Interview Summaries of Oral Traditions: Animal Nations Justin Tibbitts Interviews conducted by: Dr.

John Glover 12/7/2012

Table of Contents 1 Jace DeCory (Lakota) 6 Bryant High Horse Jr. (Lakota) 10 Jerome Kills Small (Lakota) 13 Rosalie Little Thunder (Lakota) 16 Burt Medicine Bull (Northern Cheyenne) 19 Gene Thin Elk, University of South Dakota, Vermillion (Sicangu Sioux) 22 Albert White Hat Sr. and Francis Cut

Summary of Interview with Jace DeCory (Lakota) Justin Tibbitts 02:53 ACTUAL INTERVIEW START 3:00 Jace explains her childhood. Starts at Pine Ridge at a young age. Both parents were teachers. Her maiden name is Coonie, which also describes where she is from. Her father had an allergy to hay which prompted him to attend school (Northern University). Her mother attended night classes through NU. Lived in Redfield while her father worked for some time. 04:22 When Jaces mother completed her degree they moved to Northern California on Indian Relocation. In third grade she was not required to attend school for 6 months because she was considered ahead of the education program, they were home schooled. Her mother found work first, Sunkist Elementary. 05:00 Mother was able to find father a job at Sunkist Elementary School. So he taught history and worked in the athletics department. He coached basketball, track, and was a boxer and golfer. 05:32 Jaces parents got a divorce. Jace and her mother wanted to move back to South Dakota and she mentioned missing her grandparents. She treasured the time in CA, and feels that the diversity of culture there contributed to her understanding of different cultures. 06:05 Jace mentioned that she never held the perception or stereotypes of not being capable of doing things. She said in CA everybody was doing something (all cultures). 06:19 Her father stayed in CA and remarried a non-native. Both parents actually did this. She discusses her half brother and sister from her mothers second marriage. Her moms husband came to SD. Jace attended private school in Rapid City. Also 1 year in CA. Came from a large school to small school. She graduated from Rushville High School.

07:08 Jace started college in Northern University. NU lacked major in Anthropology and the weather was poor. Jace transferred to Grand Forks North Dakota and she notes that the weather was worse. Her undergraduate degree is in Anthropology and her concentration is in American Indian Studies. Student like Jace helped define the AIS Major. She enjoys curriculum development, even when young. 08:25 She felt education was important and fun. 08:37 Jaces parents full names are Dorothy Kdot. She married a Lence, and then later a Coonie. Her fathers name was Alvin Earle Coonie. Alvins father was Carl from Standing Rock. Her mom was from Standing Rock. Her moms dad was from Little Eagle. Her moms mom (Scholastica Mad Bear). 10:12 Names of Jaces brothers and sisters. Pamela Scholastica Lence (deceased) was enrolled at Standing Rock and was one-half quantum. Brother Kent Jerome (name from Kent Cigarettes that her mother smoked during pregnancy) is enrolled at Standing Rock. 10:59 Glover (interviewer) notes his father, Gene, was named after Gene Coony who was a World Heavyweight boxer. He also notes his name as having story behind it. 11:44 Jace reacts to picture 1. She correctly identifies the photo as a hawk (aka Chetan). 11:50 Hawk prompts Jace about a story of the Red-tailed hawk. She mentions Crazy Horse and his wearing of Hawk feathers in his hair. His helper was the hawk, not the eagle. She notes that he did not wear eagle feathers and was modest. 13:41 The hawk reminds Jace of Crazy Horse. It also reminds her seeing a lot of hawks when she drives North by Bear Butte and on HWY 34 East. She sees them perched on light poles. 14:10 Driving home from Isabelle, or Standing Rock, Jace found a hawk and wanted to move it off the road. The hawk died as Jace approached it so she applied tobacco and asked the hawks permission to take him for use in regalia. She mentioned feeling it to be ok to take him/her. She applied sage in the hawk mouth and placed it in freezer when home. She remembers keeping it for about 6 months and asking family and friends if they could use the feathers. Sam (Jaces late husband) had a son who crafted a hawk bussel with the hawk. 16:28 Jace mentions that dancers and artist are often looking for animals to implement into regalia. She mentions that she does not kill anything so she is aware of less fortunate animals while traveling. 16:48 Glover asks Jace what she thinks of when a hawk is mentioned. She again mentions that she thinks of the hawk as a spiritual helper for Crazy Horse. She offers tobacco when she sees birds often as a gesture to the spiritual significance associated with them. She notes that she knows very little about falcons, that they are swift and slightly smaller. 17:40 Jace offers tobacco to the winged animals because she says they are associated with carrying prayers to the Creator, especially the eagle. She notes that the eagle flies so high that it can no longer be seen. 17:58 Jace reacts to picture 2. She correctly identifies the bird as an eagle (aka Wanbli). She restates that they carry prayers to the Creator. Eagle feathers are used for many items: Naming ceremonies, 2

medicine wheels for males, etc. She identifies the underpart, or down, as being used for womens naming medicine wheels. She said that other tribal cultures use wing and tail feathers for women, but that the Lakota normally use these for men, and the plumes for women. 19:08 Jace recalls that some old photographs depict the women in buckskin dresses and a single feather raised from a headband. Women primarily wear the plumes, not the remiges (wing feathers) or retrices (tail feathers). She also thinks of naming, honoring, Sundance (2 feathers in sage headband or 1 hanging behind). She thinks mainly of ceremony when thinking of eagles. 20:10 Jace expresses concern for ancestors stating that in the past, eagle feathers were used differently. She said that they were often attached to war bonnets, wahpegnaka (honor pieces), shields, war shirts. She did say that traditionally they were never worn on a bussel that is attached to the backside of a dancer. She then mentioned that hawk, owl, and turkey feathers were worn for bussel arrangements. 21:22 Glover introduces the name Spotted Eagle and wants Jace to elaborate on whether this is an actual name or a name the Lakota may have used for another species. He said that she was taught that the Spotted Eagle is a real eagle. She also said that they used often for ceremony. We agree that the Spotted Eagle is likely the Golden Eagle. 22:16 Jace reacts to picture 3. She identifies the picture as a falcon and states that she knows very little about them. Jace admits that she may be seeing falcons and identifying them as hawks. She was aware that falcons were endangered and Glover adds that it was because of DDT. Falcons had a cosmopolitan distribution at one point. 23:38 Glover notes that the falcon is important for some cultures (Salish). 24:28 Birds brings to mind for Jace, humans. She said she doesnt think of stories necessarily, but she notes the Blubird. Nelly Two Bulls had the name Bluebird Woman. Jace said that the Bluebird stays around in the Winter and adapts to cold temperatures. They looked upon Nellie Two Bulls as being strong and singing beautifully like a Bluebird. 25:35 So when Jace thinks of birds she thinks of people or ceremony. 25:42 Jace responds to owls. Jace loves owls. She said that people get nervous about owls because they are often associated with a pending death or a warning. The Great White Owl was a Spirit Helper for her Grandpa Fools Crow. During the lowanpi ceremony, the Great White Owl would often flap around in the circle. She recalls feeling the wind from the flapping owl and notes that the air smelled good. She recalls that the presence of the owl made her feel good and that she has positive feelings about it. Her grandpa explained it as the owl was giving a warning, often associated with a death or some negative aspect. It should make a person aware of themselves and actions. 27:32 Jace mentions a sister friend of hers that her late husband Sam named Owl Woman (Hehan Wi). Hehan sounds like an owl. Owls would often come around Owl Woman regardless of location. 28:30 Glover prompts with doves or pigeons. Magpies, Jace says, are noisy and she recalls that her grandmother told her that the magpie is a reminder to put food on at home because visitors are coming. Magpies acted as an indicator for Jaces Grandmother to prepare food. 3

