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REVEAL
PLATFORMFORSPECIALISED RESERVOIRSTUDIES
CopyrightNotice The copyright in this manual are the property of Petroleum Experts Ltd. Petroleum Experts Ltd. All rights reserved. IPM suite, GAP , PROSPER, MBAL, PVTP , REVEAL, RESOLVE, IFM, ModelCatalogue and OpenServer are trademarks of Petroleum Experts Ltd. Microsoft (Windows), Windows (XP) and Windows (Vista) are registered trademarks of the Microsoft Corporation. Eclipse and Petrel are registered trademarks of the Schlumberger Corporation VIP is a registered trademark of the Landmark Corporation
PlatformforSpecialisedReservoirStudies
THEREVEAL CONCEPT REVEAL,likethewhole IPM suite,hasbeencreatedtointegratethosedisciplinesusuallyisolated by separate tools, in order to better understand the field. REVEAL allows integration at the reservoirlevel. Mostoilandgascompaniescarryouttwotypesofreservoirstudy: Full field numerical simulation studies,usingtoolssuchasEclipse,VIP,etc. Specialist studies such as -Thermalandmobilitystudiestoassesswellinjectivityandproductivity -Productionchemistrystudies-scalingandsouring -Sandingandsolidsdepositionandtransport-waxandasphaltenes -Thermalandhydraulicfracturing -Enhancedoilrecoverymethods-steamandgelinjection These two types of study are often carried out in isolation. REVEAL, however, enables users to bridgethegapbetweennumericalsimulationstudiesandspecialistreservoirstudies. REVEAL is a component part of the Integrated Production Modelling (IPM) suite of technical softwarecreatedbyPetroleumExperts.
REVEAL Platformforspecialisedreservoirstudies
SSSSSSSSS SSSSSSSSSSS Numerical Simulation History Matching Geology Geophysics
Water Chemistry Studies Souring Studies Heavy Oil Recovery
Eclipse
VIP
Petrel
SSSSSSSSSSS SSSSSSS
REVEAL
REVEAL BRIdGES THE GaP BETWEEN RESERVOIR SIMulaTION STudIES aNd
SPECIalIST RESERVOIR STudIES
It Integrates Workflows from diverse Reservoir disciplines
REVEAL
REVEAL ITSROLEANDPURPOSE REVEAL allowsreservoirengineers,productiontechnologistsandreservoirspecialiststointegrate alltheirstudies.Theadvantagesofthisaremanifold: A global understanding of field behaviour from a combination of dynamic, thermal and geomechanicaldata. The ability to use the corporate numerical simulation model to understand how results of previouslyisolatedspecialiststudieswillimpactacrossthewholereservoir. Managementofthereservoironadailyandlongtermbasisinresponsetoitsactualphysical behaviour. The capacity to share information across disciplinesthroughouttheorganisation. REVEAL can be linked to surface network models (i.e. GAP) using the IPM controller software RESOLVE. As a result one can perform system-wide optimisations which may integrate additional reservoir models (whether modelled in MBAL, REVEAL or anotherreservoirsimulator),aswellasprocess and/oreconomiccalculations. AREVEAL CASEEXAMPLE What will be the impact of injecting water at sea temperature into a 90 to 100 C reservoir? Intheexamplecase,aninjectivitytest hasshowngoodinjectivitypotential. However, with the injection system tiedintheabilitytoinjectwaterhas deteriorated. It could be assumed that the well is being plugged. In realitytheinjectedwaterhascooled down the reservoir, increasing the water viscosity and thus decreasing the water's mobility. (At a pressure of 5000 psig, for example, the viscosityofa75,000ppmwaterwill increase by a factor of four when passing from 100 C to 20 C.) The amountofwaterinjectedforaspecificwellheadpressurewillbelessthanpredictedifthemodel isisothermal(assumedtobeatconstanttemperature),affectingthepressuremaintenanceofthe fieldandthereforeitsrecovery.Byutilisingthecorporatenumericalsimulationmodelin REVEAL itispossibletoaccuratelyevaluatetheimpactonpressureandregulatewaterinjectioninthefield accordingly.
