Chapter 8

Rotational Equilibrium and

Rotational Dynamics
Quick Quizzes
1. (d). A larger torque is needed to turn the screw. Increasing the radius of the screwdriver
handle provides a greater lever arm and hence an increased torque.
2. (b). Since the object has a constant net torque acting on it, it will experience a constant
angular acceleration. Thus, the angular velocity will change at a constant rate.
3. (b). The hollow cylinder has the larger moment of inertia, so it will be given the smaller
angular acceleration and take longer to stop.
4. (a). The hollow sphere has the larger moment of inertia, so it will have the higher
rotational kinetic energy.
5. (c). The box. All objects have the same potential energy associated with them before they
are released. As the objects move down the inclines, this potential energy is transformed
to kinetic energy. For the ball and cylinder, the transformation is into both rotational and
translational kinetic energy. The box has only translational kinetic energy. Because the
kinetic energies of the ball and cylinder are split into two types, their translational kinetic
energy is necessarily less than that of the box. Consequently, their translational speeds are
less than that of the box, so the ball and cylinder will lag behind.
6. (c). Apply conservation of angular momentum to the system (the two disks) before and
after the second disk is added to get the result: ( )
1 1 1 2
I I I = + .

7.

(a). Earth already bulges slightly at the Equator, and is slightly flat at the poles. If more
mass moved towards the Equator, it would essentially move the mass to a greater distance
from the axis of rotation, and increase the moment of inertia. Because conservation of
angular momentum requires that const
z z
I = , an increase in the moment of inertia would
decrease the angular velocity, and slow down the spinning of Earth. Thus, the length of
each day would increase.
279
280 CHAPTER 8
Answers to Even Numbered Conceptual Questions
2. If the bar is, say, seven feet above the ground, a high jumper has to lift his center of gravity
approximately to a height of seven feet in order to clear the bar. A tall person already has
his center of gravity higher than that of a short person. Thus, the taller athlete has to raise
his center of gravity through a smaller distance.
4. The lever arm of a particular force is found with respect to some reference point. Thus, an
origin for calculating torques must be specified. However, for an object in equilibrium, the
calculation of the total torque is independent of the location of the origin.
6. We assume that the melt-water would form a thin shell of mass and
radius around the Earth. This shell would increase Earths moment of
inertia by an amount
19
2.3 10 kg m =
6
6.38 10 m
E
R =
2 2
3 E
I mR = . If we treat Earth as a uniform solid sphere, this would
represent a fractional increase of
2
2
3
2
2
5 0
5
3
E
E E E
mR I
I M R M
| |
= =

\ .
m
|
. Thus, the fractional increase in
the moment of inertial would be on the order of
19
24
10 kg
10 kg
6
10

= . In this process, angular

momentum would be conserved, so the quantity
2
T
I I

| |
=
|
\ .
6
, where T is the rotation
period or length of a day, must remain constant. Therefore, the length of the day must also
experience a fractional increase on the order of 10

. This would give an increase in the

length of the day of
( )
6 6
0
10 10 86 400 s T T

= ~ 0.0864 s = , or .
1
~10 s T

8. The critical factor is the total torque being exerted about the line of the hinges. For
simplicity, we assume that the paleontologist and the botanist exert equal magnitude
forces. The free body diagram of the original situation is shown on the left and that for the
modified situation is shown on the right in the sketches below:
8 cm
Pivot Point
Original Situation
d
0
ur
F
ur
F
Pivot Point
Modified Situation
d
ur
F

In order for the torque exerted on the door in the modified situation to equal that of the
original situation, it is necessary that ( )
0
8 cm Fd Fd F = + or
0
8 cm d d = + . Thus, the
paleontologist would need to relocate about 8 cm farther from the hinge.
Rotational Equilibrium and Rotational Dynamics 281
10.
Stable
Rotation
Axis
Stable Rotation Axis
Unstable
Rotation
Axis

12. After the head crosses the bar, the jumper should arch his back so the head and legs are
lower than the midsection of the body. In this position, the center of gravity may pass
under the bar while the midsection of the body is still above the bar. As the feet approach
the bar, the legs should be straightened to avoid hitting the bar.
14. (a) Consider two people, at the ends of a long table, pushing with equal magnitude forces
directed in opposite directions perpendicular to the length of the table. The net force
will be zero, yet the net torque is not zero.
(b) Consider a falling body. The net force acting on it is its weight, yet the net torque
about the center of gravity is zero.
16. As the cat falls, angular momentum must be conserved. Thus, if the upper half of the body
twists in one direction, something must get an equal angular momentum in the opposite
direction. Rotating the lower half of the body in the opposite direction satisfies the law of
conservation of angular momentum.
18. All solid spheres reach the bottom of the hill at the same time. The speed at the bottom
does not depend on the spheres mass or radius, but only on how its mass is distributed
and the height of the hill.
282 CHAPTER 8
Answers to Even Numbered Problems
2. 0.642 Nm counterclockwise
4. 0, 0, cos cos sin 0
2
y y g x x y g x
F R F F R F F F
| |
+ = =
|
\ .
A
A A =

6. 168 Nm
8.
3
6.69 10 nm, 0
cg cg
x y

= =
10. 139 grams
12. (1.5 m, 1.5 m)
14.
cg cg
0.459 m, 0.103 m x y = =
16.
3 3
1.68 10 N, 2.34 10 N, 21.2 T R = = =
18. 567 N (left end), 333 N (right end)
20. (b) T = 343 N, H = 171 N, V = 683 N (c) 5.14 m
22. (a) 392 N (b) H = 339 N (to right), V = 0
24. (a) 267 N (to right), 1.30 kN (upward) (b)
s
0.324 =
26. T = 1.47 kN, H = 1.33 kN (to right), V = 2.58 kN (upward)
28. 2.8 m
30. 149 Nm, 66.0 Nm, 215 Nm
32. 0.30
34. (a) 872 N (b) 1.40 kN
36. (a)
2
5.35 m s downward (b) 42.8 m (c)
2
8.91 rad s
38. 30.3 rev s
40. 10.9 rad s
42. (a) (b) 5.10 h
8
1.37 10 J
44. 36 rad s
Rotational Equilibrium and Rotational Dynamics 283
46. 0.91 km s
48. 1.17 rad s
50. (a) 1.9 rad s (b) 2.5 J, 6.4 J
i f
KE KE = =
52. (a) 3.6 rad s (b) , work done by the man as he walks inward
2
5.4 10 J
54.
2
12.3 m s
56. The weight must be 508 N or more. The person could be a child. We assume the stove is a
uniform box with feet at its corners. We ignore the masses of the backsplash and the oven
door. If the oven door is heavy, the minimum weight for the person would be somewhat
less than 508 N.
58. (a) 1.04 kN (b) 973 N at 67.7 above the horizontal to the right
60. (a) 46.8 N (b)
2
0.234 kg m (c) 40.0 rad s
62.
1 2
11.2 N, 1.39 N, 7.23 N T T F = = =
66. (a) 61.2 J (b) 50.8 J
68. (a)
3 2
3.75 10 kg m s (b) 1.88 kJ (c)
3 2
3.75 10 kg m s
(d) 10.0 m s (e) 7.50 kJ (f) 5.62 kJ
70. 1.59 kN, 1.01 kN
right left
T T = =
72. 24 m
74.
3
8
w
76. 9.00 ft
78. (a) A smooth (frictionless) surface cannot exert a force parallel to itself. Thus, a smooth
vertical wall can exert only horizontal forces, normal to its surface.
(b) sin L (c)
( )
2 cos L (d) 2.5 m
82. Strut AB: compression; Strut AC: tension; Strut BC: tension;
Strut BD: compression; Strut CD: 7 tension; Strut CE: tension;
Strut DE: compression;
7 200 N
12 000 N
7 200 N
6 200 N
200 N
7 200 N
6 200 N
84. 5.7 rad s
284 CHAPTER 8
Problem Solutions
8.1 To exert a given torque using minimum force, the lever
arm should be as large as possible. In this case, the
maximum lever arm is used when the force is applied
at the end of the wrench and perpendicular to the
handle.

Then,
min
max
40.0 N m
133 N
0.300 m
F
d

= = =
0.300 m
F Pivot
ur
8.2 The lever arm is
( )
2 3
1.20 10 m cos 48.0 8.03 10 m

= =
( )(
d , and the torque is


)
3
80.0 N 8.03 10 m 0.642 N m coun

= terclockwise Fd = =
8.3 First resolve all of the forces shown in Figure P8.3 into components parallel to and
perpendicular to the beam as shown in the sketch below.
4.0 m
2.0 m
(25 N) cos30
(25 N) sin30 (10 N) cos20
(10 N) sin20
(30 N) cos45
(30 N) sin45
C O

(a) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 25 N cos30 2.0 m 10 N sin20 4.0 m 30 N m = + ( (
O
= +

or 30 N m counterclockwise
O
=

(b) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 30 N sin45 2.0 m 10 N sin20 2.0 m 36 N m
C
= + = + ( (



or 36 N m counterclockwise
C
=
Rotational Equilibrium and Rotational Dynamics 285
8.4 The object is in both translational and rotational equilibrium. Thus, we may write:
0 0
x x x
F F R = =
0 0
y y y g
F F R F = + =
( )

and ( ) 0 cos sin cos 0
2
O y x g
F F F
| |
= =
|
\ .
A
A A
8.5 ( ) ( )
sin F lever arm mg L = = (

(


) ( ) ( )
2
3.0 kg 9.8 m s 2.0 m sin5.0 5.1 N m = = (


8.6 Resolve the 100-N force into components
parallel to and perpendicular to the rod, as

( ) ( ) 100 N cos 20.0 37.0 54.5 N
parallel
F = + =
(


and

) ( )
.
100 N sin 20.0 37.0 83.9 N
perp
F = + =
(


The torque due to the 100-N force is equal to the sum of the torques of its components.

Thus,

) ( ) ( ) ( ) 54.5 N 0 83.9 N 2.00 m = 168 N m =
20.0
20.0
F
parallel
Pivot
100 N
37.0
F
perp.
2
.0
0
m
8.7
Pivot
F
sx
41.5 N
0.080 m
0.290 m
F
sy
F
tx
= F
t
cos 12.0
F
ty
= F
t
sin 12.0
q
F
sx
F
sy
F
s
ur
0


Requiring that =
(
, using the shoulder joint at point O as a pivot, gives


) ( ) ( ) ( ) sin12.0 0.080 m 41.5 N 0.290 m 0
t
F = = , or 724 N
t
F =
286 CHAPTER 8
hen 0
y
F = ( ) 724 N sin12.0 41.5 N=0
sy
F +
9 N
(


yielding

F
x
= 0 gives
10 =
sy
F
) 724 N cos12.0 =0
sx
F
sx
, or 708 N F =

Therefore, ( ) ( )
2 2
716 N =
2 2
708 N 109
sy
F = + N
s sx
F F = +
8.8 If the mass of a hydrogen atom is 1.00 u (that is, 1 unit), then the mass of the oxygen
atom is 16.0 u.

