisms o Virulence factors o Exotoxins including binary toxins o Immune evasion Diphtheria (toxin) o Sources o How does DT work o Vaccine? Anti tox, not anti bacterium Listeriosis (immune easion) o Source o VF allow intracellular transmission and cell replication o Types of infections Neonates Pregnant Elderly Anthrax (life cycle) o Source o Irulence properties o How do EF, LF and PA work o Types of infection
. Because patients with inhalation anthrax have overwhelming sepsis, cultures of the blood are the most sensitive method for detecting the organism. Although relatively few bacteria produce disease with large numbers of organisms in the blood, B. anthracis is an exception. This is one of the few diseases in which a Gram stain of blood may reveal the organism. Patients with inhalation anthrax also may have meningeal symptoms. For this reason, cerebrospinal fluid should also be collected for Gram stain and culture. Although respiratory secretions are frequently collected, the yield from these specimens is relatively low. 2. B. anthracis has genes that encode three proteins: protective antigen (PA), edema factor (EF), and lethal factor (LF). When PA combines with EF, edema toxin is formed, which causes an increase in intracellular cAMP levels and subsequent edema. When PA combines with LF, lethal toxin is formed, which causes cell death by an incompletely understood mechanism(s). The other virulence factor produced by B. anthracis is a polypeptide capsule consisting of poly- D-glutamic acid, which interferes with phagocytosis. PA binds to specific host receptors that are present on many cells and tissues (e.g., brain, heart, intestine, lung, skeletal muscle, pancreas, macrophages). After binding to the receptors, a host protease cleaves PA, with a 63kDa fragment retained on the cell surface. These fragments self-associate, forming a pore of seven fragments. This pore can then bind three molecules of either LF or EF. LF or EF is transported into the cell when they exert their effects. LF is a metalloprotease that cleaves MAP kinase kinases, leading to cell death by undefined mechanisms. EF is an adenylate cyclase that increases the intracellular cAMP levels resulting in edema. 4. B. cereus produces two enterotoxins. The heat-stable, protease-resistant enterotoxin causes the emetic, or vomiting, form of disease by an unknown mechanism. The heat-labile enterotoxin is similar to enterotoxins produced by V. cholerae and E. coli and causes a diarrheal form of disease by stimulating the adenylate cyclasecAMP system to hypersecrete fluids.

Anarobiosis types of anaerobiosis o obligate vs facultative o microaerophlic vs aerotolerant pathogenesis o source (soil, feves) o virulence factors (sporulation) clostridial species C bolulinum and C. tetani neurotixns

How do they work how do they work basis for difference in the symptoms (neurotoxins target different cells) o anerobic infections tend to be polymicrobic o many aneroboes have significant drug resistance