Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 12

Q. 3.1. What is the purpose of a Fin ? Give practical applications of fins. Ans.

The purpose of fins is to improve heat dissipation from a surface to surroundings. Fins are widely used in engineering heat transfer equipments. Electrical apparatus like transformers and motors in which the generated heat should be efficiently transferred, are provided with fins on the outside surface. Similarly fins are provided on the cylinders of air cooled LC. engines (like that of a motor cycle) and on a large variety of heat exchanger. Q. 3.2. What are the various types of fins? Ans. The fins are designed and manufactured in many shapes and forms. These are mainly of following types. (i) Straight fin : It is an extended surface attached to a plane wall. It may be of uniform cross sectional area, or its cross sectional area may vary along its length to form a triangular, parabolic or trapezoidal shape.

(ii) Annular fin : This is a fin circumferentially attached to a cylinder and its cross section varies with radius from centre line of cylinder.

(iii)Pin Fin or spine : These fins are of circular cross section whose diameter is much smaller than its length. The pin fins may also be of uniform or non-uniform cross section.

Q. 3.3. Derive a relation for heat transfer and temperature distribution for straight fin for the following cases. CASE I: Infinitely long fin

CASE II: Fin insulated at the tip. Ans.

Consider a straight rectangular fin or a pin fin (spine) protruding from a wall surface (Fig. 3.4) The characteristic dimensions of the fin are its length 1, constant ats-sectional area A and the circumferential parameter P. Thus for a rectangular fin The temperature at the base of the fin is and the temperature of the ambient fluid into which the rod extends is considered to be constant at temperature at the base temperature t0 is highest and the temperature along the fin length goes on diminishing. Analysis of heat flow from the finned surface is made with the following assumptions: Thickness of the fin is small compared with the length and width; temperature gradients over the cross-section are neglected and heat conduction treated one dimensional. Homogeneous and isotropic fin material; the thermal conductivity k of the fin material is constant. Uniform heat transfer coefficient h over the entire fin surface. No heat generation within the fin itself. Joint between the fin and the heated wall offers no bond resistance temperature at root or base of the fin is uniform and equal to temperature t0 of the wall. Negligible radiation exchange with the surroundings; radiation effects, if any, are considered as included in the convection coefficient h. Steady state heat dissipation. Heat from the heated wall is conducted through the fin and convicted from the sides of the fin to the surroundings. Let attention be focused on an infinitesimal element of the fin; the element has thickness of and is located at a distance x from base wall. Heat conducted into the element at plane x

Heat conducted out of the element at plane (x + dx)

Heat convected out of the element between the planes x and (x + dx)

Here temperature t of the fin has been presumed to be uniform and non-variant for the infinitesimal element. A heat balance on the element gives:

Upon rearrangement and simplification

Equation (4) is further simplified by transforming the dependent variable by defining the temperature excess 0 as, Since the ambient temperature is constant, we get by differentiation

Thus

Where

Equations (4) and (5) provide a general form of the energy equation for one- dimensional heat dissipation from an extended surface. For a given fin, the parameter m is constant provided the convective film coefficient h is constant over the entire surface and the thermal conductivity k is constant within the considered temperature range. Then the general solution of this linear, homogeneous second cwder differential equation is of the form The constant C1 and C2 are to be determined with the aid of relevant boundary conditions.

The following relations will be found usuI while making further analysis of heat dissipation through a finned surface.

CASE I Heat Dissipation from an Infinitely Long Fin The relevant boundary conditions are i. Temperature at the base of fin equals the temperature of the surface to which the fin is attached.

i.

Temperature at the end of an infinitely long fin equals that of the surroundings.

Substitution of these boundary conditions in equation (6) gives

Since the term C2 e () is zero, the equality is valid only if C1 = 0. Then it follows from relation (a) that C2 = 0 Substituting these values of constants C1 and in equation (6) one obtains the following expression for temperature distribution along the length of the fin.

An estimate of the heat flow rate can be made by writing the Fourier rate equation corresponding to root section of the fin:

From the expression for temperature distribution

Recalling that

Case II: Heat Dissipation from a Fin Insulated at the Tip: The fin is of any finite length with the end insulated and so no heat is transferred from the tip. Therefore, the relevant boundary conditions are

Applying these boundary conditions to equation (6) Further

Solving expressions (a) and (h), the constants are determined as follows:

Substituting these values of constant C1 and C2 in equation (6), is obtained the following expression for temperature distribution along the length of fin

Expressing in terms of hyperbolic functions,

The rate of heat flow from the fin is given by:

From the expression for temperature distribution

Q. 3.4. Explain efficiency and effectiveness of fins or fin performance, which parameter out of these two is used for the designing of fins and why? Derive the relationship between efficiency and effectiveness of fins. Ans. Efficiency of fin (i) The efficiency of a fin is defined as the ratio of actual heat transferred by the fin to the maximum heat transferable by fin, if the entire fin area were at base temperature. Efficiency of a fin =

Where Actual heat transferred by fin = Maximum heat that would be transferred if whole surface of the fin is maintained at the base temperature. 1. The fin efficiency of infinite long fin:

1. The fin efficiency for insulated fin tip

Effectiveness of fin = The fin effectiveness represents the ratio of the fin heat transfer rate to the heat transfer rate that would exist without a fin.

(b) (c) Some observations with use of fins are 1. When Efi =1 indicates that the addition of fins to the surface does not affect the heat transfer rate at all. When <1 indicates that the fin actually acts as insulation and decreasing the heat transfer rate from the surface. When Efl > I indicate the fins are increasing the heat transfer rate from the surface. Parameter used for the designing of fins The efficiency of a fin forms a criterion for judging the relative matrix of the geometrics or materials. In case of a fin insulated at the tip.

