CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Electromagnetic wave is a wave phenomenon generated by the interaction of changes
in the electric field and magnetic field changes that occur simultaneously. As for some of the
properties of electromagnetic waves is (1) a transverse wave, (2) an incident involving
reflection, refraction, interference, diffraction, and polarization, (3) is not affected by the
electric field and magnetic field because it does not have a charge. One is the nature of an
incident electromagnetic wave polarization. Polarization occurs only in transverse waves
alone, while the longitudinal wave polarization does not occur as the sound waves do not
experience polarization.
One example is the electromagnetic waves of light, so as the light is an electromagnetic
wave, the direction of vibration of light waves perpendicular to the direction of propagation.
One proof of light as an electromagnetic wave is experiencing symptoms of light
polarization, which absorbed most of the intensity of an incident beam of light by a particular
material. Polarized light can occur due to a variety of events such as events of reflection,
refraction, twin bias, selective absorption and scattering.
In everyday life, we often encounter is actually the polarization phenomena, such as
clouds in the blue sky. It is caused due to scattering of sunlight by the Earth's atmosphere. If
the earth did not have atmosphere, the sky would appear dark (black), except when we look
directly at the sun. But the fact is, the earth has an atmosphere, so on a sunny day, the sky
will appear blue. This occurs because the blue light sky blue color dissipated. In addition,
there are also many other events that are the sources of the polarization. For more details
about the polarization of electromagnetic waves, it will be discussed in more detail in this
paper, be it of the understanding, the types of polarization, and polarization sources.
1 Polarisasi Kelompok II
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
2.1 The definition Polarisasi
Light is a transversal waves, where E and B field are propagate each others.
Gambar 1. The relation between E and B field in electromagnetic waves (Yasa, 2001)
Light waves can appears in polarization incident. Light polaritation or optic
polarization are absorbed half of lights. Polarizations is one of light characteristic, i.e the
light are move in oscillation with certain direction. A light can be said polarizated if that light
are propagate with certain direction. The direction in polarizated field electromagnetic wave
are taken as a electric field vector.
Gambar 2. Oscillation field electromagnetic waves polarizated (Anonim, 2008)
In discussion about electromagnetic waves about equation of electromagnetic waves
before, we get E = E
o
e
i(k.z - .t)
and B = B
o
e
i(k.z - .t)
for dielectric medium and equation E =
2 Polarisasi Kelompok II
B
E
k
E
o
e
-.z
e
i(.z - .t)
dan B =
o
x
K
E z

e
-.z
e
i(.z - .t + )
for conductive medium . in discussion
before, the amplitude of electromagnetc waves Eo and Bo assumed constant both of this
medium in equation , Bo = (k/)
k

x Eo And both of this medium are in perpendicular field

with wave propagate, then the characteristics of this waves are depend with amplitude in field
that it pass through.
Because this vectors from electric field and magnetic field from electromagnetic wave
are always perpendicular with wave propagate so there are degree of freedom of movement
from electromagnetic field vectors. Polarization from electromagnetic field are manifestation
from movement degree of freedom from electromagnetic field vectors. In this casus, assumed
that electromagnetic wave propagate to z-positive and transversal field from waves in xy
field. This statement conclude that wave amplitude from x and y axis, wave amplitude in xy
field. So Eo located in xy field, so electric fieldcan draw in x and y axis.
y x
o
E
oy ox
E E +
...................................................................................(1.1)
because E
ox
and E
oy
; both is complex number so both of this units can appeard it
1
1
i
ox
e E E
.........................................................................................(1.2a)
2
2
i
oy
e E E
......................................................................................(1.2b)
So E can expressed by equation E = E
o
e
-.z
e
i(.z - .t)
and become;
E (
+ x
1
1
i
e E
y
2
2
i
e E
)e
i(k.z - .t)
.......................................................... (1.3)
to make simple this equation, we can assume that k is real, then with take the real part from
electromagnetic field components from electromagnetic waves is
1 1
. cos( + t kz E E
x
).....................................................................(1.4a)
2 2
. cos( + t kz E E
y )...................................................................(1.4b)
then this statement are depend on the amplitude relative (E
1
,E
2
) dan fase (
2 1
, ). Bila -E
1

E
x
E
1
dan - E
2
E
y
E
2 ,
so according 1.4 the electric field E are in maximum limit area
like draw in picture below Gambar 3. From the picture are draw that the electric field is a
fisis units of wave not are complex number