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
3
16.0 u 0 2 1.00 u 0.100 nm cos53.0
6.69 10 nm
16.0 1.00 1.00 u
i i
cg
i
m x
x
m

+ (

= = =
+ +


i i
cg
i
m y
y
m

(



) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
16.0 0 1.00 0.100 sin53.0 1.00 0.100 sin53.0 u nm
0
16.0 1.00 1.00 u
+ + ( (

= =
+ +


8.9 Require that 0 = about an axis through the elbow and perpendicular to the page. This
gives

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
kg 9.80 m s 25.0 cm+8.00 cm cos75.0 8.00 cm 0
B
F
(
= =

2.00 +
(


or
) ( )
( )
19.6 N
8.00 cm
33.0 cm
312 N
cos75.0
B
F = =

8.10 Since the bare meter stick balances at the
49.7 cm mark when placed on the fulcrum, the
center of gravity of the meter stick is located
49.7 cm from the zero end. Thus, the entire
weight of the meter stick may be considered
to be concentrated at this point. The free-body
diagram of the stick when it is balanced with
the 50.0-g mass attached at the 10.0 cm mark is
as given at the right.
10.0
cm
Point O
(50.0 g)g
ur
R
ur
Mg
ur
39.2 cm
49.7 cm
Rotational Equilibrium and Rotational Dynamics 287
Requiring that the sum of the torques about point O be zero yields

( ) 50.0 g g + ( ) 39.2 cm 10.0 cm M g
(


( ) 49.7 cm 39.2 cm 0 =
( )


or
39.2 cm 10.0 cm
50.0 g 139 g
49.7 cm 39.2 cm
M

| |
= =
|
\ .

8.11 Consider the remaining plywood to consist of two
parts:
1
A is a 4.00-ft by 4.00-ft section with center of
gravity located at ( ) 2.00 ft, 2.00 ft , while
2
A is a
2.00-ft by 4.00-ft section with center of gravity at
( ) 6.00 f 1.00 ft t, . Since the plywood is uniform, its
mass per area is constant and the mass of a section
having area A is m A = . The center of gravity of the
remaining plywood has coordinates given by:


cg
x
i i

= =
i
m x
m

1 1
A x +
2 2
A x

1
A +
2
A
16.0 f


and
cg
y
i i
i

= =
m y
m

1
A +
16.0

A
1
A
2
0
2.00
x (ft)
y (ft)
2.00
4.00
4.00 6.00 8.00
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
t 2.00 ft 8.00 ft 6.00 ft
3.33 ft
16.0 ft 8.00 ft
+
= =
+
1 1
A y +
2 2
A y ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2
ft 2.00 ft 8.00 ft 1.00 ft
1.67 ft
16.0 ft 8.00 ft A
+
= =
+
8.12 Requiring that 0
i i
cg
i
m x
m

x gives


=
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
5.0 kg 0 3.0 kg 0 4.0 kg 3.0 m 8.0 kg
0
5.0 3.0 4.0 8.0 kg
x + + +
=
+ + +
12 m 0 + = 1.5 m x


or 8 which yields .0x =

Also, requiring that 0
i i
cg
i
m y
y
m

= =

(
gives


) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
5.0 kg 0 3.0 kg 4.0 m 4.0 kg 0 8.0 kg
0
5.0 3.0 4.0 8.0 kg
y + + +
=
+ + +
12 m 0 + = 1.5 m y


or 8 yielding .0 y =

Thus, the 8.0-kg object should be placed at coordinates
( )
1.5 m, 1.5 m
288 CHAPTER 8
8.13 In each case, the distance from the bar to the center of mass of the body is given by

cg
arms arms torso torso thighs thighs legs legs
i i
i arms torso thighs legs
m x m x m x m x
m x
x
m m m m m
+ + +

= =
+ + +


where the distance x for any body part is the distance from the bar to the center of
gravity of that body part. In each case, we shall take the positive direction for distances
to run from the bar toward the location of the head.

Note that: ( ) 6.87 33.57 14.07 7.54 kg 62.05 kg
i
m = + + + =

With the body positioned as shown in Figure P8.13b, the distances x for each body part
is computed using the sketch given below:
r
cg
thighs
( )
r
cg
legs
( )
r
cg
arms
( )
r
cg
torso
( )
Hip
Joint
Shoulder
Joint Bar
Knee
Joint
Positive direction
l
torso
l
thighs
l
arms


( ) cg
0.239 m
arms
arms
= + = +
(
x r

) cg
0.54
torso arms
torso
x r = + = + A
(
8 m+0.337 m 0.885 m =

) ( )
cg thighs arms torso
thighs
x r = + + A A 0.548+0.601+0.151 = + m 1.30 m =

( ) ( )
cg
0.548+0.601+0.
legs
= + 374+0.227 m 1.75 m =
legs arms torso thighs
x r = + + + A A A

With these distances and the given masses we find:
cg
62.8 kg m
1.01 m
62.05 kg
x
+
= = +
With the body positioned as shown in Figure P8.13c, we use the following sketch to
determine the distance x for each body part:
r
cg
thighs
( )
r
cg
legs
( )
r
cg
arms
( )
r
cg
torso
( )
Hip
Joint
Shoulder
Joint
Bar
Knee
Joint
Positive direction
l
thighs
l
arms
l
torso

Rotational Equilibrium and Rotational Dynamics 289

( ) cg
0.239 m
arms
arms
x r = + = +
(


) cg
0.54
torso arms
torso
x r = = + A
(
8 m 0.337 m 0.211 m = +

) ( )
cg thighs arms torso
thighs
x r = A A 0.548 0.601 0.151 = + m 0.204 m =

( ) ( )
cg
0.548 0.601 0.3
legs
= + 74 0.227 m 0.654 m =
legs arms torso thighs
x r = A A A

With these distances, the location (relative to the bar) of the center of gravity of the body
is:
cg
0.924 kg m
0.015 m 0.015 m towards
62.05 kg
x
+
= = + = the head
8.14 With the coordinate system shown below, the coordinates of the center of gravity of
each body part may be computed:
r
cg
thighs
( )
r
cg
legs
( )
r
cg
torso
( )
+y
60.0
origin
Bar
+x
l
t
h
i
g
h
s
r
cg
arms
( )
l
arms


cg,
0
arms
x =
( ) cg, cg
0.309 m
arms arms
arms
y r = = A
( ) cg, cg torso
x r 0.337 m
torso
= =
cg,
0
torso
y =
( ) cg, c thighs
A
g
cos
torso
thighs
x r = + 60.0 0.676 m =
( ) cg, cg
sin60.0 0.131
thighs
thighs
y r = m =
( ) cg, legs to cg
cos60.0
rso thighs
= + A A 1.02
legs
x r + = m
cg,
sin60.0 0.324 m
legs thighs
y = = A

With these coordinates for individual body parts and the masses given in Problem 8.13,
the coordinates of the center of mass for the entire body are found to be:

cg, cg, arms torso t
arms t
m x
m m
cg, orso thighs thigh
orso thighs legs
m x
m m
+ +
+ + +
s cg legs
m x +
=
,
28.5 kg m
0.459 m
62.05 kg
legs

= =
cg
arms
m x
x

and

cg, cg, arms torso t
arms
m y
m m
cg, orso thighs thighs
torso thighs legs
m y
m m
+ +
+ + +
cg legs
m y +
=
,
6.41 k
62.05
legs
= =
cg
arms
m y
y
g m
0.103 m
kg

290 CHAPTER 8
8.15 The free-body diagram for the spine is shown below.
T
y
= Tsin12.0
T
x
= Tcos12.0 R
x
R
y
Point O
350 N
200 N
2L3
L2
L

When the spine is in rotational equilibrium, the sum of the torques about the left end
(point O) must be zero. Thus,

( ) ( ) ( )
2
350 N 200 N 0
3 2
y
L L
T L
| | | |
+
| |
\ . \ .
sin12.0 562 N
y
T T = =
=

yielding

The tension in the back muscle is then
3
562 N
=2.71 10 N 2.71 kN
sin12.0
= =

0 0
x x x
T

The spine is also in translational equilibrium, so F R T = =
and the compressional force in the spine is

( ) cos12.0 = 2.71
x x
R T T = = kN cos12.0 2.65 kN =
8.16 In the free-body diagram of the
foot given at the right, note that
the force
JG
(exerted on the foot
by the tibia) has been replaced
by its horizontal and vertical
components. Employing both
conditions of equilibrium
(using point O as the pivot
point) gives the following
three equations:

R
F R 0 sin15.0 sin 0
x
T = =

or
sin
sin15.0
T
R

=

(1)
q
R
y
= Rcos15.0
n = 700 N
R
x
= Rsin15.0
2
5
.0
c
m
1
8
.0
c
m
ur
T
Point O
q
Rotational Equilibrium and Rotational Dynamics 291
0 700 N cos15.0 cos 0
y
F R T = + =
(
(2)

) ( ) ( ) 0 700 N 18.0 cm cos
O
T = + (

(
25.0 cm 18.0 cm 0 =

or
)
1800 N cos T = (3)

Substituting Equation (3) into Equation (1) gives:
1800 N
sin15.0
sin cos R
| |
=
|
\ .

(4)

Substituting Equations (3) and (4) into Equation (2) yields


( )
1800 N
sin cos 1800 N cos
tan15.0

| |
|
\ .

2
700 = N

which reduces to: ( )
2

n
sin cos tan15.0 cos = 0.104 2 +
2 2
1 cos


Squaring this result and using the identity si = gives

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
2 1 cos 0.104 2 0 ( + =

2 4
tan 15.0 1 cos 2tan15.0 ( + +

2
cos
0.104

In this last result, let u =
(
and evaluate the constants to obtain the quadratic
equation


) ( ) ( )
2
1.0718 0.944 2 0.010 9 u u + 0 =
0.


The quadratic formula yields the solutions u u 869 3 and 0.011 7 = = .