29:25 Glover prompts with bird taboos. She said dont eagles and hawks. The only bird that Jace recalls the Lakota people eating were the Prairie Chickens (aka Greater Prairie Chicken or Pinnated Grouse). Also dont eat owls. 30:00 Jace: Dont eat Sparrows, Meadowlarks, or other small birds. 30:10 Biology is interested in why feathers are used in regalia. Jace answers that eagle feathers are used because they carry prayers and why not place helpful items on the outfit. She also noted that if one has a spiritual helper or animal helper, like Sam and owls, than a bussel has significance. Sam had been teased for his owl-feather bussel. 31:15 Jace: The connection between feathers and regalia ties to the spirit helpers. They help carry prayers and they are beautiful. When dancing (ie Eagle Dance), you mimic the animal you represent. 31:51 Glover: Comparing Western Society and their attitudes about animals and the way Native Culture looks at animals. Jace: Both are living beings(equals). All living beings on Mother Earth are equal to Jace. Even if she is frightened by them she understands that they have placement on this earth. She believes they are created to be a part of the environment. Here she mentions symbiotic relationships. 33:07 Wakiyan created insects so birds could eat. Example of the symbiosis between animal and mankind. Give thanks to animals that give their lives. 33:47 Glover: What is your interpretation of western views towards animals? Jace: She thinks that many believe they are of a higher order and animals and birds are lesser. She feels this is changing and people are realizing this. 34:27 More is known about whale and dolphin behavior. Animals have feelings. Glover notes prairie dog behavior. 35:27 Glover prompts with turtles. Jace mentions long-life, womens puberty ceremony (girl may bite heart of turtle for attribute). Killing a turtle often leaves the heart beating. Recognizing and honoring the attributes of the animals. 36:45 Glover prompts with horses. Jace is reminded of her Grandpa Fools Crows relationship with horses. He performed a Horse Dance. He loved and communicated with them. His song would even cause the horses to dance. Jace finds them powerful and fearsome, but horses like her and her son. They sense emotion and the care of humans. 40:00 Glover prompts with Buffalo. The buffalo is sustenance. The Oyate is the Buffalo Nation and is Matrilineal people and recognition of women (Pte Oyate). Language is an indicator of how old something is. The Lakota believe that if there are no longer buffalo than they are no longer a people. 41:06 200 to 400 buffalo left in Northern Plains and thus the people were almost decimated. She notes that the people are thriving now because the buffalo too are thriving.

41:56 Glover prompts on stories about races. This made Jace think of Sitting Bulls relationship with the Monarch Butterfly. Although the butterfly doesnt seem like a powerful spirit helper, the Monarch was said to have been there. Butterflies, ants, dragonflies all hold power. Dragonfly (Tasweca). END VIDEO 1 START VIDEO 2 00:01 continuing dragonfly (tasweca): Found often on shields because warriors wanted the attributes like swiftness. 00:15 Topic of ants. Jace thinks of ants pushing up beads and from gravesites. They clean and bring gifts for people to use (Ant Nation). 01:10 Glover prompts with plants and animals associated with fertility (Lakota). Buffalo deals with fertility and is used in Sun Dance. 02:13 Glover prompts with bears. Dont eat bear. The standing bear looks like a human and is anatomically similar. Bear Dreamers were believed to get knowledge of plant medicine from bears. Bear were revered as good listeners and children were directed to adapt this trait. Bear was Mato or Hunupa which means upright or two-legged. Jace feels close to bears her Great Great Grandfather was Mad Bear. 04:42 Prompts with mice, beetles, spiders. Mice like to hide things are often in children stories. Iktomi , often thought of as trickster, can be protective. Spider medicine can be used as medicine. Brown Spider Medicine has helped with knee trouble. Ok to kill some spiders with permission. 07:09 Advancements with interviews. Jace mentions that the Ayapaha wore feathers out I front of their faces. They are identified in this way as speakers or announcers. Younger dancers dont always know their responsibilities associated with dress. Face paint is often explained by an elder. 10:05 Perhaps talking to dancers about regalia. 10:20 More on Iktomi. Emblem found on baby carriers (postan). 10:57 Gus prompts on feather use in peyote fans. Sandor might be able to answer more on the inclusion of several feathers in the fan. Sandor is an International President of Native American Church. Will be speaking on Tuesday the 13 of November. Jace mentions the rainbow and then says that the fan may signify the inclusion of all religions and Nations. 12:42 Gus prompts on rock art and bird symbology. Jace was unsure. But the Thunder Bird would be Wakiyan. Thunder and lightning is its presence. Lightning are the eyes. The sound is the thunder. Omnipotence. 15:30 Plants and animals as purpose. Symbiosis and created by Wakiyan. 16:35 Plant medicine is different among cultures. Dine story involves the separation of men and women. The separation did not work. The two were meant to be together.

17:40 Elk Dreamers are associated with relationships between men and women. Love and harmony in families and relationships. END INTERVIEW

SUMMARY OF INTERVIEW: Bryant High Horse Jr. (Lakota) I/S 492: Oral Histories Justin Tibbitts 11/19/12 Time 00:29 Subject Background Information Terms Description Bryant High Horse Jr., Oyate Tawanawuchapi tejupi or Defends People (likely incorrectly spelled. 2nd name given during Sundance by sister. Veteran/Defender of US and Indian Rights.

