Colegiul National Elena Ghiba Birta Arad

Atestat la limba engleza World trade center

Contents FOREWORD .pg. 2 INTRODUCTION pg. 4 CHAPTER 1: PLANNING AND CONSTRUCTION pg. 6 1.1. ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN .pg. 8 1.2. STRUCTURAL DESIGN .. pg. 10 1.3. CONSTRUCTION .pg. 12 1.4. CRITICISM.. pg. 14 CHAPTER 2: COMPLEX pg. 15 2.1. NORTH AND SOUTH TOWERS. pg. 15 2.2. TOP OF WORLD OBSERVATION DECK ... pg. 17 2.3. WINDOWS OF THE WORLD RESTAURANTS .. pg. 18 2.4. OTHER BUILDINGS .. pg. 19 CHAPTER 3: LIFE AND EVENTS.. pg. 20 3.1. FEBRUARY 13, 1975 FIRE . pg. 21 3.2. FEBRUARY 26, 1993 BOMBING ... pg. 21 3.3. LEASE .... pg. 23 CHAPTER 4: DESTRUCTION SEPTEMBER 11 ATTACKS . pg. 24 4.1. ATTACK..... pg. 25 4.2. ATTACKERS AND THEIR BACKGROUND . pg. 32 4.3. AFTER MATH ...pg. 38 4.4. LONG-TERM EFFECTS ... pg. 44 CHAPTER 5: REBUILDING ... pg. 48 5.1. HISTORY..... pg. 48 5.2. CONTROVERSY AND CRITICISM .... pg. 51 CHAPTER 6: WTC AMERICAN FLAGS ... pg. 52 CONCLUSION .... pg. 54 BIBLIOGRAPHY.... .. pg. 55

Foreword

The twin towers of the World Trade Center were more than just buildings. They were proof of New York's belief in itself. Built at a time when New York's future seemed uncertain, the towers restored confidence and helped bring a halt to the decline of lower Manhattan. Brash, glitzy, and grand, they quickly became symbols of New York. I have chosen the topic WORLD TRADE CENTER for my project in order to be able to elucidate a few things that did not remain too clear for me, for example, I did not know exactly the architectural details of the tower, neither the reasons the attacks were planned and I also did not understood the reactions that the attacks brought together. All in all, this project truly helped me to clarify my thoughts about this subject and to understand better the american life before and after the attacks. The World Trade Center is a living symbol of man's dedication to world peace... a representation of man's belief in humanity, his need for individual dignity, his beliefs in the cooperation of men, and, through cooperation, his ability to find greatness. Minoru Yamasaki

Introduction

The original World Trade Center was a complex with seven buildings featuring landmark twin towers in Lower Manhattan, New York City, United States. The complex opened on April 4, 1973, and was destroyed in 2001 during the September 11 attacks. The site is being rebuilt with five new skyscrapers and a memorial to the casualties of the attacks. As of November 2011, only one skyscraper has been completed, with four more expected to be completed before 2020. One World Trade Center will be the lead building for the new complex and is expected to be finished by 2013. A sixth tower is still awaiting confirmation to be built. At the time of their completion, the original 1 and 2 World Trade Center, known colloquially as the Twin Towers, were the tallest buildings in the world. The complex was designed in the early 1960s by Minoru Yamasaki and Associates of Troy, Michigan, and Emery Roth and Sons of New York. The twin 110-story towers used a tube-frame structural design. To gain approval for the project, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey agreed to take over the Hudson & Manhattan Railroad, which became the Port Authority Trans-Hudson. Groundbreaking for the World Trade Center took place on August 5, 1966. The North Tower was completed in December 1972 and the South Tower was finished in July 1973. The construction project involved excavating a large amount of material, which was later used as landfill to build Battery Park City on the west side of Lower Manhattan. The cost for the construction was $400 million ($2,200,000,000 in 2012 dollars). The complex was located in the heart of New York City's downtown financial district and contained 13.4 million square feet 5 | P age

of office space. The Windows on the World restaurant was located on the 106th and 107th floors of the North Tower while the Top of the World observation deck was located on the 107th floor of the South Tower. Other World Trade Center buildings were built between 1975 and 1981. The final building constructed, 7 WTC, was built in 1985. The second King Kong was filmed in 1976 with some scenes mentioning and showing the World Trade Center. The Center experienced a fire on February 13, 1975, and a bombing on February 26, 1993. In 1998, the Port Authority decided to privatize the World Trade Center, leasing the buildings to a private company to manage, and awarded the lease to Silverstein Properties in July 2001. On the morning of September 11, 2001, Al-Qaeda-affiliated hijackers flew two 767 jets into the complex, one into each tower, in a coordinated terrorist attack. After burning for 56 minutes, the South Tower collapsed, followed a half-hour later by the North Tower, with the attacks on the World Trade Center resulting in 2,753 deaths. 7 WTC collapsed later in the day and the other buildings, although they did not collapse, had to be demolished because they were damaged beyond repair. The process of cleanup and recovery at the r site took eight months. The first new building at the site was 7 WTC, which opened in May 2006. The Lower Manhattan Development Corporation, established in November 2001 to oversee the rebuilding process, organized competitions to select a site plan and memorial design. Memory Foundations, designed by

Daniel Libeskind, was selected as the master plan, but this went through substantial changes in design. The new World Trade Center complex will include One World Trade Center, three other high-rise office towers, and the National September 11 Memorial & Museum.