Thus,
( )
1
cos 0.869 3 21.2

= = or
( )
1
cos 0

.0117 83.8 = =

We ignore the second solution since it is physically impossible for the human foot to
stand with the sole inclined at 83.8 to the floor. We are the left with: 21.2 =

Equation (3) then yields: ( )
3
0 N 1800 N cos21.2 1.68 = 1 = T

and Equation (1) gives:
( )
3
1.68 10 N sin21.2
sin15.0

= =

3
2.34 10 N R
292 CHAPTER 8
8.17 Consider the torques about an axis perpendicular to the page through the left end of the
rod.

3.00 m
4.00 m
6.00 m
500 N
T
x
= Tsin30.0
T
y
= Tcos30.0
100 N
R
y
R
x


( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
100 N 3.00 m 500 N 4.00 m
0
6.00 m cos30.0
T
+
= =

443 N T =

( ) 0 sin30.0 443 N sin30.0
x x
F R T = = =

221 N toward the right
x
R =
0 cos30.0 100 N 500 N 0
y y
F R T = + =
( )




600 N
y
R = 443 N cos30.0 217 = N upward
8.18 Consider the torques about an axis perpendicular to the page through the left end of the
scaffold.

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
0 0 700 N 1.00 m 200 N 1.50 m 3.00 m 0 T T = + =

From which,
2
333 N T =
0
y
F =
1 2
700 N 200 N 0 T T + =


Then, from , we have



or


1 2
900 N 900 N 333 N 567 N T T = = =
700 N
200 N

1.50 m
1.00 m 2.00 m
T
1
ur
T
2
ur
Rotational Equilibrium and Rotational Dynamics 293
8.19 Consider the torques about an axis perpendicular
to the page and through the point where the force
G
acts on the jawbone.

T
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 50.0 N 7.50 cm 3.50 cm 0 R = =

which yields 107 N R =
(


Then, ) 0 50.0 N + 107 N 0
y
F T = = , or 157 N T =
7.50 cm
3.50 cm
T
R F
c
= 50.0 N ur
ur
8.20 (a) See the diagram below:

200 N
V
H
700 N
80.0 N
T
60.0
x
3.00 m 3.00 m
ur
ur
ur

(b) If x = 1.00 m, then


) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 700 N 1.00 m 200 N 3.00 m
80.0 N 6.00 m sin60.0 6.00 m 0
left end
T
=
+ =


giving 343 N T =
0 cos60.0 0
x
F H T = =


Then, , or ( ) 343 N cos60.0 171 N H = =

and ( ) 0 980 N+ 343 N sin60.0 0
y
F V = = , or 683 N = V
(c) When the wire is on the verge of breaking, T = 900 N and


) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
max
700 N 200 N 3.00 m
80.0 N 6.00 m 900 N sin60.0 6.00 m 0
left end
x =
+ = (



which gives 5.14 m
max
x =
294 CHAPTER 8
8.21 We call the tension in the cord at the left end of the sign, T

and
the tension in the cord near the right end T . Consider the torques
about an axis perpendicular to the page and through the left end
of the sign.


1
2
( ) ( )
2
0.50 m 0.75 m 0 w T = + = , so
2
2
3
T w =

From , T T , or 0
y
F =
1 2
0 w + =
1 2
T
2 1
3 3
w w w = = T w =
8.22 (a) Consider the torques about an axis
perpendicular to the page and through the
left end of the horizontal beam.


( ) ( ) sin30.0 196 N 0 T d d = + = ,

giving 392 N = T
(b) From , 0
x
F = cos30.0 0 H T = , or

( ) 392 N
0
y
F =
c e right H
0 =
os30.0 339 N to th = =
sin30.0 196 N +
( )


From , V T

or 196 N = 392 N sin30.0 0 = V
8.23 Consider the torques about an axis
perpendicular to the page and through
the left end of the plank.

0 =
(
gives

) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
N 0.500 m 294 N 1.00 m sin40.0 2.00 m 0 T + 700 =

or
1
50 T = 1 N
mg
0.50 m
0.75 m
T
1
ur
w
ur
T
2
ur
196 N
30. 0
d
T
ur
H
ur
V
ur
40.0
= 294 N
700 N
1.00 m 1.00 m
0.500 m
T
2
ur
T
3
ur
T
1
ur
Rotational Equilibrium and Rotational Dynamics 295
Then, = gives , or


0
x
F
(
3 1
cos 40.0 0 T T + =
)
3
50 T
0
y
F =
1 N cos 40.0 384 N = =
2 1
994 N sin40.0 0 +
(


From , T T ,

or
=
)
2
994 T N 501 N sin40.0 = 672 = N
8.24 First, we compute some needed dimensions:

( )
1
7.50 m cos60.0 3.75 m d = =
(


)
2
cos60.0 0.500 d d d = =
(


)
3
15.0 m sin60.0 13.0 m d = =
0


Using an axis perpendicular to the page and through the
lower end of the ladder, =
(
gives

) ( )
1 2
500 N 800 N d d +
(
2
0 F d
3
=

or
) ( )
2
1875 N m 800 N 0.500
13.0 m
F
+ d (

= (1)
15.0 m
60.0
d
1
500 N
800 N
d
d
2
d
3
F
1
ur
F
2
ur
f
ur
(a) When d = 4.00 m, equation (1) gives
2
267 N to the left F = .

Then, gives , or 0
x
F = 267 N 0 f = 267 N to the rig f =
N=0
ht

and yields , or 0
y
F =
1
500 N 800 F
1
1.30 kN F = upward
(b) When d = 9.00 m, equation (1) gives
2
421 N to the left F = .

Then, gives , while

yields .

If the ladder is ready to slip under these conditions, then
0
x
F =
0
y
=
421 N to th f =
3
1.30 10 N =
e right
1.30 kN as before = F
1
F
( )
max
s
f f = ,

and
( ) ( )
max max
1
1.3
s s
f f
n F
= = =
3
421 N
0.324
0 10 N
=

s

296 CHAPTER 8
8.25 The required dimensions are:

( )
1
4.00 m cos50.0 2.57 m d = =
(


)
2
cos50.0 0.643 d d d = =
(


)
3
8.00 m sin50.0 6.13 m d = =
0
y
F =
1
200 N 800 F
3
1
1.00 10 N F =
(


yields

or

When the ladder is on the verge of slipping,


N=0
)
1
max
s s s
f f n F = = = , or ( ) ( )
3
0.600 1.00 10 N 600 N = = f

Then, gives .

Finally, using an axis perpendicular to the page and through the lower end of the
ladder,
0
x
F =
2
600 N to the le F =
0
ft
=
(
gives

) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 200 N 2.57 m 800 N 0.64
(
3 d 600 N 6.13 m 0 + =

or
)
( )
3
3.68 10 550 N m
0.643 800 N
d

= 6.15 m

= when the ladder is ready to slip.

8.00 m
50.0
d
d
1
d
2
d
3
200 N
800 N
f
ur
F
1
ur
F
2
ur
8.26 Observe that the cable is perpendicular to the boom. Then, using 0 = for an axis
perpendicular to the page and through the lower end of the boom gives

( ) ( ) ( )
3
1.20 kN cos65 2.00 kN cos65 0
2 4
L
T L L
| | | |
+
| |
\ . \ .
= or 1.47 kN T

From ,
=
0
x
F = cos25 1.33 kN to the right H T = =

and gives,


0
y
F =
3.20 kN sin25 2.58 kN upward V T = =




65
1.20 kN
2.00 kN
25
3
L
4
L

2
L
H
ur
V
ur
T
ur
Rotational Equilibrium and Rotational Dynamics 297
8.27 First, we resolve all forces into components parallel to
and perpendicular to the tibia, as shown. Note that
40.0 = and

( ) 30.0 N sin40.0 19.3 N
y
= =
(
w


)
12.5 N sin40.0 8.03 N = =
sin25.0 T T =
0
y
F
y


and

Using =
( )
for an axis perpendicular to the page and
through the upper end of the tibia gives

( ) ( sin25.0 19.3 N 8.0
5 2
d d
) 3 N 0 T d = , or 209 N T =
8.28 When x x , the rod is on the verge of slipping, so
min
=
( )
max
s s
= =
0
x
F =
co n T
0.50 f f n =
s37 0, =
n

From ,



Thus,
or 0.80 n T =
( )
0.50
0
y
F =
2 T w =
0
0.80 f T = =
sin3 f T
0.40T
7 2 0, w + =


From ,

giving

Using
or 0.40 0.60 2 0 T T w + =
= for an axis perpendicular to the page and through the left end of the beam
gives ( ) ( ) ( )
min
w x 2.0 m w 2 sin37 w + 4.0 m 0 ( =



which reduces to
min
2.8 m = x
q
R
y
q
R
x
F
x
T
x
w
x
F
y
T
y
w
y
d
d/2
d/5
37
x
2.0 m
2.0 m
n
ur
T
ur
w
ur
f
ur
w
ur
298 CHAPTER 8
8.29 The moment of inertia for rotations about an axis is , where is the distance
mass is from that axis.
2
i i
I m r =
i
r
i
m
(a) For rotation about the x-axis,


( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
3.00 kg 3.00 m 2.00 kg 3.00 m
x
I = +
(
+

) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2.00 kg 3.00 m 4.00 kg 3.00 m
2
99.0 kg m + =
(b) When rotating about the y-axis,


( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
3.00 kg 2.00 m 2.00 kg 2.00 m
y
I = +
(
+

) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2.00 kg 2.00 m 4.00 kg 2.00 m
2
44.0 kg m + =
(c) For rotations about an axis perpendicular to the page through point O, the distance
for each mass is
i
r
( ) ( )
2 2
2.00 m 3.00 m 13.0 m
i
r = + =

Thus, ( ) ( )
2 2
3.00 2.00 2.00 4.00 kg 13.0 m 143 kg m
O
I ( = + + + =


8.30 The required torque in each case is I = .

Thus,
( ) ( )
2 2
99.0 kg m 1.50 rad s 149 N m
x x
I = = =
(



) ( )
2 2
44.0 kg m 1.50 rad s 66.0 N m
y y
I = = =
(


and
) ( )
2 2
143 kg m 1.50 rad s 215 N m
O O
I = = =
8.31 (a) ( ) ( ) 0.800 N 30.0 m 24.0 N m F r = = =
(b)
( ) ( )
2
2 2
24.0 N m
0.0356 rad s
0.750 kg 30.0 m I mr

= = = =
(c) ( ) ( )
2 2
30.0 m 0.0356 rad s 1.07 m s
t
= = = a r
Rotational Equilibrium and Rotational Dynamics 299
8.32 The angular acceleration is
f i
i
t t

| |
= =
|
\ .

since 0
f
= .