01:20 01:36

Pute Oyate (Lips Camp); coummunity

02:14

03:50

Cultural Preservation Listening Respect Educational Journey

Education through defending for students, teachers, community. Belongs to Pute Oyate. Fathers name is Bryant High Horse Sr., and his father was Paul High Horse. Paul raised and mentored. Pauls father was Chief High Horse, lived and died in Two Strike after Little Bighorn. Chief High Horse is brother to Crazy Horse, relation through G-G Grandpa. High Horse Jr. recalls stories of Battle of Little Bighorn throughout his life. Telling of his childhood makes him feel old (wagons). Driving a wagon made him feel much older when young. Horse maintenance and tack taught responsibility at age 9. Culture and English knowledge started with Grandpa. Levels of life and knowing origins, culture, and language must be passed orally. Reservation immigration causes loss of language through mimicry. Grateful for being raised by Grandparents. Good listening used to mean doing what elders said promptly.

04:55

Following death of Grandparents, High Horse Jr. lived with uncle in Chicago. Urban travel, military, provided sense of Journey. Returned and worked for colleges, attended college for a Master. Now an adjunct professor at OLC. Taught at BHSU, and in Rapid City for 19 years. Retirement is not a concept for High Horse Jr. who plans to teach. 6

05:50

Bird Nation

07:38

Bird Nation and Ceremony and Owl Bird Nation and Ceremony and Hawk, Eagle Spirit helper and Coyote Philosophy Animal Nation

Owo; term to acknowledge the owl

08:37

High Horse Jr. likes Bird Nation topic. He learned about the Bird Nation through ceremony. While young, adopted mom would attend ceremonies. Medicine man briefed youth on ceremonial teachings. Often healed with rocks. Left with good feeling. Knowledge, spirit, and self are attained. Upon leaving ceremony High Horse Jr. was told that owls will watch him, other cultures believe this to be a warning, but here it is a protector and messenger. Saying, Owo, or offering tobacco to thank the owl. During the day, prayers can summon the hawk and eagle (4 X during travel). 2 spiritual brothers/guides. Both beautiful coyotes (white w/blue eyes), understand Lakota means feeling good. Seen 6 times. Symbiotic protection. Often we dont open our minds and eyes to what has been said, but cultural knowledge is present. Relatives. We are part of each other. Hawks are very intelligent. Falcons are messengers during WWI and WWII. Falcons could carry actual messages between US parties. Understood instructions like soldiers. Woodpecker has job in forest; Beetle control (can hear beetles, powerful extraction changes energy state of beetle, bird, and tree (hole for respiration). Caretaker of trees. High Horse Jr. sees decline in woodpecker. Prairie bird that warns other animals of snakes, hunters, and is this around other animals. Can warn humans if listening. Birds and forest activity can carry message. Each bird offers a different knowledge or role in forest protection. Animals are teachers and mentors of the universe. Birds will forecast the weather (i.e. birds gathering in forest canopy) Respected. Very intelligent. Two eyelids for sundirectional flight (avoid predation, stealth, etc.) Hawks and other birds will convey message/prayer to the eagle. The eagle flies the highest, but it is thought that the eagle too intercepts another bird, this bird of the heavens carries the message further into the universe. This larger bird that receives the eagle comes around in the Spring, are Thunderbirds. They create wind by flapping, Very sacred. By opening their mouths lightening is created. Hierarchy: Thunderbeing, Eagle, Hawk and Flacon. Compares to levels of knowledge. Eagles are not killed or eaten. Eagle feathers are earned by veterans, spiritual helpers, 7

09:40

11:12

Woodpecker

11:55

Meadowlark

14:19

One of Most Sacred Birds

Wanbli - Eagle

Thunderbirds or Thunder Beings 16:08 Thunderbirds or Thunder Beings

17:30

Regalia and

Feather

18:35

Feather Possession

19:58

Feather and Wacipi

21:47

Regalia and Dragonflies

23:05

Animals and Regalia Sacred Hoop and Animals Chagaleska Sacred Hoop Wamakaska small animals Napa run; sounds like caw

24:22

Sun dancers. Authorization. Veterans who dream of regalia and certain dances often build outfit with eagle feathers. Other feathers are used if a dream does not occur. Feathers are given ceremonially and then can be worn. Must be taken care of, like some care for diamonds. Eagle feathers are not supposed to be touched by women (menstruation) or others as spiritual law. An eagle feather that falls off regalia can be caused by loosely directed attention by the dancer. Feathers can be offended by anger. A veteran prays with the feather when fallen. The person to whom the feather belongs has a give-away (money, regalia donation, etc.). Regalia must be worn humbly. Warrior symbol. High Horse Jr. feels different but good about seeing dragonflies. He wears one on his hat, which is earned as veteran. Little Bighorn to present, dragonfly resemble the warrior. Also feathers, horses, and buffalo. Animal symbols are found on different regalia. Often received through dream. High Horse Jr. has two white horses on his regalia. Bird Nation is one of the four parts. The Four-legged, Turtle Nation, and Wamakaska consist of the others. Birds are connected to the buffalo The Lakota were starving. When they closed in on the buffalo, the crow would fly up behind the buffalo and say Caw (aka Napah or run). The buffalo would run away. The Lakota were frustrated. Instructed by Grandfather, a boy wearing a buffalo robe went into the herd and waited to grab the crow. Once he had the crow he was tied up at the meeting. Not knowing how to punish the crow, he was thrown in the fire. The fire dwindled, the crow flew out black and promised not to repeat. Close relative to crows and understand the language. Nuisance. Equate bird behavior with how we behave. The magpie was not eaten or feathers were not used. Messengers High Horse refers to swallows as, Habitat for Humanity. The teach people how to build homes out of elements. Eat little bugs (fleas, etc.) Small birds are house cleaners. Good sign. Following cold winters, the Robin indicated the coming of Spring. High Horse seems to view the birds differently than other interviews. By looking at the eyes and stature he mentions that the bird has found prey or is seeing. The picture with several birds he describes the prey as being 8

25:26

How Crow received black wings.