Steaminjectioninhorizontalwellbore
PlatformforSpecialisedReservoirStudies
REVEAL:TECHNICALCAPABILITIES As well as the standard reservoir simulator models, REVEAL has the following advanced technical models:Model Thermal Fracturing Hydraulic Fracturing Water Chemistry Souring Chemical adsorption Polymer and Gel Surfactant Filter Cake Solid Transport Well-Bore Heating Steam asphaltene and Wax Wellbore Flow Attributes Integratesthermoandporo-elasticeffectsonreservoirstresswithinjection profileandfracturemechanics Productionfractures Chemicalequilibriumofmixedwaters,predictingprecipitation,dissolution andscaleinhibition GrowthandrespirationeffectofsulphatereducingbacteriacausingH2S formationinthereservoir,basedoncarbonsourceandbacteriaactivity Retardationandpermeabilityreductioneffects Mobility changes for aqueous phase, including shear thinning, gelation reactionsandcationexchange 4thphasemicro-emulsionmodelusingternarydiagrams Filtercakeformationlinkedtosolidinjectionsinwellsandfractures Sand transport, trapping and generation: permeability reduction due to particletrapping Microwaveandelectricalheatingofheavyviscousoils Steaminjectionmodelforhuff&puff,SAGD Flocculationandtrappingmodelleadingtopermeabilityreduction Heatandmasstransportinsidemultipletubingsinasinglewell,including ICDs,GravelpackandCounterflow
CONNECTIONTOOTHERSOFTWARE Software Eclipse Import VIP Import Petrel Import IPM Integration OpenServer Attributes AutomaticimportfacilityallowinguseofexistingEclipsedeckswithinREVEAL Importedmodelshavebeentestedanddemonstratedtogiveidenticalresults AutomaticimportfacilityallowinguseofexistingVIPdeckswithinREVEAL Automaticimport/exportfacilityenablinguseofPetrelformatswithinREVEAL PROSPER liftcurves,PetroleumExpertsPVTmatchingandGAP optimisation usingRESOLVE Built-in,fullOpenServerfunctionality,forautomaticorbatchprocessingof runsand/orconnectiontothirdpartysoftware
USERINTERFACE Wizard data input 2d and 3d graphics OPERATINgSySTEM REVEAL runsonaPCrunningWindowsXPorVista-32Bit.A64Bitversionwillbereleasedin2011. Simplifieddataentry,verificationandvisualisationpriortocalculation Canbeviewedduringsimulations
REVEAL
REVEAL SPECIALISEDRESERVOIRENgINEERINgMODELS:FURTHERDETAILS Thermal and Hydraulic Fracturing Anumericalfinite-elementmodelforfractureinitiationandpropagationisdirectlycoupledtothe finite-difference3Dsimulator. Whereasthermalfracturingincreasesinjectivity,lowerinjectiontemperaturesmaydecreaseit,as aresultofthereducedmobilityofthereservoiroilandwater.Thismayalsocausefloodingproblems.
The model is based on the pressure balance within the fracture and the reservoir stress field, including poro-elastic and thermo-elastic stress reduction effects. The elasticity of the rock determinestheinternalshapeofthefracture.Theshapeofthefracturenearitstipaffectsitsability toovercomethecriticalstressintensity(i.e.strength)oftherockandpropagate.Flowwithinthe fractureandleak-offlevelsarealsocalculated,providingafullyconsistentdynamicmodel. Thermal fracture calculation within rened region (pressure on full reservoir and temperature)
Thermal profile between and injector and produced of a steam injection system. Solids REVEAL candefinesolubilitycharacteristicsandpluggingeffectswithinareservoir,enablingthe usertomodelwaxandasphalteneprecipitationandanyconsequentreductioninpermeability. Acompressionfilterscakemodel(showingthereductioninfiltercakeporosityandpermeability asthepressuredropacrossitincreases)modelsinjectiondamageresultingfromparticulateswithin aninjector.Thiscanbeusedtoassessbothunfracturedandthermallyfracturedwells. Asolidtransport,trappingandpermeabilityreductionmodelisalsoavailablewithin REVEAL,of valuetobothproducersandinjectors.