Thus, the torque is
i
I
t
I

= =
| |

|
\ .

. But, the torque is also f r = , so the magnitude

of the required friction force is


( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
12 kg m 50 rev
0.50 m 6.0 s
min
2 rad
1 rev
i
I
f
r t

| |
= =
|
\ .

1 min
60 s
| |
|
\ .
21 N =

Therefore, the coefficient of friction is
21 N
70 N
= 0.30
k
f
n
= =
8.33 (a)
( ) ( )
4 2 2 2
6.8 10 kg m 66 rad s 4.5 10 N m
net
I

= = =
fish


The torque exerted by the fish is F r =
(
, and this also equals


)
2
4.5 10 1.3 N m
fish net friction


= + = +

Thus,
( )
2
2
4.5 10 1.3 N m
34 N
4.0 10 m
fish
F
r

+
= = =

(b)
( ) ( )
2
2 2
1 1 33
0 66 rad s 0.50 s rad
2 2 4
i
t t
| |
= + = + =
|
\ .
( )


so
2
33
4.0 10 m rad 0.33 m 33 cm
4
s r
| |
= = = =
|
\ .

8.34
( ) ( )
2
2 2
1.80 kg 0.320 m 0.184 kg m I MR = = =
net applied resistive
I


= = , or F r f R I =

yielding
I f R
F
r
+
=
(a)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2
0.184 kg m 4.50 rad s 120 N 0.320 m
872 N
4.50 10 m

F = =
(b)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2
0.184 kg m 4.50 rad s 120 N 0.320 m
1.40 kN
2.80 10 m

F = =
300 CHAPTER 8
8.35 ( ) ( )
2
2 2
1 1
150 kg 1.50 m 169 kg m
2 2
I MR = = =

and
( )
2
0.500 rev s 0
2 rad
rad s
2.00 s 1 rev 2
f i
t

| |
= = =
|
\ .

F r I


Thus, = = gives


( )
2 2
169 kg m rad s
2
177 N
1.50 m
I
F
r

| |

|
\ .
= = =
8.36 The moment of inertia of the reel is

( ) ( )
2
2 2
1 1
5.00 kg 0.600 m 0.900 kg m
2 2
I MR = = =
(


Applying Newtons second law to the falling bucket gives


)
29.4 N 3.00 kg
t
T a = (1)

Then, Newtons second law for the reel gives


t
a
T R I I
R

| |
= = =
|
\ .


or
( )
( )
( )
2
2 2
0.900 kg m
2.50 kg
0.600 m
t
t t
I a
T a
R

= = = a (2)
R
29.4 N
3.00 kg
T
ur
a
t
ur
T
ur
(a) Solving equations (1) and (2) simultaneously gives


2
5.35 m s downward
t
a =
(b)
( ) ( )
2
2 2
0
1 1
0 5.35 m s 4.00 s 42.8 m
2 2
t
y v t a t + = + = =

(c)
2
2
5.35 m s
8.91 rad s
0.600 m
t
a
R
= = =
Rotational Equilibrium and Rotational Dynamics 301
8.37 The initial angular velocity of the wheel is zero, and the final angular velocity is


50.0 m s
40.0 rad s
1.25 m
f
v
r
= = =

Hence, the angular acceleration is


2
40.0 rad s 0
83.3 rad s
0.480 s
f i
t

= = =

k
f r


The torque acting on the wheel is = , so I = gives


( ) ( )
2 2
110 kg m 83.3 rad s
7.33
1.25 m
k
I
f
r

= = =
3
N 10

Thus, the coefficient of friction is
3
4
10 N
10 N
k
f
n
= =
7.33
1.40

0.524 =
k

8.38 The work done on the grindstone is
( ) ( )
net
s F r F r W F = = = =

Thus,
2 2
1 1
2 2
net f i
W I I = =
( )(


or ) ( )
2 2
d 1
0.130 kg m 0
2
f

| |
=
|
\ .
2 ra
25.0 N m 15.0 rev
1 rev

This yields
rad 1 rev
190 3
s 2 ra
f

| |
| |
|
|
\ .
\ .
0.3 rev s
d
= =
8.39 (a) ( )( )
2
2
1 1
10.0 kg 10.0 m s 500 J
2 2
trans t
mv = = = KE
(b)
( )( )
2
2 2
2
2
2
1 1 1
2 2 2
1 1
10.0 kg 10.0 m s 250 J
4 4
t
ro
t
v
I mR
R
mv

| |
| |
| |
\ .
\ .
= = =
t
KE = =
(c) 750 J
total trans rot
KE KE = + = KE
302 CHAPTER 8
8.40 As the bucket drops, it loses gravitational potential energy.
The spool gains rotational kinetic energy and the bucket gains
translational kinetic energy. Since the string does not slip on
the spool, v r = where r is the radius of the spool. The
moment of inertia of the spool is
2 1
2
I Mr = , where M is the
mass of the spool. Conservation of energy gives


( ) ( ) t r g t r g
f i
PE KE + + = KE KE KE PE + +


2 2
0 0
1 1
2 2
f i
I mgy mgy + + = + + mv

or ( )
( )
2 2
1 1 1
2 2 2
i
2
f
m r Mr mg y y
| |
+ =
|
\ .
(


This gives
)
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
1
2
g 9.80 m s 4.00 m
10.9 rad s
5.00 kg 0.600 m
=
(

2
1
2
2 2 3.
3.00
i f
mg y y
m M r

= =
+
00 k
kg+

w
I
m
ur
v
8.41 The moment of inertia of the cylinder is

( )
2
2 2
2
1 1 1 800 N
1.50 m 91.8 kg m
2 2 2 9.80 m s
w
I MR R
g
| | | |
= = = =
| |
\ . \ .
2


The angular acceleration is given by


( )( )
2
2
50.0 N 1.50 m
0.817 rad s
91.8 kg m
F R
I I

= = = =

At t = 3.00 s, the angular velocity is


( )( )
2
0 0.817 rad s 3.00 s 2.45 rad s
i
t = + = + =

and the kinetic energy is


( ) ( )
2
2 2
1 1
91.8 kg m 2.45 rad s 276 J
2 2
rot
KE I = = =
Rotational Equilibrium and Rotational Dynamics 303
8.42 (a) The moment of inertial of the flywheel is

( ) ( )
2
2 3
1 1
500 kg 2.00 m 1.00 10 kg m
2 2
I MR = = =
2


and the angular velocity is


2 rad rev 1 min
5000 524 rad s
min 1 rev 60 s

| | | | | |
= =
| | |
\ . \ . \ .


Therefore, the stored kinetic energy is


( ) ( )
2
1.37 10 J =
2 3 2
1 1
1.00 10 kg m 524 rad s
2 2
stored
KE I = =
8

(b) A 10.0-hp motor supplies energy at the rate of

( )
3
746 W
10.0 hp 7.46 10 J s
1 hp
| |
= =
|
\ .


The time the flywheel could supply energy at this rate is


8
4
3
1.37 10 J
1.84 10 s 5.10 h
7.46 10 J s
stored
KE
t

= = = =


8.43 Using
2
1
0
2
net f i f
E KE I = = W K , we have


( ) ( )
4 2
2 2 2 5.57 N 0.800 m
149 rad s
4.00 10 kg m
net
f
W F s
I I

= = = =


304 CHAPTER 8
8.44 Using conservation of mechanical energy,


( ) ( ) trans rot g trans rot g
f i
KE KE PE KE KE PE + + = + +

or ( )
2 2
1 1
0 0 0 sin
2 2
t
Mv I Mg L + + = + +

Since
2
2
5
I MR =
t
R for a solid sphere and v = when rolling without slipping, this
becomes ( )
2 2 2 2
1 1
sin
2 5
MR MR Mg L + = and reduces to


( ) ( )
( )
2
2
10 9.8 m s 6.0
10 sin
7 7 0.20 m
gL
R

= =
2
m sin37
36 rad s

=
8.45 Each mass moves in a circular path of radius 0.500 m s r = about the center of the
connecting rod. Their angular speed is


5.00 m s
10.0 m s
0.500 m
v
r
= = =

Neglecting the moment of inertia of the light connecting rod, the angular momentum of
this rotating system is

( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2
1 2
4.00 kg 3.00 kg 0.500 m 10.0 rad s 17.5 J s L I m r m r ( = = + = + =


8.46 Using conservation of angular momentum,
aphelion perihelion
L L = .

Thus,
( ) ( )
2
a a
2
p p
mr mr = . Since
t
v
r
= at both aphelion and perihelion, this is
equivalent to
( ) ( )
2 2
p
a
a p
a p
v
v
mr mr
r r
= , giving


( )
0.59 A.U.
54 km s
35 A.U.
p
a p
a
r
v v
r
| |
| |
= =
|
|
\ .
\ .
0.91 km s =
Rotational Equilibrium and Rotational Dynamics 305
8.47 The initial moment of inertia of the system is

( ) ( )
2
2 2
4 1.0 m 4.0 m
i i i
I m r M M
(
= = =

( )


The moment of inertia of the system after the spokes are shortened is


( )
2
2 2
4 0.50 m 1.0 m
f f f
I m r M M
(
= = =



From conservation of angular momentum,
f f i
I I
i
= ,

or ( )( ) 4 2.0 rev s 8.0 rev s
i
f i
f
I
I

| |
= = =
|
\ .

8.48 From conservation of angular momentum:
( ) ( ) - - - - child m g r f child m g r i
f i
I I I I + = +
2
mr

where is the constant moment of inertia of the merry-go-round.

Treating the child as a point object, where r is the distance the child is from
the rotation axis. Conservation of angular momentum then gives


2
- -
275 kg m
m g r
I =
child
I =
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
- -
2
- -
25.
in
25.0
i m g r
f i
f m g r
mr I
mr I

| | +
= =
|
+
\ .
2
2
2
2
.00 m 275 kg m
14.0 rev m
2.00 m 275 kg m
(
+
(
+
(

0 kg 1
kg


or
rev 2 rad 1
11.2 1.17
min 1 rev 6
f

| |
|
\ .
min
0.0 s
|
= =

\
rad s
|
|
.

8.49 The moment of inertia of the cylinder before the putty arrives is

( )( )
2
2 2
1 1
10.0 kg 1.00 m 5.00 kg m
2 2
i
I MR = = =

After the putty sticks to the cylinder, the moment of inertia is


( )( )
2
5.20 kg m =
2 2
5.00 kg m 0.250 kg 0.900 m
f i
I I mr = + = +
2


Conservation of angular momentum gives
f f i i
I I = ,

or
( )
2
2
5.00 kg m
7.00 rad s 6.73 rad s
5.20 kg m
i
f i
f
I
I

| |
| |
= = =
|
|
\ .
\ .

