Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
10/7/2010
10/7/2010
10/7/2010
10/7/2010
General Wall Thinning I l t d Pitting Isolated Pitti General Corrosion Hydrogen Induced Cracking Stress Induced Cracking Acid Etching Chromium Depletion Corrosion Under Insulation
10/7/2010
EMAT
AXIAL Or
CIRCUMFERENTIAL
Measurement Principals
Time of Flight Transmitted Amplitude Reflected Amplitude Velocity Attenuation ReflectionCoefficient Minimum Flaw Size proportional to Wave front
Large Wave Front Sensitivity Small Wave Front Sensitivity Long Distance/Lower Shorter Distance/Higher
10/7/2010
Volumetric Inspection
example in inch (12mm) plate
Am plitude Change vs Pit V olum e
Round bot t om hole s 5 m m , 1 0 m m , 2 0 m m , 3 0 m m dia m et e r
80 R2 = 0.947 70 60 50 dAM P 40 30
100 300 350 R = 0.8478
2
250
dT ( n se c)
200
150
20 10 0 0.00
50
3.00
6.00
9.00
12.00
15.00
0 0.00
3.00
6.00
9.00
12.00
15.00
Guided Wave Propagation depends on the shape of the wave guide boundaries. Fundamentally these are volumetric inspections. Good Linear Correlation to VOLUME of round bottom holes
The Guided Wave travels around the circumference of a pipe. 100% Coverage is achieved from one location
10/7/2010
Wave Propagation
Thinning Speeds Up the W Wave Transit Time Change
10/7/2010
10/7/2010
10
10/7/2010
11
10/7/2010
The EMAT specifies both WAVE LENGTH and FREQUENCY to precisely define the wave mode.
12
10/7/2010
13
10/7/2010
(a) A typical weld is completely symmetric and shows up as only a black curve. (b) A typical corrosion patch is non-symmetric and is identified by the presence of a red curve.
14
10/7/2010
Placement on pipe critical. Pi configuration Pipe fi ti critical. iti l Not quantitative data; sorting tool only. Follow-up with direct inspection required.
15
10/7/2010
16
10/7/2010
17
10/7/2010
* The range in bitumen coated pipe is strongly dependent on the bitumen condition (source: Guided Ultrasonics Ltd training manual)
18
10/7/2010
19
10/7/2010
TOFD Principles
The basic configuration for TOFD (Time Of Fli ht Diffraction) Flight Diff ti ) technique t h i consists i t of f a separate t ultrasonic transmitter and receiver. After emission of a compressional wave from a transmitter, the first signal to arrive at the receiver is lateral wave through upper surface. In the absence of defects the second signal to arrive at the receiver is the backwall echo. The diffracted signal generated at the upper tip of a defect will arrive before the signal generated at the lower tip of a defect.
20
10/7/2010
TOFD Principle
On both sides of the weld an ultrasonic probe is positioned. One acts as an emitter of ultrasound, the other as a receiver. The longitudinal g sound beam can encounter obstacles on its path, p which cause reflected and diffracted signals.
When the probes are moved parallel along the weld, the resultant waveforms are digitized, stored on hard disk and displayed on the video-screen as a grey scale image The image build up is in effect a through sectional view of the weld examined and can be used for accurate sizing and monitoring of indications.
Features of TOFD
High Probability of Flaw Detection Hi h Accuracy High A of f Fl Flaw L Location i Measurement M High Accuracy of Flaw Sizing in Length Weld Integrity to be observed on CRT in Real Time as probes scan All inspection Data to be Digitised and Stored so that the Data can be Recalled and Processed for InService Inspection
21
10/7/2010
TOFD Principle
22
10/7/2010
TOFD System
23
10/7/2010
24
10/7/2010
25
10/7/2010
26
10/7/2010
Waves that combine in phase reinforce each other, while waves that combine out-of-phase will cancel each other.
27
10/7/2010
28
10/7/2010
CHIME
29
10/7/2010
CHIME
30
10/7/2010
Stress/strain Microprobe
A portable in-situ Stress-Strain Microprobe (SSM) system is used to measure true true-stress/true-plastic-strain stress/true plastic strain behavior of several metallic materials, welds, and their heat-affected-zones (HAZs) in various metallurgical and damage conditions. The microprobe system utilizes an electromechanically-driven y indenter, , high-resolution g penetration transducer and load cell, a personal computer (PC), a 16-bit data acquisition /control unit, and software.
31
10/7/2010
Stress/strain Microprobe
The automated ball indentation (ABI) t h i technique of f the th SSM system t is i based b d on strain-controlled multiple indentations (at a single penetration location). The technique permits measurement of yield strength, stress-strain stress strain curve, strength coefficient, and strain-hardening-exponent (uniform ductility).
ACFM Technique - 1
The Alternating Current Field Measurement (ACFM) technique q is a non contacting g electromagnetic g technique for the detection of surface breaking defects in conducting materials. The technique provides reliable detection and sizing of cracks in metallic components and can be used over paint, coatings and process related residue. The significant advantage over magnetic particle inspection is that surface preparation is eliminated or significantly reduced.
32
10/7/2010
ACFM Technique - 2
The ACFM probe induces a uniform electric current into the material to be inspected which then produces a magnetic field which will be disturbed and flow around the edges of a defect if present. Small detectors (sensors) are built into probes which are used to detect these magnetic field disturbances.
ACFM Technique - 3
Two components of the magnetic field are measured, the Bx (to estimate crack depth p ) and Bz (to estimate crack length). These measurements together with software algorithms are used to determine the accurate length and depth of the defect.
33