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PlatformforSpecialisedReservoirStudies
MOBILITyCONTROL Thermalviscosityeffectsimpactbothonwaterinjectivityandtheconsequentrelativemobilityof cooledwaterandoil. Gel,polymer,chelatingagent,cross-linkerandfoammobilitycontroloftheaqueousphasecanall bemodelledtoenableuserstominimisefloodingandreducewaterbreakthrough. Non-Newtonianoilscanalsobemodelledforsituationswheretheapparentviscosityreduceswith appliedshearstress. Phasedesaturation,resultingfromchanges ininterfacialtension,canbemodelledasa function of capillary number, either when surfactantsorawettingagentisadded,or whenthefluidinterfacialtensionisaffected bytemperature,pressureorRs. Injection cycle strategies can be appraised bymodellingrelativepermeabilityhysteresis. Dispersionanddiffusionmodelsareavailable totracktracecomponents. Awell-boreheatingmodelisalsoavailable tomodelincreasesinproductivitynearawell heatedelectricallyorbymicrowave. Phase Emulsification Ifasurfactantisinjected,theinterfacialtensionbetweenthewaterandoleicphaseswillreduceand anintermediate(u-emulsion)maybegenerated.Thismayfavourablyincreasethemobilityofheavyoils. The effect can be modelled in REVEAL by calculating an effective salinity from concentrations of surfactant, polymer, and alcohols, and the temperature and equivalent alkane number (EACN). A ternary diagram can then be used to calculate the phase saturations. Water Viscosity (cp) for thermal water injection
REVEAL
WaTER CHEMISTRy Mixingofincompatiblewatersduetoaparticularinjectionstrategycanresultinscaleorsouring.REVEAL hasacomprehensivewaterchemistrycapability,andalargedatabaseofreactionspeciesandpathways. Models can be used to predict solid precipitation and dissolution as the chemical species are transportedthroughthereservoir. Scaleinhibitorandreversible/irreversibleadsorptionmodelsinREVEAL canmodelthebehaviourof theprecipitates. Souring catalysed by bacterial action, and partitioning of H2S between the aqueous and oleic phases,canalsobemodelled.
PlatformforSpecialisedReservoirStudies
Multilaterals model inclined reservoir with multiple contacts - Smart Wells - Downhole control valves Understanding of the effects of the valves optimisingtheirsizeandlocation - Heat exchange betweenthereservoirandthedifferentcomponentsofthewell(i.e.casing flow,tubingflow...)Behaviourofsteamcirculationwellsandassociatedheatexchange steamquality -Counterflow -Fluidcirculation,ICVmodelling... -Transient behaviour -Gravel Pack Modelling -ICd and ICV control -Bare pipe, annular flow, dual tubing and Coiled tubing
Well Modelling This type of modelling compliments and extends what can be achieved with analytical models.
REVEAL
ROCkMECHANICS&FRACTUREMODELLINg ProductionOptimisationismajortopicincurrentoilfielddevelopments. Partofthisoptimisationcanbeachievedbybetterunderstanding: -Injectivitybehaviour -Reservoirintegrity -Whenwillthereservoirfracture,whenwillweproducesand? RockMechanicsandFractureModellingarerequiredtogainanunderstandingofthesephenomenas. Addingthesestudiestoastandardreservoirmodellingapproachwillbeessentialinprojectssuchas: -EORprocessessuchaspolymer,whichrelyheavilyoninjectivity. Willrequireagooddescriptionofthereservoirrockmechanics. Assisttoanswer: -Whatisthemaximumpressureatwhichwecaninjectwithoutfracturing? -Iffracturesarecreated,howwillthisaffectthepolymerfloodpattern? -CO2injectionprocessesPotentialdissolutionofthematrixweakenstherock. WilltheCO2injectionleadtorockfailure,compaction? - Water flooding processes Formation of fracture will modify the water injectivity and waterflood. Temperaturevariationswillaffectthewatermobilitybutalsothestressfieldaround theinjector.