27:51

Magpies

29:28

Swallow

31:45 33:00

Robin Reaction to Picture Wakan- Sacred; High Horse Jr. word for this bird

35:01

Hawk Reaction to Picture and Eagle Travel Language and Taxonomy Eagle Feather Staff

Chetan Wanbli

36:28 37:04

Wanbli gleska Spotted Eagle

39:00

42:00

Understanding Birds

43:55 44:25

Buffalo Nation END VIDEO 1

larger, such as an antelope. Several birds, he describes, could section and carry the antelope. Hawk spiritual guide, offer tobacco Beautiful. Sent in a sacred manner, not to be disturbed. Prayer destination. To see 6 is a good omen. Offer tobacco. Teach us to walk in a sacred manner and sit in a sacred way. Low flight means the bird is hungry. Raw kidney sliced is offered when animal/bird watching. They will remember you and return. Spotted and Golden Eagle are equally spiritual. The staff is comprised of Spotted Eagle feathers which represents family and wars since Little Bighorn. Long ago it resembled a cane. Used for counting coup. Achievements go on the staff, often as feathers. Little Bighorn, Korea, Bosnia, Vietnam, Afghanistan, Iraq, etc. Represents family. Tobacco ties, medicine bags, horse hair. Women dont handle staffs. Used in ceremony and represents family and life. Visit Black Hills and forests to observe bird behavior and learn their purpose. They teach through oral knowledge via communication. Wakinyan will return and we want to listen. Horse and cattle often scare from Wakinyan and can be struck after sweating. Wakinyan wants us all to learn or come home. Teach humility and patience. Observing buffalo they graze and are humble. Must watch longer

SUMMARY OF INTERVIEW: Jerome Kills Small (Lakota) 11-11-2012 I/S 492: Oral Histories Justin Tibbitts 11/16/12 Time 01:35 05:26 Subject Introduction Background Terms Uwipi ceremony; Kills Small spirituality Ogliga- angel that helped fix vision Other terms and phrases here: Red-breasted Robin spirit that helped fix vision Description Mom (Lavina Red Star) gave birth at age 14. Went to family in Kyle that harvest in NE by hand. Left with a Grandma and Grandpa (1947-1948). 1949 Kills Small became conscious of being alive. Grandparents were skinny but strong, no English, and owned several horses. Environmental knowledge. Oral traditions and relatives taught him history. Bad feeling thoughts: Who wanted a blind baby. Good feeling thoughts: Jess Stead went through Uwipi ceremony, also called his spirituality or way of life. Stead also had medicine that fixed vision. Had stone interpreter to indicate the source of his blindness. Family was instructed to return to Jerome 4 days after ceremony according to medicine man. Jerome feels that even the medicine man was surprised by his ability to see. That is why he is named after the spirit that helped him. Cardinals, often receives them as gifts. Prefers to say Cardinal, says they are more red. Uses name Cardinal Worked many jobs. Alcohol caused him problems. Hitchhiked around in 60's, says its now dangerous. Here, Jerome discussed life as a traveling worker. Humans and large 4X4s is equated to when Lakota learned the horse. Stature and strong attitude. Hand print on each horse was similar to a family or group. Attitude became the print too. Hand print was like graffiti and seemed manly. WWII. Grandpa on Red Star side, Raymon. Lots of horses. Raymon died and things were sold. Wasps lived in the old farm equip. WWII took away from the Lakota, signs of wealth gone. Still picked berries and lived off land. Watched the industrial revolution. Spent time alone. G&P were busy. Mean older sister. Jerry as a kid, some pronounced Jelly. Big white dog named Jerry too. Big sister threw bar of soap to dog, Jerome didnt like it. Conrad and Cora Marshall from NE. Recalls falling to streets of 10

10:31

Kills Small and naming ceremony

11:43

Shesha Luta Red Robin Growing up.

12:45

15:00

Lakota and Horses

18:00

21:18

Jerome and childhood

26:00

28:00

33:50

Gordon, then came to Porcupine. Eventually went to Holy Rosary and grew up around Jesuits and Fransiscan Nuns. Had a job there. Thankful for getting land and place to live, but more thankful to have been given away to older people. Gave him sense of professional. Fools Crow found power in being raised by grandparents. Alcoholism helped him regain his power. Still learning self control and understanding of others. Refers to himself as weak human being. Recently, at round drum event, which is designed to teach kids to have a good time without alc/drugs. There are horses, horse therapy, booklet at summer program. Eating together as form of intimacy. Uses road kill for feathers. One bird specifically, picked up from side of road, thought he noticed movement. Traveled to next town for water and the bird happened to revive. Remembers looking deep into the hawks eyes. Flew eventually. He tied prayer ties around where the hawk landed, this is how he sent a message for a person he was helping. Days prior to interview, hawk flew over vehicle and flew with him. Jerome feels that hawks are aware of him. END VIDEO 1 START VIDEO 2 Animals comprise many things. Culture in the language, fed by the culture. Part of the word to the left means ultimate truth or ultimate thing that can happen. When dear gets antlers. Ultimate level of a plant is to flower (see word left). Root word is present in grandma and grandpa to mean ultimate achievement or stage. Wisdom blossomed. Observation and wisdom (i.e. compass plant or gum weed). Beings that move around the earth. Parts of animal are referred to differently than human parts. Gave two cats to a young girl and stopped by again for a follow-up. She corrected him by saying they arent pets, they are kitty friends. He said he knew he should have used different terms, but the child 11

00:10

01:15

Deer

02:35

Plants

Taksha body blossomed someplace Wanaksha- ultimate form

08:30

Animals

Wamakaska

10:00

Corrected by child

11:40 12:25 13:34

Jerome owns many animals Animals and knowing West and Wakinyan

Wakinyan- Thunder Wa beings/things Kinyan- that fly

16:45

East and Growth

19:50

South and Owl

24:00

Owl

27:00

Eagle

29:50

Feathers and Regalia

34:38 36:25

Magpie Sacred Race Track and Magpie

40:30

Dragonfly

corrected him. Sometimes eats with animals he calls them his soldiers. One of his animal friends could tell when the phone was going to ring. Eagle Nation is often asked in the West for rain. Buffalo faces the storm. Children are wanted to face difficulties. Butterfly and the growth of wings. Difficulties can help children. Everything happens for a reason. Interview is helping sharpen up for a talk. Elk, East, Elk Men know about women. Taylor Laughner, Justin Bieber in todays world. South is the direction of White Owl. Describes life and death as ceremonies. Children and elders are closely connected spiritually. Children who get close to elders in this connection often act like elders. Messenger. Can bring people to realize their spirituality. The meaning of seeing an owl is up to the individual. The owl is just flying. Eagles often stop in Vermillion during travel to catch fish from Missouri. Eagle drops stick, another catches it. Jerome believes it is a test for a mate. A female tests a male to see if he can catch young if it falls from the nest. Like a flag to a soldier, the feather should not touch the earth. When a person drops a feather, a ceremony occurs. The person likely becomes ashamed and often pillars or elders will stand by him. Dancers give him money, because the dropper now owes the powwow and others money. Has seen men cry. Unwritten law, latent, show itself at social gathering. Part of the experience and understanding. Hearing your name at Powwow is special, people like. Magpie often treated as scavenger, around 4-5 years, shot his first .22 at magpie. Red ring caused from animals in race cutting feet. Jerome understands the science that BH is old dome volcano with iron rich layer eroded. The story of the Red Road places the Lakota knowledge of the large red ring much earlier than textbook. To know of the ring is example of time it took. Magpie won race by riding on buffalo head. It is clever. Youth. 12

