Ancient Rome One of the first known practitioners of the filibuster was the Roman senator Cat o the

Younger. In debates over legislation he especially opposed, Cato would oft en obstruct the measure by speaking continuously until nightfall.[6] As the Roma n Senate had a rule requiring all business to conclude by dusk, Cato's purposefu lly long-winded speeches were an effective device to forestall a vote. Cato attempted to use the filibuster at least twice to frustrate the political o bjectives of Julius Caesar.[6] The first incident occurred during the summer of 60 BC, when Caesar was returning home from his propraetorship in Hispania Ulteri or. Caesar, by virtue of his military victories over the raiders and bandits in Hispania, had been awarded a triumph by the Senate. Having recently turned 40, C aesar had also become eligible to stand for consul. This posed a dilemma. Roman generals honored with a triumph were not allowed to enter the city prior to the ceremony, but candidates for the consulship were required, by law, to appear in person at the Forum.[6] The date of the election, which had already been set, ma de it impossible for Caesar to stand unless he crossed the pomerium and gave up the right to his triumph. Caesar petitioned the Senate to stand in absentia, but Cato employed a filibuster to block the proposal. Faced with a choice between a triumph and the consulship, Caesar chose the consulship and entered the city. Cato made use of the filibuster again in 59 BC in response to a land reform bill sponsored by Caesar, who was then consul.[6] When it was Cato's time to speak d uring the debate, he began one of his characteristically long-winded speeches. C aesar, who needed to pass the bill before his co-consul, Marcus Calpurnius Bibul us, took possession of the fasces at the end of the month, immediately recognize d Cato's intent and ordered the lictors to jail him for the rest of the day. The move was unpopular with many senators and Caesar, realizing his mistake, soon o rdered Cato's release. The day was wasted without the Senate ever getting to vot e on a motion supporting the bill, but Caesar eventually circumvented Cato's opp osition by taking the measure to the Tribal Assembly, where it passed. Westminster-style parliaments Britain In the Parliament of the United Kingdom, a bill defeated by a filibustering mano euvre may be said to have been "talked out". The procedures of the House of Comm ons require that members cover only points germane to the topic under considerat ion or the debate underway whilst speaking. Example filibusters in the Commons a nd Lords include: In 1874, Joseph Gillis Biggar started making long speeches in the House of C ommons to delay the passage of Irish coercion acts. Charles Stewart Parnell, a y oung Irish nationalist Member of Parliament (MP), who in 1880 became leader of t he Irish Parliamentary Party, joined him in this tactic to obstruct the business of the House and force the Liberals and Conservatives to negotiate with him and his party. The tactic was enormously successful, and Parnell and his MPs succee ded, for a time, in forcing Parliament to take the Irish Question of return to s elf-government seriously. In 1983, Labour MP John Golding talked for over 11 hours during an all-night sitting at the committee stage of the British Telecommunications Bill. However, as this was at a standing committee and not in the Commons chamber, he was also able to take breaks to eat. On July 3, 1998, Labour MP Michael Foster's Wild Mammals (Hunting with Dogs) Bill was blocked in parliament by opposition filibustering. In January 2000, filibustering orchestrated by Conservative MPs to oppose th e Disqualifications Bill led to cancellation of the day's parliamentary business on Prime Minister Tony Blair's 1000th day in office. However, since this busine ss included Prime Minister's Question Time, William Hague, Conservative leader a t that time, was deprived of the opportunity of a high-profile confrontation wit