3 Polarisasi Kelompok II
E
y
E
x
E
1
-E
1
E
x
-E
2
E
2
y




Gambar 3. Electric field component transversal field (Yasa, 2001)
For certain different time as equation 1.4, vector components of electric field are
change, then E also change as the change of its vector component. Vector figure E will make
trajectory in xy area bounded by the value of E
1
and E
2
. The trajectory can eliminated (k.z -
.t) from equation 1.4
1 1
1
sin ) . . sin( cos ) . . cos( t z k t z k
E
E
x

....................................(1.5a)
2 2
2
sin ) . . sin( cos ) . . cos( t z k t z k
E
E
y

..................................(1.5b)
Then from both of equation can determined and we get
) sin( ) . . cos( sin sin
2 1 1
2
2
1
t z k
E
E
E
E
y
x
..............................(1.6a)
) sin( ) . . sin( cos cos
2 1 1
2
2
1
t z k
E
E
E
E
y
x
............................ (1.6b)
With square each of equations (1.6a) dan (1.6b) and adding it, we get;
) ( sin ) cos( 2
2 1
2
2
2
2 1
2 1
2
1

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
y y
x x
............. (1.7)
Equation 1.7 are the general equation from an ellipse. With this the electric field can be said
in ellipse polarizated. The trajectory are draw in bellow
y
4 Polarisasi Kelompok II E
x
E
2
E
y
-E
1
E
1
x
E





Gambar 4. Electric field are polarizated as ellipse (Yasa, 2001)
Although polarization are determine for electric field, magnetic field are also
polarizes. Magnetic field from electromagnetic wave will polarizes as ellipse in xy area
because magnetic field are also perpendicular with electric field. So the equation are
determined for electric field are belong to for magnetic field.
Gambar 5. Polarization process using polarizator (Riyanto, 2006)
Figure 5 show that light is not polarizes that fall in polarizator. In polarizator there is
certain characteristics polarization that showed in parallel lines. That polarizator just
transmited the components of wave that the its electric vectors are propagate parallel to this
direction and absorb the components of electric vectors that propagate perpendicular to this
direction. The light out is light that has been polarizes by area. The direction of this polarizes
are resulted in made process with put the molecules long chain in a plastic plat which flexible
and then make long the plat so the molecules are parallel each others.
Gambar 6. Sebuah Rentetan Gelombang E adalah
Ekivalen dengan Dua Rentetan Gelombang
Komponen E
y
dan E
x
(Riyanto, 2006)
In figure 6, polarizes plat are located in area and the its propagate are into the
picture. E arrows emit the propagate field from wave that has choose randomly and fall into
5 Polarisasi Kelompok II
E
E
y
E
x
E
y
x
the plat, two components vectors are E
x
(E Sin ) dan E
y
(E Cos

) can change E , one is

paralles each other and the other one are perpendicular toward polarizes direction
Gambar 7.Cahaya yang tak Terpolarisasi tidak Ditransmisikan oleh Plat-Plat Pemolarisasi
yang Bersilangan
The second polarization plat (Analisator) are located like figure 7. If the second plat
is rotated toward the propagate direction, so the state of second polarizes are separated 180
O
,
where the light intensity that transmited almost equal to zero. This states is where the
direction of plat polarization I and II are perpendicular each others
If the amplitude of polarizes wave fall in second plat is E
m,
so the light amplitude is
E
m
Cos , where is angle between polarization direction from plat I and plat II. With
increase the light intensity are equal to square from amplitude, so we can see that the
intensity that transmitted I change with according equation
Cos I I
2
m
......................................................................................(1.8)
Where I
m
is maximum value of intensity that transmitted. The maximum value occur
where if the direction if polarization is = 0 atau 180
0
2.2 Kind of Polarization
The value from main axis of ellipse and the direction toward the axis depend on the
amplitude E
1
and E
2
and relative phase from both component. Because equations 1.7 just
depend from absolute value from different |
2 1

|, so with concern the amplitude and
different phase equation 1.7 can determine some shapes of polarization. Kasus
2 1

=0
According to the equation 1.7 it could be.
6 Polarisasi Kelompok II
) 0 ( sin ) 0 cos( 2
2
2
2 2 1
2
1

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
y y
x x
0 2
2
2 2 1
2
1

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
y y
x x
0
2
2 1

'

,
_

,
_

E
E
E
E
y
x
0
2 1

,
_

,
_

E
E
E
E y
x
..............................................................................................(1.9)
Equation (1.9) expressed that straight line equation located a long the diagonal xy area. Like
figure

Gambar 8. Trajectory vector of electric field from polarizes wave with
different phase is zero
1. |
2 1

|=
The equation will be
) ( sin ) cos( 2
2
2
2 2 1
2
1

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
y y
x x
0 2
2
2 2 1
2
1

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
y y
x x
0
2
2 1

'