41:00 43:20

Turtle Importance of ceremony END VIDEO 2

13 scales like 28 day months. Turtle heart was given to youth coming of age for long life. Ceremony gives offers pride or instills strength. Turtles have seven kinds of meat, Seven Council Fires

44:09

Summary of Interview with Rosalie Little Thunder Justin Tibbitts 05:20 - When presented with picture 1 she titles the bird an eagle or wanbli. 05:58 Presented with picture 2, Rosalie titled it a hawk or chetan. 08:09 Little Thunder comments on the variation of colors between eagles, hawks, and falcons. 08:30 Glover describes the problem of naming a species based on empirical knowledge. He mentions that a hawk may be misidentified based on coloration. Little Thunder does not recall any specific stories. 08:49-09:30 When asked if birds are held in a spiritual context Rosalie replied Wakan. This term carries great significance to the tribes of the Great Plains. Another phrase she mentioned was wakiyan. 09:44 Rosalie mentions the word wakinyala, which she associates with the dove or pigeon. Does not recall how these birds came to adopt this name. 10:44 Rosalie describes wakiyan as a name given to the Thunder Beings or Thunder Birds. 10:52 Glover asks if any sacred connotations are given to buffalo and other animals of the tribe. Rosalie describes that buffalo are perceived as sacred, but that the language isnt specific. 11:36 Rosalie describes the dove and pigeon as intermediaries between Thunder Beings and humans. This supplies a reason for not killing these birds. She goes further to say eating these birds was unthinkable. 12:20 She talks about the dog having a similar classification where, eating them is an uncommon practice. Also saying they were used ceremonially and their relationship with humans should be considered. Dogs were used when someone was ill or suffering.

13

14:14-16:26 Rosalie mentions a story of famine. A time when people were suffering, the dog came to them (here she interrupts herself to note that humans and animals could converse in many of the stories) and offered to end their suffering by offering food. By coming to live with mankind, a longlasting relationship was created. 16:30 Glover reinforces this with a story of the buffalo and the blood clot. 17:15 Glover asks Rosalie about the use of feathers in Lakota regalia. He asks her how she would reply to a child. She jokingly replied, Well we certainly arent trying to fly. 17:57 Recalling lessons from her grandfather, Rosalie tells that Lakota people have a belief that they must adopt the characteristics of other beings due to their frailty. Using the dragonfly as an example, she mentioned not seeing this emblem in womens clothing, but in mens attached to war bonnets. This was also used in mens leggings. People described the dragonfly as swift and agile, similar to warriors, and this being reason for wearing the emblem. 20:20 Rosalie said Lakota often wore the emblem of the animal in which their characteristics were mimicked or desired. 20:30 Tantanka Iyachi Ikyachi (to want) 21:05 Lakota Creation: Buffalo came to earth first from a cave and called back to the others. Buffalo fed and clothed the humans who emerged. The phrase above means that people want to be like the buffalo. Perhaps wearing feathers meant that people desired the characteristics of the eagle, or hawk. 22:02 Glover highlights a creation story by the Arikara and how many animals were marked due to their actions. They noticed upon emerging that other pathways were identified by aid of the buffalo. 22:56 Rosalie is asked to react. She states that the Arikara are perceptive to others creation stories. She mentions hearing stories from Navajo and Dine cultures that describe the helpfulness of buffalo (as food, etc.). Highlights that stories can travel over great distances and time. 24:21 Glover describes a Mohawk creation story that involves a race being formed from clay. This race came to be the African race. 25:28 Glover recaps on the term used for dragonfly (tasweca) 25:52 Chetan 26:00 Glover makes a distinction between dyed turkey feathers and actual feathers. She mentions that these birds are protected (federally) so that these feathers have become scarce. 27:26 In terms of mimicry, Rosalie responds to Glover. She notes that since the spotted eagle flies so high, it is often mimicked in ceremony to carry prayers. Similar birds are associated with spiritual healing, as being messengers, spiritual helper (psychologically). Since it can go places where humans cannot go, it brings a wide variety of good advice.

14

29:00 Topic of owls. Rosalie tells if the owl is heard, two hoots can carry a warning message. This may be the harbinger of death. 30:12 Glover asks of the magpie. Rosalie recalls keeping magpies from stealing food as a child. She refers to magpies as scavengers. She notes that this bird was often around communities. 31:46 Glover asks of the trickster Iktomi and why it takes the form of the spider. Rosalie explains that Iktomi can take the form of anything the imagination can create. She explains that Iktomi can teach people to be conscious of many forms of trickery. In terms of the spider form, she explains that the web is a form of trap. However, the common spider is also referred to as Iktomi. 33:30 Rosalie describes Iktomi as a nameless, featureless entity that often reduces its size to evade humans. She then makes an assimilation between Iktomi and the magpie. 34:15 Glover recalls that the bear was a significant subject in a Chicago conference. Rosalie comments on the bear as being unique based on their characteristics, such as hibernation. She mentions them as being nearly dead during this time. In ceremony, the arrival of the bear could indicate a powerful turn in the healing process. 36:00 Glover and Rosalie expand on characteristics of the bear. They agree that the bear could understand human language well and that we share aspects of anatomy. Children were often scolded for acting like bears 36:35 Rosalie recalls a story from her grandfather in which she uses Lakota language to say that the, the mato walks like a man. She goes further to say that some ceremonies are designed to appeal to the bear. A friend of Rosalies was having knee trouble and she was given a jar of bear grease. Bear grease was noted to be used frequently. 38:02 Glover moves to the topic of characteristics of deer and elk. Elk is commonly used in naming. Rosalie comments that use of the name bear is common. The elk is used in courtship such as Elk Medicine. The turtle for women is regarded for its endurance, its thoughtfulness, durability. She mentions that a demand for chekpa has become greater in recent years. The chekpa helps attain the qualities of the turtle and helps to protect the child. 41:00 Rosalie is asked for other references or interviewees. Glover mentioned Albert White Hat. Rosalie mentions Wilmur Mastiffe. 41:40 Rosalie comes back to discuss the turtle amulet as being used for the protection of boys in recent times (evolution of a practice). The lizard is more appropriate for boys. 42:20 Characteristics of the lizard amulet deals with a connections to earth. Rosalie describes the process of watching a lizard to determine the location of a buffalo herd through vibration or other senses. 44:00 Topic of the horse. Rosalie recalls a story from the Manderson area of Pine Ridge. Lakota were afraid of END VIDEO 1 15

START VIDEO 2 00:05 Boarding schools affected Rosalie. In Rosebud (St. Francis), she recalls the cool night air in Fall as being indescribably uncomfortable. Breaks to visit home were very restricted. 02:07 Started boarding school when she was eight. Not being able to visit home was problematic. 02:29 Rosalie reacts when Glover notes that wealthy European families send their children to boarding schools. She feels that the disciplinary tactics were much different for Indian children then they were for European lifestyles. She recalls feeling like a lesser being or stupid. 05:30 Rosalie mentions that Lakota learning was often performed through some freedoms, and that boarding schools was military-like with a specific regime. This exposure affected Indian children negatively. 6:30 Glover notes that lifestyles in Europe likely paralleled that of life in boarding schools.

