The Mole Concept

1.

Relative Atomic Masses

John Dalton was the first chemist to compile a list of relative atomic masses for atoms. At that time no one could weigh individual atoms so he did experiments which resulted in determining the relative masses of atoms. Since hydrogen is the lightest element, he arbitrarily assigned the mass of a hydrogen atom to be 1 amu (atomic mass unit). By reacting hydrogen with other elements he could determine their mass relative to hydrogen. From his experiments Dalton found that an oxygen atom has a relative mass of 16 amu. This means that an oxygen atom is 16 times as heavy as a hydrogen atom. Since Dalton, we have used elements other than hydrogen as the standard. Oxygen was once used and carbon is now the standard for comparison. But in any event a value of 1 amu for hydrogen is still the origin of our present day tables of relative atomic masses.

2.

The Mole

Amadeos Avogadro had an inspiration that greatly simplified calculations in chemistry. He reasoned that, if an atom of hydrogen weighed 1 amu and an atom of oxygen weighed 16 amu, by weighing out 1 gram of hydrogen and 16 grams of oxygen we would have an equal number of atoms. In fact if we weighed out the relative atomic mass of any element in grams we would always have the same number of atoms. He called that number of atoms a mole.

1gH All the Same Number of Atoms 12 g C

16 g O

One Mole

24 g Mg

The word mole is similar to other words in our language which stand for a particular count. When you buy donuts you often ask for a dozen donuts. Whether you buy a dozen chocolate donuts or a dozen glazed donuts or a dozen jelly donuts --- a dozen donuts is always the same number of donuts. Likewise, one mole of oxygen atoms or one mole of carbon atoms or one mole of hydrogen atoms is always the same number of atoms. Avogadro was not able to determine how many atoms were in a mole, but that didnt matter. All that mattered was that a mole of any kind of atom was the same number of atoms. Today we are able to do experiments to allow us to count atoms. We now know that one mole of atoms equals 6.02 x 1023 atoms. 1 mole of oxygen atoms = 6.02 x 1023 oxygen atoms 1 mole of hydrogen atoms = 6.02 x 1023 hydrogen atoms 1 mole of donuts = 6.02 x 1023 donuts 1 mole of pencils = 6.02 x 1023 pencils dozen gross pair mole 12 144 2 6.02 x 1023

3.

Molar Mass

We have already learned that the mass of one mole of any kind of atom can be determined by looking up that element on a list of relative atomic masses and expressing that mass in grams. 1 mole Ca = 40.1 grams Ca This same concept may be applied to molecules. Just add up the masses of the atoms to get the mass of one mole of a particular kind of molecule. Look over the following examples to see how to determine the molar mass of any molecule. Sample Problem 1 Solution Calculate the molar mass of H2O.

H2O is the formula for water. It represents the fact that a water molecule contains 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom. We make a chart to add up the mass of one mole of water by rewriting the formula vertically as follows:

element

relative atomic masses

number of atoms

total

H O

1.0 16.0

x x

2 1 1 mole H2O

= = =

2.0 16.0 18.0 grams H2O

The molar mass of H2O is 18.0 g/mole.

Sample Problem 2 Solution Ca N O

Calculate the molar mass of Ca(NO3)2.

40.1 14.0 16.0

x x x

1 2 6 1 mole Ca(NO3)2

= = = =

40.1 28.0 96.0 164.1 grams Ca(NO3)2

The molar mass of Ca(NO3)2 is 164.1 g/mole.

Using Moles in Calculations

You will remember from chapter 2 how we set up problems using dimensional analysis (factor label).

We are now ready to apply dimensional analysis/factor label to mole calculations.

In this chapter we have learned three new equivalencies. Each can be expressed in fraction form to solve chemistry problems via dimensional analysis. 1 mole = 6.02 x 1023 particles = 22.4 L of a gas at STP = molar mass of the element/compound

Sample Problem 3

What is the mass of 0.827 moles of H2O?

Solution First find the molar mass of H2O. Then use this as a conversion factor to get you from moles to grams.

0.827 molesH 2O 18.0 gramsH 2O x = 14.9 gramsH 2O 1 1moleH 2O

Sample Problem 4 How many moles of sodium hydroxide, NaOH, are there in 450. g of the compound?

Solution First find the molar mass of NaOH. Then use this as a conversion factor to get you from grams to moles.

450.gramsNaOH 1moleNaOH x = 11.2 molesNaOH 1 40.0 gramsNaOH

Sample Problem 5 How many atoms are contained in 1.45 grams of Ca?