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PlatformforSpecialisedReservoirStudies
EORPROjECTS ThehighoilpriceandtechnologyimprovementshaveleadtoalargenumberofEORprojects/ EORstudiesbeingcarriedout Essentialtechnicalaspectstounderstandandoptimisethebehaviourofthesesystems: -DetailedPVTdescription ComplexHCfluidssuchasretrogradecondensates Non-HCfluidssuchasCO2,N2 -Reservoirfluidandfluid/formationchemistry Reactionsbetweentheformationandinjectedfluids Adsorptionofsolidsontotheformationandassociatedpermeabilityreduction Reactionsbetweendifferentinjectedfluids -Sheardependantfluidrheologymodels Non-NewtonianHCandinjectedfluids -Thermalmodels-Detailedwelldescriptions Modellingtheseelementsrequireintegrationbetweenspecialiststudiesandglobalreservoirstudies Fullfieldnumericalmodelscombiningchemical,thermal,rockmechanicsandflowcapabilities arerequiredtogainanunderstandingoftheseprojects. CO2injection:GasreservoirdepletionfollowedbyCO2injection -CompositionalModellingoffluids -WaterChemistryIllustratesthematrixdissolution - Rock Mechanics Study the risk of rock failure - Understand the reservoir integrity for presentandfutureconditions -DiffusionModelling -Couplingto RESOLVE, GAP and PROSPER tomodeltheimportantthermaldependenceof CO2(densephaseinjection) ChemicalFlooding-EOR -Polymer-Improvestheoilsweepefficiency by reducing the ratio between water and oilviscosities
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REVEAL
WaTER FlOOd MaNaGEMENT WecanoptimiseproducerstomaximiseproductivityusingRESOLVE/GAP Canweoptimisewhereweinjectthewatertohelpmaximiseproductivityandrecovery? REVEAL mayusestreamlinecalculateddrainageregionstoidentifyandweightinjectorsaccording tothemarginalsupporttheyprovideforproducers Watercutbreakthroughtimespredictedandmaybeusedtocontrolproductiontodelaywater production Case1: No water flood management oroptimisation Case2: Withwaterfloodmanagement, nooptimisation Case3: Productionoptimisationwithout waterfloodmanagement Case4: Optimisationofproductionand waterfloodsimultaneously
RESOLVE Model
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PlatformforSpecialisedReservoirStudies
Whatwillbetheimpactofthethermalinjectionofnon-reservoirwater? Isitpossibletoestimatetheimpactofthermalandchemicaleffectsonthereservoir?
HeavyOils Recovery
Souring
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REVEAL
Howdoesthetemperatureofinjectedwateraffectinjectivity? Whatisthepotentialforfractureinitiation/propogation?
HeavyOils Recovery
Souring
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PlatformforSpecialisedReservoirStudies
HeavyOils Recovery
Souring
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REVEAL
Howwillthesurfacenetworkresponseaffectproductivity? Canafieldmodelencompassbothreservoirandeconomicfactors?
HeavyOils Recovery
Souring
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PlatformforSpecialisedReservoirStudies
Souring
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REVEAL
Willtherebeaproblemwithsouring?Howcanitbequantified? WhereisitlikelythatH2Swillbecreated?Whenwillitreachtheproducers?
HeavyOils Recovery
Souring
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PlatformforSpecialisedReservoirStudies
HeavyOils Recovery
Souring
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Petroleum Experts
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2010 (R2)