,
_

,
_

E
E
E
E
y
x
7 Polarisasi Kelompok II
E
y
E
x
0
2 1

,
_

,
_

E
E
E
E
y
x
.............................................................................................(2.0)
According equation (2.0) will give the result like straight line. In this casus same with the
first casus, electromagnetic wave are polarizes linear, but between Ex with Ey always have
different sign. Positive sign for
2 1

=0 and negative sign for |
2 1

|= . The
trajectory can be showed
Gambar 8. Trajectory vector of electric field from polarizes wave with different phase is
2. |
2 1

|=
2

For polarization |
2 1

|=
2

, the equation will be

)
2
( sin )
2
cos( 2
2
2
2 2 1
2
1

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
y y
x x
1
2
2
2
1

,
_

,
_

E
E
E
E y
x
..........................................................................................(2.1)
the figure is
Gambar 9. Ellips polarization with different phase |
2 1

|=
2

8 Polarisasi Kelompok II
E
y
E
x
E
y
E
x
In ellipse polarization like figure 9, appear casus where E
1
= E
2
= E
0
, so the equation
(2.1) become the circle equation with radius E
0
.
2
0
2 2
E E E
y x
+
..........................................................................................(2.2)
According equation (2.2), polarization are called circle polarization.
=
2 1

.........................................................................................(2.3)
And the different phase for E
x
in P
P =
1
. . + t z k
................................................................................(2.4)
So the equation become 2.4
E
x
= E
1
cos P dan E
y
= E
2
cos (P - )......................................................(2.5)
For more understanding the equation 2.5 are draw in graphic that explain the fisis difeerent
positip, negatip dan nol.
Gambar 10. Grafik E Sebagai Fungsi Dari P
From equation (2.5), that related equation E with P. if > 0 so E
x
leave E
y
, it means
E
y
reach maximum after E
x
reach maximum, and E
y
become zero after E
x
become zero.

9 Polarisasi Kelompok II
>0 < 0
(a) (b)
Gambar 11. a. Lintasan ellip berlawanan putaran jarum jam
b. Lintasan ellip searah putaran jarum jam
2.3 Sources of Polarization
As already introduced in the previous study, there are some events which are optical
sources that generate polarization where the methods used to produce polarization in
general produce linear polarization. Events that result in polarization optics including gas
laser beam, the Zeeman effect, synchrotron radiation, absorption (absorption), event
reflection and transmission, scattering, dichroism and double refraction (Yasa, 2001).
a. Polarization due to Gas Laser Beam
Gas laser which emits monochromatic light is very sharp and coherent which has a
wavelength that is identified from the same frequency and have a constant phase
difference. In addition, the laser gas emission can allow the polarization due to the
angle of incidence of monochromatic light qualifies as Brewster angle.
b. Polarization due to the Zeeman Effect
Another source of polarization that can occur related to the Zeeman effect where a very
sharp spectral lines placed in a magnetic field so that the fracture line or in other words
the Zeeman effect is the separation of a wavelength to several wavelengths when
applied magnetic field. Of the fractional line, each component of the spectral lines will
be linear or circular polarized.
c. Polarization due Synchrotron Radiation
As a source of polarization can also be produced from synchrotron radiation where
there is high-speed electrons into the magnetic field resulting form a circular path.
Acceleration experienced by the electrons to emit light offending trajectories of
electrons. Radiation emitted light is polarized light.
d. Polarization due to absorption (absorption)
To generate linearly polarized light can be used with Polaroid materials known.
10 Polarisasi Kelompok II
Picture 12. Selective polarization scheme using
Polaroid filters. Only light with parallel orientation
of the polarization axis of the polaroid is forwarded
Polaroid materials continuing to be light with a certain vibration direction and absorbs
the others vibration direction of light. Transmitted light is light whose direction of
vibration parallel to the polarization axis of the polaroid. Polaroid combines substances
that have dichroism, which is where one of the selective absorption of polarized
components are absorbed much more powerful than the other components, as shown in
Figure 13
Picture 13. Polaroid combines substances having dichroism
As shown in Figure 14, A ray of natural light (unpolarized) to polarisator. Natural light
is indicated by the vector-vector E are pointing in all directions (random) and
perpendicular to the direction of propagation. Here the vertically polarized light that is
only the electric field component E parallel to the transmission axis. Polarized light
next to the analyzers.
11 Polarisasi Kelompok II
Picture 14. Two Polaroid, first Polaroid called Polarisator the second is called
analyzer with the transmission axis from an angle
In analyzers, all E components perpendicular to analyzer transmission axis is absorbed,
only the component E parallel to the axis of the analyzer passed. So the strenght electric
field analyzers forwarded to:
E
2
= E cos ...(2.6)
If natural light is not polarized, which falls on the first Polaroid (polarisator) has
intensity I
0
, the polarized light that passes through polarisator are:
I
1
= I
0
.....(2.7)
Light with intensity I1 is then headed analyzers and will come out with the intensity
becomes:
I
2
= I
1
cos
2
= I
0
cos
2
.......(2.8)
e. Polarization due to reflection (Reflection) and Transmission
Light reflected by a smooth surface will be partially polarized when the angle of
incidence is not zero. These events are generally stronger in a dielectric boundary
surface when the angle of incidence at or near the Brewster angle name.
Figure 15 shows the incident polarization by reflection and transmission of light at the
boundary y. When the reflected beam forming and beam angle 90
o
transmission is not
possible if the light reflected electric field lies in the plane coming ( polarization), but
this light will be transmitted. Light by an oscillating electric field perpendicular to the
plane coming ( polarization) can be reflected. Thus the Brewster angle can be
determined as follows:
2
'