1.45 gramsCa 1moleCa 6.02 x10 23 atoms X X = 2.18 x10 22 atomsCa 1 40.1gramsCa 1moleCa
3

Sample Problem 6

How many liters are contained in 3.29x1024 molecules of carbon dioxide at STP?

Solution There is no need to calculate the molar mass of CO2 for this problem. Molar masses are only necessary when starting with or ending with a mass.
3.29 x10 24 moleculesCO2 1moleCO2 22.4 LCO2 x x = 122 LCO2 23 1 6.02 x10 moleculesCO2 1moleCO2

Sample Problem 7

What is the mass of 45.0 L of carbon dioxide at STP?

Solution Find the molar mass of CO2. Then use this as a conversion factor to get you between grams and moles.

35.0 LCO2 1moleCO2 44.0 gramsCO2 x x = 68.8 gramsCO2 1 22.4 LCO2 1moleCO2

Problems
A. Calculate the molar mass of each of the following: 1. KOH 2. CoCl3 3. Ca(NO3)2 4. Iron (III) oxide B. Calculate the number of moles in each of the following: 1. 35.7 L of N2 at STP 2. 264 g of sodium hydroxide C. Calculate the mass of each of the following: 1. 2.70 moles of potassium chloride 2. 9.23x1024 formula units of sodium chromate 3. 29.8 L of dinitrogen monoxide at STP 3. 8.16x1023 molecules of carbon tetrachloride 5. Carbon tetrachloride 6. Sodium phosphate 7. Copper (II) nitrate

D. Calculate the number of atoms/molecules/formula units present in each of the following: 1. 26.0 g potassium nitrate 2. 0.83 moles iron 3. 16.9 L of sulfur dioxide at STP

E. Calculate the number of liters present in each of the following. 1. 47.6 grams of sulfur hexafluoride at STP 2. 5.10x1018 atoms of argon at STP 3. 1.94 moles of carbon dioxide at STP

F. Mixed Problems 1. You have 6.82 L of N2 gas at STP. How many molecules is this? 2. You have 8.3 X 108 atoms of zinc. How many moles is this? 3. What is the volume of 52.0 grams of NH3 gas at STP? 4. How many atoms would be found in 73,000 grams of Silver? 5. What is the volume of 0.847 grams of carbon dioxide at STP? 6. You have 618.5 grams of silver nitrate. How many moles is this? 7. What is the mass of 4.88 L of O2 gas at STP? 8. What is the volume of 3.9 moles of N2 gas at STP? 9. What is the mass of 1.74 X 1016 formula units of sodium hydroxide? 10. What is the mass of 4.3 X 1028 formula units of copper (II) nitrate? 11. You have 263 liters of dinitrogen pentoxide gas at STP. What is the mass of this gas? 12. What is the mass of 47,000,000 atoms of lithium? 13. What is the mass of 3,720 molecules of O2 gas? 14. How many molecules are contained in 26 grams of water? 15. How many formula units are contained in 0.285 grams of potassium hydroxide? 16. What is the volume of 4,260 atoms of Neon gas at STP? 17. What is the volume of 56.27 grams of nitrogen dioxide gas at STP? 18. What is the mass of 1 atom of iron?

Answers to Problems Part A 1. 56.1 g/mole 2. 165.4 g/mole 3. 164.1 g/mole 4. 159.6 g/mole 5. 154.0 g/mole 6. 164.0 g/mole 7. 187.5 g/mole Part B 1. 1.59 moles N2 2. 6.60 moles NaOH 3. 1.36 moles CCl4 Part C 1. 201 g KCl 2. 2480 g Na2CrO4 3. 58.5 g N2O Part D 1. 1.55x1023 formula units KNO3 2. 5.0x1023 atoms Fe 3. 4.54x1023 molecules SO2 Part E 1. 7.30 L SF6 2. 1.89x10-4 L Ar 3. 43.5 L CO2 Part F 1. 1.83x1023 molecules N2 2. 1.4x10-15 moles Zn 3. 68.5 L NH3 4. 4.1x1026 atoms Ag 5. 0.431 L CO2 6. 3.640 moles AgNO3 7. 6.97 grams O2 8. 87 L N2 9. 1.16x10-6 grams NaOH 10. 1.3x107 grams Cu(NO3)2 11. 1270 grams N2O5 12. 5.4x10-16 grams Li 13. 1.98x10-19 grams O2 14. 8.7x1023 molecules H2O 15. 3.06x1021 formula units KOH 16. 1.59x10-19 L Ne 17. 27.4 L NO2 18. 9x10-23 grams Fe