306 CHAPTER 8
8.50 The total angular momentum of the system is


( )
2 2
2 3.0 kg m
total masses student
I I I mr = + = +
1.0 m r =


Initially, , and ( )( )
2
2 3.0 kg 1.0 m
i
I
(

0.30 m r =
(
2 2
3.0 kg m 9.0 kg m = + =

Afterward, , so

)( )
2
2 3.0 kg 0.30 m 3.0 kg m
f
I
(
= +

2 2
3.5 kg m =
(a) From conservation of angular momentum,
f f i
I I
i
= , or


( )
2
2
9.0 kg m
0.75 rad s
3.5 kg m
i
f i
f
I
I

| |
| |
= =
|
|
\ .
\ .
1.9 rad s =
(b)
( )( )
2
2 2
1 1
9.0 kg m 0.75 rad s 2.5 J
2 2
i i i
I = KE = =

( )( )
2
2 2
1 1
3.5 kg m 1.9 rad s 6.4 J
2 2
f f f
KE I = = =
8.51 The initial angular velocity of the puck is
( ) 0.800 m s rad
2.00
0.400 m s
t
i
i
i
v
r
= = =

Since the tension in the string does not exert a torque about the axis of revolution, the
angular momentum of the puck is conserved, or
f f i
I I
i
= .

Thus,
( )
2 2
2
0.400 m
2.0 5.12 rad s
0.250 m
i i
f i i
f f
mr I
I mr

| | | |
| |
= = = =
| | |
\ .
\ . \ .
0 rad s

The net work done on the puck is


( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 1 1
2 2 2
net
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
f i f f i i f f i i f f i i
r r
m
W KE KE I I mr mr
(
= = = =

(

or
)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
0.120 kg
0.250 m 5.12 rad s 2.00 rad s
2
net
W
(

2 2
0.400 m =

This yields
2
5.99 10 J
net
W

=
Rotational Equilibrium and Rotational Dynamics 307
8.52 The initial angular velocity of the system is


2 rad rev
0.20 0.40 rad s
s 1 rev
i

| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .


The total moment of inertia is given by

( ) ( )(
2
2 2 2
1 1
80 kg 25 kg 2.0 m
2 2
man cylinder
I I I mr MR r = + = + = +
2.0 m r = 3.7
i
I
)
2


Initially, the man is at from the axis, and this gives
2
10 kg m = . At the
end, when r , the moment of inertia is 1.0 m =
2 2
1.3 10 kg m
f
I = .
(a) From conservation of angular momentum,
f f i
I I
i
= , or


( )
2 2
2 2
3.7 10 kg m
0.40 rad s 3.6 rad s
1.3 10 kg m
i
f i
f
I
I

| |
| |
= = =
|
|
\ .
\ .
rad s 1.14 =
(b) The change in kinetic energy is
2 2
1 1
2 2
f f f i
KE I I = , or


( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2 2
1 rad 1
1.3 10 kg m 1.14 3.7 10 kg m 0.40
2 s 2
KE
| | |
=
|
\ . \
rad
s
|
|
.


or
2
5.4 10 J KE = . The difference is the work done by the man as he walks
inward.
8.53 (a) The table turns counterclockwise, opposite to the way the woman walks. Its angular
momentum cancels that of the woman so the total angular momentum maintains a
constant value of L L .

Since the final angular momentum is
0
total woman table
L = +
tot
=
0
al w w t t
L I I = + = , we have


2
w w
t t
m r I v
I I r
| |
| |
= =
|
|
\ .
\ .
(
w w
w
t
m r
v
I
| |
|
\ .
t w

| |
=
|
\ .


or
) ( )
( )
2
60.0 kg 2.00 m
1.
500 kg m
(

(

50 m s 0.360 ra = d s
t
=

Hence 0.360 rad s counter
table
= clockwise
308 CHAPTER 8
(b)
2 2
1 1
0
2 2
net f w t
E KE mv I
t
W K = = = +

( )( ) ( )( )
2 2
2
1 1
60.0 kg 1.50 m s 500 kg m 0.360 rad s 99.9 J
2 2
net
W = + =
c

8.54 For one of the crew, becomes
c
F ma =
2
2 t
i
v
n m mr
r

| |
= =
|
\ .


We require , so the initial angular velocity must be n mg =
i
g
r
=

From conservation of angular momentum,
f f i
I I
i
= , or
i
f i
f
I
I

| |
=
|
\ .


Thus, the angular velocity of the station during the union meeting is


( )( )
( ) ( )
2
2
100 m
0 m
g g
r
(
(
(

8 2
8 2
10 kg m
1.12
10 kg m 10
f
g
r

=

5.00
5.00
= =
150 65.0 kg
50 65.0 kg
+
+
i
f
I
I r
| |
|
\ .


The centripetal acceleration experienced by the managers still on the rim is

( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 9.80 m
2 2 2
12.3 m s 1.12 1.1 s 12.3 m s
g
r
r
= =
2
c f
a r = =
8.55 (a) From conservation of angular momentum,
f f i
I I
i
= ,

so
1
1 2
i
f i o
f
I I
I I I

| |
| |
= = |
|
|
+
\ .
\ .


(b) ( )
2
2 2 2 1 1 1
1 2 1
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 1 1
2 2 2
f f f o o
I I I
KE I I I I KE
I I I I I I

| | | | | |
(
= = + = =
| | | (
+ + + \ . \ . \ .
i


or
1
1 2
f
i
KE
I
KE I I
=
+
. Since this is less than 1.0, kinetic energy was lost.
Rotational Equilibrium and Rotational Dynamics 309
8.56. For simplicity, we consider the stove to be a uniform
box with feet at its corners, ignoring the mass of the
backsplash and oven door. The free-body diagram at
the right shows our simplified stove on the verge of
tipping forward about the front feet when a person of
weight
g
F is located on the front edge of the door.
Since the stove is still in equilibrium,
28.0 in
14.0 in
pivot
46
3

8
in
ur
m
stove
g
F
g
ur
d
n
ur

( ) ( ) 0 14.0 in 0
stove g
m g F d = =
or
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
68.0 kg 9.80 m s 14.0 in 14.0 in
0.2248 lb
508 N 114 lb
46 3 8 in 28.0 in 1 N
stove
g
m g
d
| |
= = =
|
\ .

F

Thus, the minimum weight required to tip the stove over is
=
508 N or about 114 lbs .
This could possibly be a child. If the oven door is heavy, the required weight of the
person would be somewhat less than that calculated here.
8.57 (a) Since no horizontal force acts on the child-boat system, the center of gravity of this
system will remain stationary, or


cg
constant
child child boat boat
child boat
m x m x
x
m m
+
= =
+


The masses do not change, so this result becomes constant
child child boat boat
m x m x + =
Thus, as the child walks to the right, the boat will move to the left.
(b) Measuring distances from the stationary pier, with away from the pier being
positive, the child is initially at 3.00 m x = and the center of gravity of the boat is at
. At the end, the child is at the right end of the boat, so 5.00 m x =
( ) ( ) 2.00 m
boat
f f
= +
child
x x
(
. Since the center of gravity of the system does not move,
we have ) ( )
child child child child boat boat boat boat
f i
x m x + = +
) ( ) 3.00 m
ld child
f f
x m + =
m x m
( ) (
ild boat chi
m
( )
m x
2.00 m
(



or

and
( ) 5.00 m
boat
m +
child ch
m x
( ) ( ) 3.00 m .00 m 2.00 m
t
+ + 5
boat
child boa
m m
m m +
child
child
f
x =
(


( )
) ( ) ( ) ( ) 40.0 kg 3.00 m 5.00 m 2.00
40.0
+ + 70.0 kg
kg 70.0 kg +
m
5.55 m = =
child
f
x
310 CHAPTER 8
(c) When the child arrives at the right end of the boat, the greatest distance from the
pier that he can reach is ( )
max
1.00 m 5.55 m 1.00 m 6.55 m
child
f
x x = + = + = . This
leaves him 0.45 m short of reaching the turtle
8.58 (a) Choose an axis perpendicular to the page and passing
through the indicated pivot. Then, 0 = gives

( )( ) ( )( ) cos30.0 5.00 cm 150 N m 0 P + =
(
30.0 c

so
)( )
( )
150 N 30.0 cm
1.04 kN
5.00 cm cos30.0
P = =

(b) = , giving


0 cos30.0
y
F n P =
(
0
)
3
N cos30.0 900 N =
30.0 0 =
cos30.0 1.04 10 n P = =
0 sin
x
F f F P = +
(


, or

)
3
0 N sin30.0 150 N sin30.0 1.04 1 f P F = = 370 N =
5.00
cm
F = 150 N
30.0
pivot
30.0 cm
f
ur
n
ur P
ur
The resultant force exerted on the hammer at the pivot is

( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
370 N 900 N 973 N R f n = + = + =

at
1 1
900 N
tan tan 67.7
370 N
n
f

| |
| |
= = =
|
|
\ .
\ .


or 973 N at 67.7 above the horizon =
G
tal to the right R
Rotational Equilibrium and Rotational Dynamics 311
8.59 We draw separate free-body diagrams of
the pulley and each of the masses. Since the
cord does not slip on the pulley, the angular
acceleration of the pulley is related to the
magnitude of the linear accelerations of the
masses by a r = .

Taking counterclockwise as positive, and
applying the rotational form of Newtons
second law to the pulley gives:

( )
1 2
0
a
T R T R I I
R

| |
= = =
|
\ .


or
2 1 2
I
T T a
R
| |
=
|
\ .
(1)
m
a
I
R
a a
y ( )
= -
2
a a
y ( )
= +
1
T
2
ur
T
1
ur
T
1
ur
T
2
ur
1
g
ur
m
2
g
ur
m
1
m
2
ur
F
Applying the translational form of Newtons second law,
y y
F ma = , to each of the
masses gives:

( )
1 1 1
T m g m a = + or
( )
1 1
T m g a = + (2)

and

( )
2 2 2
T m g m a = or
( )
2 2
T m g a = (3)
(a) Substituting Equations (2) and (3) into Equation (1) gives


2 2 1 1 2
I
m g m a m g m a a
R
| |
=
|
\ .
or
( )
2 1
2
2 1
m m g
m m I R

=
+ +
a


( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2
2
5.0 kg 2.0 kg 9.8 m s
1.1 m s
5.0 kg 2.0 kg 5.0 kg m 0.50 m
a

= =
+ +

(b) Equations (2) and (3) then yield

( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
2.0 kg 9.8 m s 1.1 m s 22 N T m g a = + = + =
(


and ) ( ) ( )
2 2
5.0 kg 9.8 m s 1.1 m s 44 N T m g a = = =
312 CHAPTER 8
f
1
= m
s
n
1
f
2
= m
s
n
2
w = mg
q
q
L
8.61 If the ladder is on the verge of slipping,
( )
max
s s
f f n = = at
both the floor and the wall.