SUMMARY OF INTERVIEW: Burt Medicine Bull Northern Cheyenne (11-25-2012) I/S 492: Oral Histories Justin Tibbitts 12/2/2012 Time 01:33 Subject Introduction Terms Description Considers Burt Medicine Bull his BIA name. Grandfathers name was Whistling Eagle and his Cheyenne name is Appears. His Grandmother was Anny Medicine Bull. From 5-12 in Vernon southern part of reservation. Father was Burt Medicine Bull Sr. and Mother was Ellen or Across Killing Woman. Raised along Tongue River, gardened, and ate lean meats. Harvested plums, chokecherries, blueberries, buffalo berries, picked wild turnip. Packed them for winter. Lived in small shack with dirt floor with grandma, grandpa, and uncle. 1-3rd grade Burt didnt know English. Grandpa wanted him to learn. Even when young, Burt wanted to be a teacher. Wanted then to become an administrator. After being a principal, wanted to teach Cheyenne language. Teaches 4 language level courses at Chief Dull Knife School. Went to St. Labrae Boarding School until sophomore. Graduated from Paskall in Washington State in 1971. Graduated college in 1991. Worked 1 year at St. 16

06:30

Background

10:00

Animals and perceptions of

12:10

Animals and perceptions of

15:00

Story of the race.

21:25

Cheyenne terminology

Great Race Ano- Hawk Moyeh- magpie Nits- eagle Vulcah- eagle

Labrae and also in Kyle South Dakota. While teaching science and math at Little Wound he started his MS in leadership and school administration. AHAC Fellow. Several animals and insects are included in ceremony or can come in visions or as spiritual helpers. Often referred to as two-leggeds or fourleggeds. Animals teach lessons, speak, and offer guidance. Cheyenne believe that animals can understand human language. They will offer themselves when asked and prayed for. Tobacco offered to the badger spirit may help hunts. Smudging the rifle and the hunter could prevent buck fever and help with a true aim. A piece of liver is offered to badger spirit. Long ago, all species understood each other. Buffalo wanted dominance and to eat others. A race was established to determine dominance. Animals were all once one color, they painted themselves. Meadowlark and coyote, magpie. The race track or Red Road is still visible. 4 birds sided with the Cheyenne including hawk, eagle, magpie, and vulture. Buffalo had distance runner called Slender Woman. Woman buffalo would cough up red froth and this became the red dirt or paint. Since magpie won, it gave Cheyenne dominion. Hawk and eagle are predators now, magpie and vulture are scavengers. Refer to this segment of the film for pronunciation of the following: Great Race, female buffalo, male buffalo,

25:30

Animal roles

Magpie 32:54 Regalia and feathers

Appear when men fast and become spiritual helpers. Thunder Beings in Cheyenne. Eagles are messengers to the Great Spirit. When animals came together they were designated with different powers and responsibilities. Badger carried message to eagle, eagle carried message to Great Spirit. Drum spirit can play prayer song and the drum represents heartbeat of Nation. Badger responsible for putting Fall beings to rest and waking Spring beings. New where the meat would be. Owl was a bringer of bad, usually death. The person wearing the feather wants or receives power or characteristics of the bird. Many similarities to Lakota. 17

36:35 38:37

Bear Horse and dog Horse Children and animals END VIDEO 1 START VIDEO 2 Children and animals Stars

42:15

Badger is not hunted or eaten. Prairie chicken is often eaten. No Cheyenne belief that says one cannot eat bear. Grandpa had horse medicine. Horse dancing. Edible animals all left. People began to eat dogs. Sundance dog soup was created. Often referred to as frisky elk. Stories and traditions have suffered great losses. Cheyenne used to be Star People. Used earth to color themselves when taking their physical form. CONTINUATION The Cheyenne lived in the ground for a while, then became buffalo people. Grandparents didnt have much to say about constellations, but did mention the importance of praying to bright stars. Many stories have been forgotten and lost. Burt mentions that children are occupied now by technology. All observation has gone into the phones and devices. Highly regarded just as hawks, etc. Uncle is called Bear Mouse. Size of the animal does not indicate spiritual significance. Used in ceremony and often associated with whirlwind. Food gathering. Strong and industrious. Dont be like grasshopper. Just flies around and dies. Painted breast plate red to show beauty and sings. steal Eagle feather ceremony. When it falls, then other warriors dance counterclockwise and is supposed to negate a future fallen soldier. Often noted as trickster. Coyote can change forms and a good liar.

44:15 00:01

01:00

03:00

Animals and stories and learning Insect Nation

06:00

06:50 08:28

Dragonfly Mouse Ants Grasshoppers Robin Crows Prairie Chicken Eagle

11:42

Coyote 17:20 END VIDEO 2

SUMMARY OF INTERVIEW: Gene Thin Elk, University of South Dakota, Vermillion (Sicangu Sioux) NOVEMBER 13, 2012 I/S 492: Oral Histories 18

Justin Tibbitts 11/16/12 Time 00:58 Subject Background Terms Mne Shosha White River Wanbli - eagle Wiciala To ani Oyate?Greenwood Wapila WicashaCanupa Sacred Pipe Description Director of Native Student Services. Rosebud Sioux Tribe, White River. Mothers family is related to 3 different reservations. Oglala Sioux Tribe (Pine Ridge), Wanbli area. Wanbli used to belong to Rosebud. Mothers sister name Ester Moves Camp. Mothers maiden name was Jandreau from Greenwood. Known as Wiciala. Relatives from Standing Rock. Father side, Sicangu, Rosebud, north of Mission. Grandfather also from here. Related to Sam and Nancy White Horse. Grandfather Joe Thin Elk, was Wapila Wicasha, made walk to Cheyenne River to relatives with Canupa. Grandma was Shelby White Bear. Noticed a natural way of life. Ceremony was a way of life. Wamasca Oyate, Winged People and others are all relatives. Listening is important for understanding. Everything has a nagi, or spirit. Things are distinct but also interact with each other. In humans, ideas and actions from the heart (naglela) are directed for understanding. Magaskaka, animals, and common understanding. All things are made of Earth. Water, air, etc. Has a spirit. Names for forces held significant names similar to that of modern science (i.e. gravity). Just as gravity is in all things, also is mother earth. The path is taught by mother earth. 7 Sacred Rights are attached to Mother Earth. Able to be giving of the self for others. The eagle and owl both carry a message. Wanbli is coming for a reason, excitement wasnt always the feeling. The message is important and must be carried out. People may have been nervous. The eagles message can change life-ways or can be very difficult to carry or walk. People give thanks to Wanbli. Inhabitants of earth mother summon people in this way. People are often nervous around the presence of owls in modern times. Owl is associated with death or bad omen. The owl and eagle bring the message of the nagi or spirit, good or bad. Spirit is non-physical and can alter its presence. Intention and self-spirit can alter that. Even sunka 19

