Cayla Kass Test Review Chapters 11-12 Vocab: Periodicity- the tendency to recur at regular intervals Periodic Law-

states that the physical and chemical properties of the elements repeats in a regular pattern when they are arranged in an order or increasing atomic number Period- horizontal row (7) Group- vertical column, sometimes called a family (18) Valence Electron- outer shell electron Alkali Metals- group 1 Alkaline Earth Metals- group 2 Transition Metals- groups 3-12 Lanthanides- elements 58 to 71; AKA rare earth metals because of the lack of earth abundance Actinides- radioactive elements 90 to 103; most do not occur in nature Halogens- group 17 Noble Gases- group 18 Main Group Elements- elements of groups 1-2 and 13-18 Atomic Radii- one half of the distance between the nuclei of identical atoms bonded together (the radius of a single atom) Ionization Energy- the energy required to remove an electron from a neutral atom IE2- the energy for the removal of the second electron from an ion with a +1 charge IE3- the energy for the removal of the third electron from an ion with a +2 charge Electron Affinity- the energy change that occurs when an atom gains an electron

Electronegativity- a measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract electrons Key Topics:

Mendeleev published the first table of elements o Arranged by atomic mass o Listed in horizontal rows Henry Moseley determined that periodic table should be arranged in order of increasing atomic number Period = rows Groups = columns s block o 2 elements/ period o Active metals o Make up the main group element o Alkali and alkaline earth metals p block o 6 elements/period o Nonmetals, p block metals, metalloids, noble gases o Make up the main group element o Properties vary d block o 10 elements/period o Transition metals f block o 14 elements/period o Lanthanides and actinides (rare earths) Diagonal staircase cutting through p block denotes the difference between metals and nonmetals Group 1 = alkali metals Group 2 = alkaline earth metals Group 3-12 = transition metals Group 13 = Boron family Group 14 = Carbon family Group 15 = Nitrogen family Group 16 = Oxygen family Group 17 = halogens Group 18 = noble gases Atomic Radii Trends o Group = increases as it moves down

o Period = decreases from left to right Electronegativity Trends o Group = decreases o Period = increases Lowest first ionization energy = largest atom with fewest valence electrons Highest first ionization energy = smallest atom with most valence electrons Highest second ionization energy = remove one electron, do the same Alkali Metals o Contain one electron in the outermost sublevel o Group configuration is ns1 o Have a silvery appearance o Soft enough to cut with a knife (malleable and ductile) o Extremely reactive o Not found in nature as free elements (always found combined with other elements) o Low melting points Alkaline-Earth Metals o Contain a pair of electrons in the outermost sublevel o Group configuration is ns2 o Harder, denser, and stronger and higher melting points than the alkali metals but still malleable and ductile o Less reactive that the alkali metals although still very reactive o Not found in nature as free elements D Block Elements o Good conductors of heat and electricity o Have a high luster o Less reactive than the s block metals o Some exist in nature as free elements o Melting points vary o Most are malleable and ductile P Block Elements o Electrons filled in the np sublevel o Group configuration for group 13 is ns2np1 o Group 18 configuration is the stable ns2np6 noble gas o Properties of p block vary greatly o Contain metals, non-metals, metalloids, and noble gases o Group 17 contains the halogens, the most reactive nonmetals o Halogens react vigorously with metals to form salts o Metalloids are semiconducting elements and fall on both sides of the line separating metals and nonmetals and have properties of both metals and nonmetals Metals of the p block are generally harder and denser than the s block metals but softer and less dense than most d block metals

1. The noble gases have the highest first ionization energy. Ionization energy is the energy needed to remove an electron. Noble gases in group 18 have a full outer shell, which also means more shielding from all of the electrons. The more shielding occurs from electrons, the harder it is to remove electrons.

2. Alkali metals are the most reactive elements because of their electron configurations. They all have one valence electron, which means that in order to form a stable ion with eight valence electrons, they only have to lose one electron. Alkali metals have the lowest ionization energies, indicating that it takes the least amount of energy to lose the electron. The electron configuration for alkali metals is ns1. Potassium is more reactive than lithium because of the trends of ionization energy. Moving down a group, the ionization energy decreases, making it easier to remove an electron. This is because the electron gets larger, taking the electron farther away from the attraction of the nucleus. 3. The group electron configuration for the halogens is ns2np5. They are reactive because like the alkali metals, they only have to change one electron. Halogens have to gain one electron because they begin with seven valence electrons. The most reactive halogen is Fluorine because the ionization energy is the highest at the top of the group. If an element needs to gain an electron, it would not be beneficial to have an electron easily lost. 4. Transition metals in the d block, alkali, and alkaline earth metals all have similar characteristics. They are malleable, ductile, and dense. Alkali and alkaline earth metals are much more reactive than the transition metals. Transition elements tend to have high melting and boiling points, while alkali and alkaline earth metals have very low melting points.