From , we find

or
0
x
F =
2 s
n
1 2
0 f n =
1
n =
0
y
F =
(1)

Also, gives
1 2 s
n w n 0 + =

Using equation (1), this becomes


( ) 1 1 s s
0 n = n w +

or
1
+
2
s

0.800
.25
=
1 1
w w
n w = = (2)

Thus, equation (1) gives
( )
2
0.500 n 0 = .800 0.400 w = w
37.0
+x
(3)
/2
L/2
n
2
ur
n
1
ur
ur ur
x
8.60 (a) Consider the free-body diagram of the block given at
the right. If the +x-axis is directed down the incline,
gives

, or
x
F ma =
sin37.0 mg
t
T ma =
( )
sin37.0
t
T m g a =

( ) ( )
2 2
s sin37.0 2.00 m s
(
=

12.0
46.8
T
=
kg 9.80 m
N

12.0 kg
T
ur
mg
ur
a
t
ur
n
ur
r
a
T
ur
V
ur
H
ur
(b) Now, consider the free-body diagram of the pulley.
Choose an axis perpendicular to the page and passing
through the center of the pulley,

I = gives
t
a
I
r
| |
=
|
\ .
T r , or


( ) ( )
2
2
2
46.8 N 0.100 m
0.234 kg m
2.00 m s
= = =
2
t
T r
I
a

(c)
( )
2
2.00 m s
0 2.00 s 40.0 rad s
0.100 m
t
i
a
t t
r

| |
| |
= + = + = =
|
|
\ .
\ .

Rotational Equilibrium and Rotational Dynamics 313
Choose an axis perpendicular to the page and passing through the lower end of the
ladder. Then, 0 = yields


( ) ( )
2 2
sin cos 0
2
L
w n L f L +
2
0.400 n w
cos
| |
+
|
\ .
=

Making the substitutions = and
2 2
0.200
s
f n w = = , this becomes


( ) ( ) 0.400 sin 0.200
2
L
w w L + ( ) ( ) cos 0 w L cos
| |
+
|
\ .
=

and reduces to
0.500 0.200
cos
0.400
sin

| |
=
|
\ .
tan


Hence, 0.750 = and 36.9 =
8.62 Use an axis perpendicular to the page and
passing through the lower left corner of the
frame. Then, 0 = gives

( )( ) ( )( )
( )( )
1
1
10.0 N 0. cos50.0 0.150 m
sin50.0 0.300 m 0
T
T

+
150 m


=


or
1
T =
(
11.2 N
0
y
F


Then, using = , obtain

)
2
11.2 N 10.0 N=0 T sin50.0 +

or
2
T =
x
F =
1
cos50.0 0 F T =
1.39 N
0


Finally, gives , or ( ) 11.2 N cos50.0 7.23 N F = =
0.150 m
T
1
cos50.0
T
1
sin50.0
10.0 N
0.150 m
0.300 m
T
2
ur
F
ur
314 CHAPTER 8
8.63 Consider the free-body diagram of an object
rolling down the incline. If it rolls without
slipping,
t
a r =
x
F ma =
sin mg
.

From , we obtain


x
t
f ma = (1)

Now, consider an axis perpendicular to the page
and passing through the center of the object.

I = becomes
t
a
I
r

| |
=
|
\ .
f r I = , or
2 t
I
f a
r
| |
=
|
\ .


Substitute this result into equation (1) and simplify to obtain


2
I
mr
sin
1
t
g
a

=
+
| |
|
\ .


as the linear acceleration of the center of gravity of the object.

For a sphere,
2
2
5
mr I = , so
sin
1.4
sphere
g
a

= . For a disk,
2
1
2
I mr = , and

sin
1.5
disk
g
a

= . Finally, for a ring, , so
2
I mr =
sin
2.0
ring
g
a

=

Thus, we find
sphere disk ring
a a a > > , so the sphere wins and the ring comes in last.
q
r
+x
+y
a
n
ur
w = mg
ur ur
f
ur
a
t
ur
Rotational Equilibrium and Rotational Dynamics 315
8.64 Choose an axis perpendicular to the page
and passing through the lower end of the
board. Then, when the support rod is removed,
I = gives the initial angular acceleration
of the board as


( )
2
1
cos
2 3
L
I mg mL
| | |
= =
|
\ . \

|
|
.


or
3 cos
2
g
L

=

The tangential acceleration of the upper end of the board is
3 cos
2
t
g
a L

= = and the
vertical component of this is


2
3 cos
2
g
cos
y t
a a

= =
(a) If a (the vertical acceleration of the freely-falling ball), the board will get ahead
of the ball. Thus, the criterion is


y
> g
2
s
g

>
3 co
2
g
or
2
2
cos
3
> , which yields
1
2
cos 35.3
3

| |
< =
|
\ .

(b) For the ball to land in the cup, the cup must strike the table directly below the initial
position of the ball. Thus, when starting from the limiting angle, we must have
2
cos 2
cos
cos 3 cos
c
L L
r L

| |
= = =
|
\ .

8.65 Let
p
m be the mass of the pulley, be the mass of the sliding block, and be the
mass of the counterweight.
1
m
2
m
(a) The moment of inertia of the pulley is
2
1
2
p p
I m R = and its angular velocity at any
time is
p
v
R
= , where v is the linear speed of the other objects. The friction force
retarding the sliding block is
( )
1 k k k
f n m = = g
q
q
a

L
L/2
r
c
mg
ur
a
t
ur
316 CHAPTER 8
Choose 0 PE = at the level of the counterweight when the sliding object reaches
the second photogate. Then, from the work-energy theorem,


g
( ) ( ) nc rot trans g trans rot g
f i
KE PE KE KE PE + + + W KE = +


( )
( )
2
2 2
1 2 2
2
2 2
1 2 2 2
1 1 1
0
2 2 2
1 1 1

2 2 2
f
k f p p
p
i
i p p
p
v
f s m m v m R
R
v
m m v m R m gs
R
| |
| |
= + + +
| |
\ .
\ .
| |
| |
+
| |
\ .
\ .


or
( )
2 2
1 2 1 2 2 1
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
p f p i k
m m m v m m m v m gs m g
| | | |
+ + = + + +
| |
\ . \ .
s

This reduces to
( )
2 1 2
1 2
2
1
2
k
f i
p
m m gs
v v
m m m

= +
+ +


and yields

( )( )( )
2 2
2 0.208 kg 9.80 m s 0.700 m
m
0.820 1.63 m s
s 1.45 kg
| |
= + =
|
\ .

f
v
(b)
1.63 m s
54.2 rad s
0.030 0 m
f
p
v
R
=
f
= =
8.66 (a) The frame and the center of each wheel moves forward at 3.35 m s v = and each
wheel also turns at angular speed v R = . The total kinetic energy of the bicycle is
, or


t r
KE KE KE = +
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2
2 2
2
1 1
2 2
2 2
1 1
2
2 2
frame wheel wheel
frame wheel wheel
KE m m v I
v
m m v m R
R

| |
= + +
|
\ .
| |
= + +
|
\ .

This yields


( )
( ) ( )
2
2
1
3
2
1
8.44 kg 3 0.820 kg 3.35m s 61.2 J
2
frame wheel
KE m m v = +
( = + =


Rotational Equilibrium and Rotational Dynamics 317
ur
v
AE
v
OE
ur
= v
O
= Rw v
OE
ur
A
B
O
R
w
block
v
ur
(b) Since the block does not slip on the roller, its forward speed
must equal that of point A, the uppermost point on the rim
of the roller. That is,
AE
= v v
JG
where
AE
v
JG
is the velocity of A
relative to Earth.

Since the roller does not slip on the ground, the velocity of
point O (the roller center) must have the same magnitude as
the tangential speed of point B (the point on the roller rim in
contact with the ground). That is,
OE O
R v = = v
JG
. Also, note
that the velocity of point A relative to the roller center has a
magnitude equal to the tangential speed R , or
AO O
R v = = v
JG
.

F on of relative velocities in Chapter 3, we know that
. Since all of these velocities are in the same direction, we may add
their magnitudes getting
rom the discussi
AE AO OE
= + v v v
JG JG JG
AE AO
v v
OE
v = +
JG JG JG
, or v v 2 2
O O O
v v R = + = = .

The total kinetic energy is
t r
KE KE KE = + , or


2
2 2
2
1
2
e
tree
v
v m
2 2
2
1
2
4
ree
2
2 2
t
I
v
R
R
1 1
2 2
1 1
2 4
tre
tree
m
m m
stone
stone
KE m v
(
| |
( |
\ .

+
|
+

\
|
= +
|
.
| |
= +
|
\ .
| |
|
\ .

This gives
2
1 3
2 4
stone tree
m m v
| |
|
\ .
KE = + , or


( ) ( )
2 1 3
844 kg 82.0 kg 0.335m s 50.8 J
2 4
KE
(
= + =
(


8.67 We neglect the weight of the board and assume
that the womans feet are directly above the
point of support by the rightmost scale. Then,
the free-body diagram for the situation is as
shown at the right.

From , we have , or 0
y
F =
1 2
0
g g
F F w + = 380 N 320 N=700 N w = +

Choose an axis perpendicular to the page and passing through point P.

Then 0 = gives
( )
1
2.00 m 0
g
F = w x , or


( ) ( ) ( )
1 g
F
x
2.00
w
P
m
= =
380 N 2.00 m
700 N
1.09 m =
2.00 m
x
w
ur
F
g2
ur
F
g1
ur
318 CHAPTER 8
8.68
CG
d


We treat each astronaut as a point object, m, moving at speed v in a circle of radius
2 r d =
( )
. Then the total angular momentum is

2
1 2
2 2
v
L I I mr mvr
r

(
| |
= + = =
|
(
\ .