05:26

Youth and Learning

Wamasca Oyate Nagi- Spirit

07:38

Philosophy

Naglela- the heart

8:54

Philosophy

12:38

Messenger and Eagle

Wanbli - eagle

14:24 14:46

Respect and Eagle Owl

15:14

Spirit

Sunka- dog

19:16

Lessons from the ranch.

22:00

Education

Tiospaye- related by blood

23:28

What is at the core?

25:16

26:58

The multiverse

28:24

The first properties

Wicacpi- stars

35:16

END VIDEO 1 START VIDEO 2 Reaction to Picture

carries message. Dogs seems to pick up on intentions as well as cats. Grew up on a ranch since 6 years old. Says a favorite teacher was the horse (Horse Nation). Horse is sensitive to a persons core and show indications of spirits. A horse, may naturally turn left, but may go right as a result of a spirit. Interested in seeing how much can be learned from the plants and animals, roots, core of things. Plants have benzing core and need magnesium. Human equivalent is iron in the blood. What is at the core is the most important thing. All belonging to the same family. Learning from observation. Evergreen teach resiliency, standing strong, producing seeds that will help. Same DNA. Worship does not apply to the relationship that the Sicangu have with the other Nations. Honor and respect for the relationship. That separates the European understanding from Thin Elk and his people. Rather than forgiveness, the Lakota focus on rebuilding the relationship. Not only does Thin Elk say that we are connected to the universe, but a multiverse that is in everything. The composition of the person is the same as the stars. Came through fire to have life. Came through our Grandfathers Sun. Now have gas properties. Came from stars and now possess the properties of this earth. Hopes that education will show kids to see the science and be able to match it with indigenous knowledge. The natural environment is a teacher. Breathe has nagi. Discussion of the trickster and heyoka. The trickster can bring out in someone what they themselves may not know they possess. The trickster isnt necessarily malicious, but does have a way of connecting with the core. 20-25 years ago, artist Vick Ronalds, started a new concept called Red Road. Concept art of bottle surrounded by web, trickster. During the night, a spider visited Gene and told him that what was said at the conference about alcohol was incorrect. Gene could not move and the spider came closer. The spider told him that humans are backwards, that heyoka and iktomi are not. Creator brings love 20

00.08

Cetan- Hawk Wanbli- Eagle Iktomi- trickster Heyoka- Sacred Clown

05:00

Iktomi and Heyoka

16:00

Filtering Spirituality Learning About Animals

18:50

28:00

31:38 37:54

Perception of Animals END VIDEO 2

and compassion, spirits filter the force, just enough to live. Too much wakan and power if it goes unfiltered. The spider, showing that his presence was true, stuck Gene with his leg and caused him actual pain. When spider told Gen that he would be fine if he told the truth. Upon leaving, Gene could again move. At this time, Gene was exhibiting symptoms, a swollen leg. He asked his brother to burn sage. Later the pain subsided and Gene felt fine. There is too much power in the entirety of the Great Spirit. Being common, over time, you become extraordinary. Gene remarks that listening is the best way to learn about animals. Songs and stories come from nature. Children learn from being by themselves. Cows have names and feelings. Animals are teachers. Each animal, if one is listening, has different characteristics. Birds can tell you when the sun is up. Meadow larks can tell you what type of day it is, Animals are treated as equals.

Notes *All language spelling and meanings require review *Page margins are set to moderate.

SUMMARY OF INTERVIEW: Albert White Hat Sr. and Francis Cut (11/9/2012) I/S 492: Oral Histories Justin Tibbitts 21

11/28/2012 Time 03:48 Subject Introduction Introduction of Albert White Hat Sr. (seated right) Terms Description Project introduction. Born and raised Rosebud reservation. Left to experience areas and jobs. Returned in 1968. Been involved in education since mid-60s. Quit religion and went back to Lakota spirituality. Studied organized religion, but didnt form attachment. No word for animal in Lakota language. Views term animal as referring to secondclass citizen without a mind. Each animal belongs to oyate. They are addressed like another nationality. Every being has a mind, language, spirit. German Nation=Elk Nation. Animals taught life, survival. Born and raised Wanbli by grandparents. Graduated HS, left reservation, and returned around 1985. Using language for 50 years. Involved in education. (poor audio quality)

06:10

Language

Oyate nations Wamakaska Living beings of the earth

08:10

Introduction of Francis Cut

11:36

11:42

Reaction to Nations, animal/man relationship Francis Cut

Mitakuye Oyasin all relations

14:55

Francis Cut Giving Thanks

Beginning with Creator, there has been a relationship (mitakuye oyasin). Everything is created by blood, everything is a relative. Trees, water, grandmother earth are related and we are stewards. Harmony with Thunder Beings, Moon, Stars, and there was understanding. Before present distractions there people could understand spirits. Comfort in nature can be sitting and observing. Animals are viewed differently today. Stories of animals claim that many animals sacrificed themselves for the life of man. 32 plants from Plant Nation between Missouri and where these men sit. All can be used in healing snake-bite. Important to give thanks. Uses energy from the Thunder Beings. Special people can have direct animal understanding. Each individual person has individual gift to view world. Another axon of related-ness is that everything dies. Connections with other relations and Nations can hold the otherwise 22

21:09

Francis White Hat Sr.