Dividing II by I, we have

Q. 3.5. What are the parameters on which the effectiveness of a fin depends? Ans. We know that

(a) The fin effectiveness can be increased by choice of a material of higher conductivity. (b) The fin effectiveness is also enhanced by increasing the ratio of perimeter to crosssectional area of the fin (P/Ar). (c) The use of fin can be better justified under conditions for which the convection heat transfer coefficient is small. Q. 3.6. Enlist the materials used for a fin. Why aluminium is used as a fin material? Ans. (a) Copper (b) Aluminium (c) Iron Although copper is superior to aluminium regarding the thermal conductivity, yet fins are generally made of aluminium because of their additional advantages related to its low cost and weight and its resistance to corrosion. Q. 3.7. Enlist the factors reponsible for optimum design of fins. Ans. (a) Cost (b) Manufacturing difficulties. (c) Space consideration i.e. length of fins. (d) Weight consideration. (e) Pressure drop caused by fluid friction on fins. Q. 3.8. Why fins are not used on condenser tubes? Ans. We know that

A high value of film coefficient has an adverse effect on heat dissipation. Use of fins would be better justified under conditions for which the convective coefficient is small i.e. when the fluid is gas rather than a liquid. When fins are to be used on a surface separating a gas and a liqui4, better result are achieved when fins are located on the gas side where the convective film coefficient has a low value. This aspect also explains why fins are not used on steam condenser tubes ; value of h are quite high in case of condensation heat transfer. Q. 3.9. How does theory of fins used to calculate the error in temperature measurement by the use of Thermometric well? Ans. Thermometric Well Fig. 3.6 shows an arrangement which is used to measure the temperature of gas flowing through a pipeline. A small tube called thermometric well is welded radially into the pipeline. The well is partially filled with some liquid and the thermometer is immersed into this liquid. When the temperature of the gas flowing through the pipeline is higher than the

ambient temperature, the heat flows from the hot gases towards the tube walls along the well. This may cause temperature at the bottom of well to become colder than the gas flowing around. Obviously the temperature indicated by the thermometer will not be the true temperature of the gas. The error in the temperature measurement is estimated with the help of the theory of fins.

The protective tube (well) can be considered as a hollow fin (internal diameter d, thickness and length 1), and the temperature distribution obtained by using the relation applicable to a fin with tip insulated:

where is the temperature of the pipe wall, ta is the temperature of hot gas or air flowing through the pipeline, and is the temperature at any distance x measured from pipe wall along the thermometric well. If x = 1 then,

where t1 is the temperature recorded by the thermometer at the bottom of well and represents error in temperature measurement. The perimeter of the protective well P = and its cross-sectional area Therefore,

then,

Q. 3.10. Measurement of temperature of gas flowing through a pipe has been made by mercury-in-glass thermometer dipped into an oil-filled steel tube (protective well)

welded radially to the pipe line. The thermometer indicates a temperature at the end of the steel tube which is lower than the gas temperature due to transfer of heat by conduction along the protective well. How large is the measurement error if the thermometer reads t1 = 85 C and the temperature at the base of the protective well (pipe wall) is t0 = 40C. The protective tube is 125 mm long and has 1.5 mm thick wall. It may be presumed that the thermal conductivity of the tube material is 56 W/mK and the local coefficient of heat transfer ftom gas to the protective tube is 23.5 W/m2 K. Ans. The temperature distribution along the length of the pocket is given by:

where t1 is the temperature at the bottom of the pocket, ta is the temperature of gas flowing and t0 is the temperature of the pipe wall.

Then

ml= 16.73 x 0.125=2.0912 cosh m1 cosh (2.0912) = 4.109

4.109 (85 )=40_ 3.109 =85 x4.109_40 = 309.265 Therefore, the temperature of gas, = 309.265 /3.109 = 99.47C Error in measurement of temperature is equal to 99.47 85 = 14.47C Percentage of error = 14.47 / 97.47 X 100 = 14.55% Q. 3.11. One end of long rod 3 cm in diameter is inserted into a furnace with the outer end projecting into the outside air. Once the steady state is reached the temperature of the rod is measured at two points, 15 cm apart and found to be 140C and 100C, when the atmospheric air is at 30C with convection coefficient of 20 W/ 2 K. Calculate the thermal conductivity of the rod material. (P.U. May 1992) Ans. Given: One end of long rod inserted into a furnace;

To find The thermal conductivity of the rod materiaL Assumptions: (i) Steady state conditions. (ii) One dimension conduction along the rod.. (iii) Constant properties. (iv) No internal heat generation. (v) Infinite long fin. Analysis : For infinite long fin, the temperature distribution is given by eqn.

The starting point, at x = 0, T0 = 140C and at x = L = 0.15 m, TL = 100C Thus 100 30 140 30 m = 3.013

It gives We have

Thus It gives k = 293.74W/rn K, Ans. Q. 3.12. A fin 3Qcmlpng and 10 mm diameter through out is made of steel alloy of thermal conductivity 43 W/m-deg. The fin attached to a plane heated wall at 200C temperature, extends into surroundings at 25C and unit surface conductance of 120 W/m2-deg. Work out the heat flow rate from the fin to the surroundings. Presume that the tip of the fin is insulated and thermal radiation effects are negligible. Ans.

m = 33.41 Q = 43 x 0.000785 x 33.41 (200 - 25) tanh (33.41 x 0.3) = 19.73 Joule. Ans

Вам также может понравиться