(a)
( ) ( ) ( ) 2 2 75.0 kg 5.00 m s 5.00 m
i i i
L mv r = =

3 2
3.75 10 kg m s
i
L =
(b)
2 2
1 1 2 2
1 1 1
2
2 2 2
i i i
m v m v mv
| |
=
|
\ .
(
2
i
KE = +

)( )
2
3
75.0 kg 5.00 m s 1.88 10 J= 1.88 kJ
i
KE = =
(c) Angular momentum is conserved:
3 2
3.75 10 kg m s
f i
L L = =
(d)
( )
( )( )
3 2
3.75 10 kg m s
10.0 m s
2 75.0 kg 2.50 m
2
f
f
f
L
mr

= v = =
(e)
( )( )
2
2
1
2 75.0 kg 10.0 m s 7.50 kJ
2
f f
mv
| |
=
|
\ .
KE = =
(f) 5.62 kJ
net f i
E KE = = W K
8.69 (a) 2
2
i
d
L Mv Mv
( | |
= =
|
(
\ .

d
(b)
2 2
1
2
2
i i
E Mv Mv
| |
|
\ .
K = =
Rotational Equilibrium and Rotational Dynamics 319
(c)
f i
Mvd = = L L
(d)
( )
( )
2
2 4
2
f
f
f
L
Mvd
M d
Mr
= = = v v
(e)
( )
2
2 2
1
2 2
2
f f
E Mv M v Mv
| |
=
|
\ .
4 K = =
(f)
2
3
net f i
E KE Mv = = W K
8.70 Choose an axis that is perpendicular to the
page and passing through the left end of
the scaffold. Then 0 = gives

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
750 N 1.00 m 1.50 m
500 N 2. 1000 N 2.50 m
0
R
T + =
( )
( )
345 N
00 m
3.00 m



or
3
10 N=
(
1.59 1.59 kN
R
T =

Then,

)
3
1000 N 1.59 10 N 1.01 kN + = 0 345 500 F T = + + 750
y L
=
750 N 500 N
345 N 1000 N
1.00 m
1.50 m
2.00 m
2.50 m
3.00 m
T
L
ur
T
R
ur
8.71 First, we define the following symbols:
moment of inertia due to mass of people on the equator
moment of inertia of Earth alone (without people)

P
I =
E
I =
= angular velocity of Earth (due to rotation on its axis)

2
T

= = rotational period of Earth (length of the day)

radius of Earth

The initial angular momentum of the system (before people start running) is


R =
( )
i P i E i P E
I I I
i
L I = + = +

When Earth has angular speed , the tangential speed of a point on the equator is
t
v R = . Thus, when the people run eastward along the equator at speed v relative to
the surface of Earth, their tangential speed is
p t
v v v R v = + = + and their angular speed
is
p
v
= =
P
v
R R
+
320 CHAPTER 8

The angular momentum of the system after the people begin to run is

( )
P
f P p E P E P E
I v v
L I I I I I I
R R

| |
= + = + + = + +
|
\ .


Since no external torques have acted on the system, angular momentum is conserved
( ) f i
L L = , giving ( ) ( )
P
P E P E i
I v
I I I I
R
+ + = +
( )
. Thus, the final angular velocity of Earth is
( ) 1
P
i i
P E
I v
x
I I R
=
+ ( )
= , where
P
P E i
I v
x
I I R

+


The new length of the day is
( )
( ) T x
2 2
1
1 1
i
i
i
T
T
x x


= = =

( )
+ , so the increase in the
length of the day is
P
i i i
P E i
I v
T T T T x T
I I R
(
= =
(
+
(

. Since
2
i
T
i

= , this may be
written as
( )
2
i P
P E
T I v
I I R +
(
2
T

To obtain a numeric answer, we compute


)( ) ( )
2
10 m
2 9
5.5 10 70 kg 6.38 R
(
= =

6
1.57 10 =
25
kg m
2
P p
I m

and


( )(
2 24
2 2
5.98 10 kg 6.38
5 5
R = =
)
6
9.74 10 =
2
10 m
37
kg m
2
E E
I m
(


Thus,

) ( )( )
( ) ( )
2
4 25
25 37 2
10 s 1.57 10 kg m 2.5
10 9.74 10 kg m 6.3

(
+

2
6
m s
7.5 1
8 10 m
=

11
0 s

8.64
1.57 2
T

Rotational Equilibrium and Rotational Dynamics 321
8.72 Choose at the level of the base of the ramp. Then, conservation of mechanical
energy gives


0
g
PE =
( ) ( ) trans rot g trans rot g
f i
KE PE KE KE PE + + = + +
( )( )
KE


( )
2
2 2
1 1
sin
2 2
i
i
v
mg s mv mR
R

| |
= + +
|
\ .
0 0 + + 0

or
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2 2
2
3.0 m 3.0 rad s
24 m
sin 9.80 m s sin20
i

= =

2
sin
i
R v
g g
= = s
8.73 Choose an axis perpendicular to the page and passing through
the center of the cylinder. Then, applying I = to the
cylinder gives

( )
2 2
1 1
2
2 2
t
a
T R MR MR
R

| | | | | |
= =
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
, or
1
4
t
T M = a (1)

Now apply
y y
F ma = to the falling objects to obtain


( ) ( )
2 2 m g T = 2
t
m a , or
t
a g
T
m
= (2)
2m
a
R
M
2T
ur
2T
ur
a
t
ur
2mg
ur
(a) Substituting equation (2) into (1) yields


4 4
Mg M
T
m
| |
=
|
\ .
T , which reduces to
4
Mmg
T
M m
=
+

(b) From equation (2) above,


4 1
4 4
t
4
Mmg Mg mg
a g g
m M m M m M m
| |
= = =
|
+ + \ . +

322 CHAPTER 8
R
F
ur
n
2
ur
n
1
ur
w
ur
1
r
f
2
ur
1
n
f
u
8.74 Slipping occurs simultaneously at both the bottom and
side contact points. Just before slipping occurs, both
static friction forces must have their maximum values.
When the cylinder is about to slip,
1 1
0.5
s
f n = = and
2 2
0.5
s
f n
2
n = =
0
. Choose an axis perpendicular to the
page and passing through the center of the cylinder.

Then,
1 2
f R f R F R 0 =
1
F f = +
0
x
F =
+
2
f
=

or (1)

From ,
2
1 2 2
s
f
f n f

= = = 2 (2)
Combining equation (2) with equation (1) gives

, or
2 2
2 3 F f f = + =
2
f
2
3
F
f = . Then equation (2) yields
1
2

3
F
f =

From , 0
y
F =
1
2 1 2 2 1
2
2 2
3 3
s
= +
f F F
n F f F f f F

| |
+ = + + = + + = + +
|
\ .
w F f

or
8
=
3
F
w . Solving for the applied force,
3
=
8
w
F
8.75 (a) The magnitude of angular acceleration may be written as

( )
2 2
2
f i f i i f
i f
T T T T
t t TT

= = =
t


where T is the period of rotation. In this case, 100 yr t = ,
3
~10 s
i f
T T

,
, and
4
1 day 8.64 10 s
i
T = =
3
10 s
f i i
T T T

= . Thus,


( )
( ) ( )
3
2
4
2 10 s
~
8.64 10 s 100 yr

7
1 yr
3.156 10 s
| |
|
\ .

giving
22 2
~10 rad s

Rotational Equilibrium and Rotational Dynamics 323
(b) If we consider Earth to be a uniform solid sphere, then


( ) ( )
2
2 24 6 37
2 2
5.98 10 kg 6.38 10 m 9.74 10 kg m
5 5
E E
I M R = = =
38 2
~10 kg m I
(
2


or

The torque required to produce the acceleration found in part (a) is therefore


) ( )
38 2 22 2
~ 10 kg m 10 m s I

= or
16
~10 N m
(c) The average person might be able to exert a maximum force on the order of
. The lever arm then needed to produce the torque found in
part (b) is


3
10 N (about 220 lbs)
16
3
10 N m
~
10 N
d
F

= or
13
~10 m d
8.76 The free-body diagram at the right shows the pole when it
still in equilibrium, but on the verge of slipping.



and it is known that (
1 2
0
y
F n n mg = = + >
2
n
) ( )
1 2
s s
>
( )
. Thus, we realize that the
pole will slip at the ceiling before slipping at the floor.

Considering the torques about an axis perpendicular to the
page and through the lower end of the pole gives:

( )
2 2
cos sin 0
2
g f
| |
=
|
\ .
A
A A
2 2 2
f n
0 + cos n m = +

When the pole is on the verge of slipping, = . Hence, at the critical angle of tilt,

( )
2 2
sin cos cos
2
mg
n = or ( )
2 2
n tan 1 0
2
mg
= >

Since , it is necessary that
2
0 > n
2
tan
2
1
tan 1 0 or

> >
l2
l2
q
q
f
2
ur
mg
ur
ur
n
2
ur
n
1
f
1
ur
d
324 CHAPTER 8
Thus, for the pole to remain in equilibrium, it is necessary that


1 1
2
1 1
tan tan 60.1
0.576

| |
| |
> = =
|
|
\ .
\ .
sin


But d = A , so the restriction on the length of the pole is


7.80 ft
sin sin60.1 sin60.1
d d

= < =

A or 9.00 ft < A
w
1
= 0
m
1
m
2
l
r
2
w
max
r
1
m
2 m
1
r
2
= l r
1
r
1
Initial State Final State
8.77 The large mass ( ) moves in
a circular path of radius r ,
while the radius of the path for the small
mass ( m ) is
.

The system has maximum angular
speed when the rod is in the vertical
position as shown at the right.