Tiospaye small group

24:42

Francis White Hat Sr. and Spirituality

Inya -

26:15

Francis White Hat Sr. and Spirituality

33:00

Francis White Hat Sr. and Spirituality

fragile earth together. Give thanks below the moon and stars Grew up with stories. Recalls story of the meadowlark bringing messages to the people. Philosophy of all relatives. Tiospaye, a small group living together, is based on blood line. Can become member by marriage or adoption. White Hat discusses his grandmother, who was a medicine woman. Her spirit helper was the blue bird and she often worked in the light of the moon. She would call a friend to come and as she sang an unseen bird would travel about the room. The bird could find the ailment. Coming back to spirituality, White Hat worked with a medicine man for nearly 20 years. He wanted to understand mitakuye oyasin. We all come from Inyas blood so we are all related. The night, the sky, the stars, all relatives. Went home in the evening and behind his home was a vast empty area of canyon lands. This area was filled with birds and the sky was filled with large clouds. The hawks had different sizes, shapes, colors. When mentioned to medicine men, they declared that he had witnessed a gathering of hawk Nations. All species will do this to strengthen the relationship they share as relatives. Humans have many colors, languages, traditions. Once, when planning to join a Sundance, a medicine man told him to dance, even if alone. Working with this medicine man for 12 years. Even as an orphan, relatives helped raise him. This meant he was raised not only by Lakota, but by a black man, a white man, etc. Mitakuye oyasin means, amongst so many other things, that the color or character of a person does not matter if they dance from the heart. He translated and aided for people, it helped him to understand. Along time ago, a dancer was present to dance. A medicine man was present to doctor. Once the tree is placed in the Sundance circle, it becomes the Sundance alter. The medicine mans alter is separate from the Sundance alter. White Hat 23

37:00 (poor audio)

Francis Cut and Eagle

Wanbli- Eagle

remembers the hawks when he feels frustrated and how they strengthen relationships. He has experienced the spirit of the eagle during ceremony. Warriors depend on the eagle and animals. Forming a society often required power from eagles, hawks, falcons. See into future. Falcons as messengers. Individual reaction differ about Wanbli. Mediators and fly low. The message can go from ground to encompassing all. Wants to have the thoughts of the eagle, coyote, etc.

44:05 00:20

END VIDEO 1 START VIDEO 1 Cetan Hawk Seta Luta Red-tailed Wanbli Gleska Spotted Eagle Wakan When asked if different birds had different significance White Hat mentioned that it is similar to the 3 men sitting in the interview. All humans, but with different gifts. Inya had power to give or take life, create or destroy. Good and bad. Created from Inya, we all possess these powers. All creations possess these powers. Eagles were once significant in sex determination for children. Eagle feather was received when one became a man (12 years). Religion made people ashamed of bodies and discussing body parts. Feathers offer protection. Eagle feather is clothing of a special friend. Just as people are different and possess different skills, birds do too. Lawyer or politician equates to Iktomi. Warriors wear them as achievements. Important to be responsible when achievement is reached. Feathers were received as grade, or levels of education. Keeps people going. In White Hat family the owl is respected as family. His son is Little Owl which came from his dad. Owls are messengers, but not of bad. If one always has bad associated with owls then bad can be created by person. Bad thoughts should not be around messengers or feathers. Care must be taken regarding thoughts when relatives are with you. Coming home late from ceremonies, a large owl has been on the roof or in the yard. He once went to light the fire in his yard, around 24

02:15

Clarification of Wakan and White Hat Francis Cut and Wanbli White Hat and language White Hat and feathers and regalia Francis Cut and feathers

03:28

Wanbli Chehe Eagles Penis Hair

05:10 06:05

07:16

08:40

White Hat and owls.

13:40

Francis Cut and owls

Heha Wicasa se Owl; not human but jokes and humor

18:40

White Hat and owls

21:03

22:28

Francis Cut on animal educators White Hat on animal educators

25:05

Magpie and White Hat

27:15

Magpie and Francis Cut

29:45

Dragonfly and White Hat

Tehmuga yu sloha fly dragging

the time he was naming his son, and owls were communicating. Grandfather used birds as spiritual helpers. Often the owl. A prayer in the owls presence can be a good thing. Birds can mimic humans. Owls like to have fun too. Owl is involved in relocation of a childs spirit. Often several can be involved. Protection. When young, lived by the river. Mom wanted to visit sister. It was dark. A few miles away, an owl was mimicking her and dogs. It seemed to travel quickly and mimic whatever it heard. It was shortly after that a baby had died. Francis thinks that the owl, when visiting ones home, often does bring a bad message. Each nation has different styles that can teach. With some animals, the spirits are more powerful than humans. Worked for a rancher during HS for 10-12 years. Rancher owned more than 1000. Over time, each cow came to act like someone White Hat knew. The rancher and White Hat knew the cows. Every nation behaves like animals and vice versa. Horses behave based on how people feel. Magpies steal meats. Magpies announce to others that meat is around. White Hats brother spent Summer with Shoshone. Women were seated under a pine-shade. A magpie was being bothersome, one person finally took after it with a stick. Brother asked why she was doing that, another replied that the magpie is calling them names. In creation of 4 directions, each direction has brothers. Magpies are one of the North. Swallow in the West. Meadowlark in the East. Owl placed in the South. Swallow hides feces so other birds dont see him since he was supposed to be of the north. A man in Sioux Falls asked how to say dragonfly in Lakota. The man described the fly dragging. In the evening of a summer Sundance, his daughter was sitting when mosquitos came. Dragonflies quickly cleaned them up. May also be a warning of a thunder storm. 25

32:00 35:45

Dragonfly and Francis Cut Little People

Tasweca Dragonfly

38:09

Bear and Francis Cut

40:55

Bear and White Hat

43:34

Buffalo and White Hat END VIDEO 2 START VIDEO 3

Little People, Water Nation, protectors of the spring. Little people can twist the mind around. They can also pull people into water if they abuse the water. Little people can be mischievous. Bear was first two-legged. Raced around the black hills. Magpie won the two-legged race but cheated. Bear was the wisdom, medicine and sorcery. Bear Butte and several cubs. Bear dreamers have powerful medicine. There was a time when the bear, mountain lion, etc. was all over the country. When such animals were pushed into the mountain, the connection was lost between men and spirit animals. When a group of people are asked for a specific provision, one will step forward and offer the provision. When asked appropriately, a buffalo will separate for taking. An offering can be a piece of liver, used like medicine. Whatever part is eaten will provide medicine. The crow were obnoxious in the spirit world, and were made to eat bugs in the physical world. Francis Hat: Animals are observed and mimicked by humans. White Hat: We need to reconnect. For example, National Geographic covers many animals, but never represents them as beings. People are instilled with fear from certain animals. World will cleanse self. Fire has a way to clean the world, hurricanes, etc.

44:05 00:01

CONTINUED

01:35 02:57

White Hat Crow and Buffalo General Thoughts on animals

Wahpah- Crow

06:45

11:45

END VIDEO 3

Comments: *Poor quality audio.

26