+
B B
.....(2.9)
From Snellius can be:
'
'
sin
sin
B
B
n
n

......(3.0)
12 Polarisasi Kelompok II
Cause
B B
cos sin
'

and
2 / ) (
'
+
B B
so, from equation (2.9) and equation (3.0)
got:
n
n
B
'
tan
......(3.1)
Picture 15. Polarization by reflection and transmission (Yasa, 2001)
with called Brewster angle. If the light comes not polarized, then the Brewster angle
reflected light will experience polarization, while the transmission of only a small
light just undergone polarization, most them experienced polarization.
f. Polarization due to scattering
Light scattering can occur when a space occurs in the distribution of particles of
irregular scattering centers. For example, dust particles in the air, which is much
smaller than the wavelength of light, the particles in suspension kolloid, or gas
molecules particles in the air. Basic mechanisms of the polarization of light from
unpolarized incident light by scattering particles are similar to those described in
polarization by reflection and transmission of light.
13 Polarisasi Kelompok II

B
90
Polarisasi lebih terpolarisasi
y
x
Terpolarisasi
Cahaya tak
terpolarisasi
Terpolarisasi
Lebih terpolarisasi
Picture 16. Polarization of incident light by scattering particles (Yasa, 2001)
Figure 16 shows that the scattered light 90
o
to the direction of incident will experience
linear polarization with the electric field in the direction perpendicular to the plane of
scattering, which is the field formed by the direction of the incident light with the
direction of the scattered light. The scattering event occurs in the Earth's atmosphere.
The blue color of the sky is caused by the scattering of short wavelength of blue light is
much larger than the scattering of light red color. Blue light from the sky is partially
polarized light with the electric field vector oscillates toward the right corner of the
field containing the incident light and scattered light. At the point of view of 90
o
like
picture 16 looks a complete polarization.
g. Polarization due to the double refraction
If the glass is passed on glass, the speed of light come out will equally in all
directions. This is because the glass is homogeneous; refractive index has only one
value. However, in certain crystalline materials such as calcite and quartz, speed of
light in it is not uniform because of the material it has two values refractive index
(birefringence).
Double refraction is a phenomenon that occurs in calcite crystals or others non cubic
crystals as well as the plastics that stretched like slofen. Medium in which the speed
of light equally in all directions is called isotropic medium while the medium in which
the speed of light was not uniformly called anisotropic medium. When a light beam
enters the medium anisotropic, light beam will be separated into two parts, namely the
ordinary beam o (ordinary) and extraordinary beam (special beam) e (extraordinary).
This looks like the following figure.
14 Polarisasi Kelompok II
Picture 17. Beam of light entering the crystal of twin bias
From the figure above shows that the polarized rays with different direction and
velocity. Ordinary ray o will satisfy Snell's law of refraction at the crystal surface.
Instead, extraordinary ray e does not meet Snell's law of refraction. Difference
between beams o and e rays in relation to Snell's law can be explained as follows.
(1) o pass beam inside the crystal with the same velocity v
o
for all direction. In other
words, for this crystal sheaf has the same refractive index that is n
o
.
(2) e beam pass in the crystal with the change ranging of velocity from v
o
to a certain
value greater (v
c
). In other words, the index of refraction is defined as c / v
ranging from n
o
change to a smaller value n
c
.
2.4 Application of Polarization
1. LCD (Liquid Crystal Displays)
LCD terms appear frequently in the field of electronics. Liquid crystal can be
translated as liquid crystals. This name is used because the solid and liquid
properties are two different things. The molecules of solids dispersed regularly and
keep its position, while the molecules of a liquid layout or irregular position so that
it can move freely in any direction. In 1888 a botanist, Friedrich Reinitzer, find the
phase between solid and liquid phases. This phase has the properties of solid and
liquid together. Molecules such as solid objects, but can move freely like a liquid.
Furthermore, this phase is called liquid crystals. Liquid crystalline phase is closer to
the liquid phase due to the slight increase in temperature (heating) immediately turns
into a liquid phase. This trait showed high sensitivity to temperature. Thus, liquid
crystals are very sensitive to temperature changes. Nature is the basis for the use of
liquid crystal technology. In addition to temperature, the liquid crystals are also very
sensitive to electric current (potential difference). The principle of this kind is used
in LCD technology. This is why the laptop screen sometimes looks different in the
winter or when used in very hot weather.
15 Polarisasi Kelompok II
Picture 18. Differences in molecular characteristics
Types of liquid crystals are used in the development of LCD technology is the
nematic type (the molecules have a particular pattern in a particular direction). The
simplest type is a Twisted Nematic (TN), which has a molecular structure naturally
selected by 90
o
. This structure can be removed its twisted TN (untwist) by using an
electric current.