We take at the level of the
horizontal rotation axis and use
conservation of energy to find:
1
60.0 kg m =
1
=
kg
m 0.140 m
0.140 m
2.86 m =
2
0.120 =
2 1
3.00 r r =
0
g
PE =
= A
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 1 1
1 max 2 max 2 2 1 1 2 2
0 0
f g i g
f i
KE PE KE PE I I m gr m gr + = + + + =
1 1 1 2
and I m r I = =
+
2


Approximating the two objects as point masses, we have . The
energy conservation equation then becomes
2 2
2
m r
( ) ( )
2 2 2 1
1 1 2 2 max 1 1 2 2
m r m r m r m r + =
( )
2
g and
yields

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 1 2 2
max 2 2
1 1 2 2
2 60.0 kg m s
2
60.0
m r m r g
m r m r

= =
+
2 2
0.120 kg 2.86 m 9.80
0.120 kg 2.86 m
(

+
0.140 m
kg 0.140 m

or
max
8.56 rad s =
(
. The maximum linear speed of the small mass object is then

) ( ) ( )
2 2 max
max
v r = = 2.86 m 8.56 rad s 24.5 m s =
8.78 (a) A smooth (that is, frictionless) wall cannot exert a force parallel to its surface. Thus,
the only force the vertical wall can exert on the upper end of the ladder is a
horizontal normal force.
Rotational Equilibrium and Rotational Dynamics 325
(b) Consider the free-body diagram of the ladder given
at the right. If the rotation axis is perpendicular to
the page and passing through the lower end of the
ladder, the lever arm of the normal force n
2
JG
that
the wall exerts on the upper end of the ladder is


2
sin d L =
L

=

4
.
0
0

m
x
L

2
ur
n
1
ur
n
2
d
2
ur
f
1
m
p
g
ur
m
l
g
ur
q
(c) The lever arm of the force of gravity, m g
A
G
, acting on
the ladder is

( ) ( ) 2 cos cos 2 d L L = =
A

(d) Refer to the free-body diagram given in part (b) of this solution and make use of the
fact that the ladder is in both translational and rotational equilibrium.

or
1
0 0
y p
F n m g m g = =
A ( ) 1 p
n m m = +
A
g

When the ladder is on the verge of slipping, ( ) ( ) 1 1
max
f f = =
1 s s p
n m m = +
A
g

Then or
2 1
0
x
F n f = =
( ) 2
=
s p
n m m g +
A


Finally, ( )
2
0 sin n L =
( )
c
2
L
m g
A
os cos
p
m gx
| |

|
\ .
0 = where x is the
maximum distance the painter can go up the ladder before it will start to slip.
Solving for x gives


2
sin
cos
n L m g
m g

A
( )
cos
2
s
L
m

| |
|
\ .
= = 1 tan
2
p p
m m
x L
| |
+
|
\ . p
m
| |

|
\ .
A A
L

and using the given numerical data, we find

( )
( )
( )
30 kg 30
0.45 1 4.0 m tan53
80 kg 2 8
| |
= +
|
\ .
kg
4.0 m 2.5 m
0 kg
(
=
(
(

x
326 CHAPTER 8
8.79 (a) Free-body diagrams for each block and the
pulley are given at the right. Observe that
the angular acceleration of the pulley will be
clockwise in direction and has been given a
negative sign. Since I = , the positive
sense for torques and angular acceleration
must be the same (counterclockwise).

For :
1
m ( )
1 1
T
1 y y
F ma m g m a = =
or
( )
1 1
g a T m =
2 x x
F ma m a
(1)

For : = (2)
2
m
2
T =
For the pulley:
( )
2 1
I T r T r I a = r =
or
1 2 2
I
T T a
r
| |
=
|
\ .
(3)

Substitute Equations (1) and (2) into Equation (3) and solve for a to obtain


( )
1
2
m g
a
I r m
=
(
1 2
m + +


or
) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2
2
4.00 kg 9.80 m s
3.12 m s
0.500 kg m 0.300 m 4.00 kg 3.00 kg
a = =
+ +

(b) Equation (1) above gives: ( ) ( )
2 2
1
4.00 kg 9.80 m s 3.12 m s 26.7 N T = =

and Equation (2) yields: ( ) ( )
2
2
3.00 kg 3.12 m s 9.37 N = = T
8.80 (a) Note that the cylinder has both translational and
rotational motion. The center of gravity accelerates
downward while the cylinder rotates around the
center of gravity. Thus, we apply both the
translational and the rotational forms of Newtons
second law to the cylinder:

( )
y
y
F ma T mg m a = =
(


or
)
T m g a = (1)

( )
I Tr I a r = =
a
x
= +a
a
y
= a
m
1
m
2
I
r
T
1
ur
T
1
ur
T
2
ur
T
2
ur
m
1
g
ur
=

a
r
a
=

a
r
a
a
y
= a
mg
ur
T
ur
r
Rotational Equilibrium and Rotational Dynamics 327
For a uniform, solid cylinder,
2 1
2
I mr = so our last result becomes

2
2
mr a
Tr
r
| |
| |
=
|
|
\ .
\ .
or
2T
m
= a (2)

Substituting Equation (2) into Equation (1) gives

2 and solving for T yields T mg T = 3 T mg =
(b) From Equation (2) above,
2 2
2 3
3
mg T
a g
m m
| |
= = =
|
\ .

(c) Considering the translational motion of the center of gravity, gives


2 2
0
2
y y y
v v a = + y
( )
2
0 2 4 3
3
y
g
v h
| |
= + =
|
\ .
0
g
gh

Using conservation of energy with PE = at the final level of the cylinder gives

( ) ( ) t r g t r g
f i
PE KE KE PE + + = + + KE KE or
2 2 1 1
2 2
0 0
y
mv I + + = + 0 mgh +

Since
2 1
2
and
y
v r I mr = = , this becomes
2 2
1 1 1
2 2 2
y
mv mr +
2
2
y
v
r
| |
|
\ .
mgh
| |
=
|
\ .


or
2
3
4
y
mv mgh = yielding 4 3
y
h = v g
8.81. (a) The free-body diagram at the right shows one of
the main wheels at the instant when it is still in
equilibrium but on the verge of going over the curb.
Note that at this time, the ground exerts no force
on the bottom of the wheel. R
JG
is the reaction force
exerted on the wheel by the curb at point O. We
shall apply the second condition of equilibrium,
with a pivot chosen at point O.
r
h
2r h
d
R
ur
F
ur
m
r
g
2
r h
Point O
The Pythagorean theorem gives the lever arm of the gravitational force about point
O as

( )
2
2 2
2 d r r h rh h = =
( )


Thus,
2
0 2 2 0
2
mg
F r h rh h
| |
= + =
|
\ .
or
( )
2
2
2 2
mg rh h
F
r h

328 CHAPTER 8
(b) Using the given numeric data and retaining only one significant figure in our
estimate, we find


( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2
2
1 400 N 2 0.30 m 0.10 m 0.10 m
3 10 N
2 2 0.30 m 0.10 m
F

= =
(


8.82. Since the structure is free to slide horizontally at
each end, the ground exerts only vertical forces
on points A and E. With this realization, consider
the structure as a whole as shown in the free-body
diagram at the right:

Considering point A as a pivot and requiring that 0 = gives

( ) ( ) ( )
E
50 m 7 200 N 25 m 0 n = or n
E
3 600 N =

Then
A E
0 7 200 N 7
y
F n n = = =
A
200 N 3 3 600 N n = 600 N or
Now consider the free-body diagram of joint A shown at the right.
Note that it has been assumed that members AB and AC are under
tension (that is, these members pull on joint A). If either of these
assumptions is incorrect, the computed force will have a negative
sign, but the magnitude will be correct.



or
AB A
0 sin30 0
y
F F n = + =
A
AB
3 600 N
7 2
sin30 sin30
n
F

= = =

00 N

Thus, the force in strut AB is really a compression force of magnitude 7 200 N

Also,
( )
AC AB
0 F cos30 7
x
F F = = = 200 N cos30 6 200 N = +

or the force in strut AC is a tension force of magnitude 6 200 N

In a manner identical to the analysis of joint A given above, one can analyze the free-
body diagram of joint E and find that:

the force in strut DE is a compression force of magnitude 7 200 N

and, the force in strut CE is a tension force of magnitude 6 200 N
25 m 25 m
A E
n
A
ur
F
g
ur
n
E
ur
A
n
A
ur
F
AB
ur
F
AC
ur
30
Rotational Equilibrium and Rotational Dynamics 329
Now, consider the free-body diagram of joint C:

( ) ( )
CE AC CD BC
0 cos30 0
x
F F F F F = + =
(


or
) ( )
CD BC
6 200 N 6 200 N cos30 F F +
CD BC
F F =
(
0 =

which yields:

Then, )
BC CD
0 sin30 7 200 N
y
F F F = + =
CD BC
F F =


Since , this reduces to
BC
2 sin
BC
7 200 N
7 200 N or 7 200 N
2sin30
F F = =

30 =

Thus: the force in strut BC is a tension force of magnitude 7 200 N

and the force in strut CD is a tension force of magnitude 7 200 N
Finally, consider the free-body diagram of joint B. Recall that
the force in strut AB is a compression force while that in strut
BC is a tension force. Note that the diagram assumes that the
force in strut BD is a compression force.

( )
BD AB BC
0 cos30
x
F F F F = = +
(


or
)
BD
2 7 200N cos30 12 F = 000 N =

The force in strut BD is a compression force of magnitude 12 000 N
8.83. Considering the shoulder joint as the pivot, the second
condition of equilibrium gives:

( ) ( ) ( ) 0 70 cm sin45 4.0 cm 0
2
m
w
F = =
(


or
)
( )
70 cm
12.4
2 4.0 cm sin45
m
w
F w = =

Recall that this is the total force exerted on the arm by a set of two muscles. If we
approximate that the two muscles of this pair exert equal magnitude forces, the force
exerted by each muscle is

( )
3
.2 750 N 4.6 10 N 4.6 kN = =
12.4
6.2 6
2 2
m
each
muscle
F w
F w = = = =
C
7 200 N
F
BC
ur
F
CD
ur
F
CE
ur
F
AC
ur
30 30
B
F
BC
ur
F
AB
ur
F
BD
ur
30
30
4.0 cm
70 cm
Shoulder
Joint
45
F
shoulder
ur
F
m
ur
w
__
2
ur
330 CHAPTER 8
8.84. Observe that since the torque opposing the rotational motion of the gymnast is constant,
the work done by non-conservative forces as the gymnast goes from position 1 to
position 2 (an angular displacement of 2 rad ) will be the same as that done while the
gymnast goes from position 2 to position 3 (another angular displacement of 2 rad ).

Choose at the level of the bar, and let the distance from the bar to the center of
gravity of the outstretched body be
0
g
PE =
cg
r . Applying the work-energy theorem,
( ) ( ) nc g g
f i
W K KE PE + E PE = +
(
, to the rotation from position 1 to position 2 gives

) ( ) ( )
2 1
2 cg 2
0 0 W I = +
12
nc
mgr + or ( )
2 1
2 cg 2
12
nc
W I m = gr (1)
Now, apply the work-energy theorem to the rotation from position 2 to position 3 to
obtain:

( )
( ) ( )
2 2 1 1
3 cg 2 2 2
23
0
nc
W I mg r I
(
= + +

or ( )
2 2 1 1
3 2 cg 2 2
23
nc
W I I m = gr (2)
Since the frictional torque is constant and these two segments of the motion involve
equal angular displacements, ( ) ( )
23 12
nc nc
W W = . Thus, equating Equation (2) to Equation
(1) gives:


2 2 1 1
3 2 c 2 2
I I mgr
g
2 1
2 cg 2
I mgr =

which yields
2
3
2
2
2
= or ( )
3 2
2 2 4.0 rad s 5.7 rad = = = s