Picture 19. Nematic Phase Picture 20. Twisted Nematic (TN) Ilustration
Figure 20 shows the TN liquid crystal (D) is placed between two electrodes (C and E)
and still wrapped again with two glass panels (B and F) a thin layer on the outside given
the polarizing film. Layer A is a film that can reflect light which able to penetrate the
layers of wrapping LCD. Electrode C and E linked to the voltage as a current source.
Panel B have different polarization 90
o
with panel F.
Basic concept of how the LCD works is the wave physics and optics, especially on light
as an electromagnetic wave, the light associated with color and vision, and the light
polarization as a wave. LCD work by using Liquid Crystal which has been described
earlier. LCD do not produce light, but only modify the light from a source. This is what
makes LCD energy-saving. Light modifications made by LCD are the polarization of
light as an electromagnetic wave.
Some equipment that utilize technology such as computer screens (flat screen),
calculators, and digital watches.
16 Polarisasi Kelompok II
Picture 21. LCD Layer compotition diagram

Computer screen calculator digital watch
Picture 22. Some equiptment used LCD
2. Polarization glasses
Right now there are a few impressions on television that 3D or three dimensional image.
To watch 3D display, we have to use special glasses.
If you note that 3D glasses are sold in the stores left lenses of different colors with the
right lens color. Lens for the right eye is red, while the lens for the left eye is blue.
When the glasses are used, red shadows seen by the blue lens and blue shadows seen by
the red lens. Thus, each eye sees a different way. Both of these colors are red and blue
was chosen because it is related to the wavelength of light. In a 3D display, the red color
will make objects invisible in the back. The depth dimension is obtained by playing the
two colors are in the process of making the film.

Picture 23 (a) Red and Blue Lens Glases (b) polarizes glases
Viewing 3D movie with two color glasses turned out image color to be less interesting. This
is because the light vibrates in all directions. Polarization will cause light to vibrate only in
one direction. In order polarized, the light was passed through light polarisator. Polarisator /
filter is mounted on eyeglass lenses. So in order the left eye and right eye see slightly
different things, right eye lens mounted filter that will withstand vertical light waves, while
the left eye lens fitted with a filter that will withstand the horizontal light waves. By using
these glasses, the color image into a beautiful 3D display.
17 Polarisasi Kelompok II
CHAPTER III
CLOSING
3.1 Conclusion
Berdasarkan pembahasan, maka dapat disimpulkan sebagai berikut.
1. The polarization of light or optical polarization is partially absorbing vibration
direction of light. The general equation for the electric field is polarized
) ( sin ) cos( 2
2 1
2
2
2
2 1
2 1
2
1

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
y y
x x
and the intensity which transmited after polarizied is
Cos I I
2
m

.
2. Type of polarization consist of 3, which are:
a) Linier Polarization.
b) Ellip Polarization.
c) Circular Polarization.
3. Events that result in polarization optics including; beam laser gas, Zeeman effect,
synchrotron radiation, incident absorption, reflection and transmission, scattering,
dichroisme and double refraction.
4. The application of the concept of polarization in daily life can be seen on the LCD
and polarization glasses.
18 Polarisasi Kelompok II