h the Prime Minister. On Friday 20 April 2007, a Private Member's Bill aimed at exempting Members of Parliament from the Freedom of Information Act was 'talked out' by a collecti on of MPs, led by Liberal Democrats Simon Hughes and Norman Baker who debated fo r 5 hours, therefore running out of time for the parliamentary day and 'sending the bill to the bottom of the stack.' However, since there were no other Private Member's Bills to debate, it was resurrected the following Monday.[7] In January 2011, Labour peers were attempting to delay the passage of the Pa rliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Bill 2010 until after 16 February, the deadline given by the Electoral Commission to allow the referendum on the Al ternative Vote to take place on 5 May. On the eighth day of debate, staff in the House of Lords set up camp beds and refreshments to allow peers to rest, for th e first time in eight years.[8] In January 2012, Conservative and Scottish National Party MPs used filibuste ring to successfully block the Daylight Savings Bill 2010-12, a Private Member's Bill that would put the UK on Central European Time. The filibustering included an attempt by Jacob Rees-Mogg to amend the bill to give the county of Somerset its own time zone, 15 minutes behind London.[9][10] The all-time Commons record for non-stop speaking, six hours, was set by Henry B rougham in 1828, though this was not a filibuster. The 21st century record was s et on December 2, 2005 by Andrew Dismore, Labour MP for Hendon. Dismore spoke fo r three hours and 17 minutes to block a Conservative Private Member's Bill, the Criminal Law (Amendment) (Protection of Property) Bill, which he claimed amounte d to "vigilante law."[11] Although Dismore is credited with speaking for 197 min utes, he regularly accepted interventions from other MPs who wished to comment o n points made in his speech. Taking multiple interventions artificially inflates the duration of a speech, and is seen by many as a tactic to prolong a speech. Australia Both houses of the Australian parliament have strictly enforced rules on how lon g members may speak, so filibusters are generally not possible.[12][13] New Zealand In 2009, several parties in New Zealand staged a filibuster of the Local Governm ent (Auckland Reorganisation) Bill in opposition to the government setting up a new Auckland Council under urgency and without debate or review by select commit tee, by proposing thousands of wrecking amendments and voting in Maori as each a mendment had to be voted on and votes in Maori translated into English. Amendmen ts included renaming the council to "Auckland Katchafire Council" or "Rodney Hid e Memorial Council" and replacing the phrase powers of a regional council with p ower and muscle.[14][15] These tactics were borrowed from the filibuster underta ken by National and ACT in August 2000 for the Employment Relations Bill.[16] India In 2011, the People's Ombudsman Bill ("Lokpal Bill") was blocked (voting stalled ) in the Rajya Sabha ("Council of States") by Rajniti Prasad (RJD member from Bi har). Prasad colluded with the ruling United Progressive Alliance (UPA), which d idn't have a majority in the Council.[17] Canada Canada - Federal A dramatic example of filibustering in the House of Commons of Canada took place between Thursday June 23, 2011 and Saturday June 25, 2011. In an attempt to pre vent the passing of Bill C-6, which would have legislated the imposing of a four year contract and pay conditions on the locked out Canada Post workers, the New Democratic Party (NDP) led a filibustering session which lasted for fifty-eight hours. The NDP argued that the legislation in its then form undermined collecti ve bargaining. Specifically, the NDP opposed the salary provisions and the form of binding arbitration outlined in the bill.[18]

The House was supposed to break for the summer Thursday June 23, but remained op en in an extended session due to the filibuster. The 103 NDP MPs had been taking it in turn to deliver 20 minute speeches - plus 10 minutes of questions and com ments - in order to delay the passing of the bill. MPs are allowed to give such speeches each time a vote takes place, and many votes were needed before the bil l could be passed. As the Conservative Party of Canada holds a majority in the H ouse, the bill passed.[18][19] This was the longest filibuster since the 1999 Re form Party of Canada filibuster, on native treaty issues in British Columbia.[20 ][21] Conservative Member of Parliament Tom Lukiwski is known for his ability to stall Parliamentary Committee business by filibustering.[22][23] One such example occ urred October 26, 2006, when he spoke for almost 120 minutes to prevent the Cana dian House of Commons Standing Committee on Environment and Sustainable Developm ent from studying a private member's bill to implement the Kyoto Accord.[24][25] [26] He also spoke for about 6 hours during the February 5, 2008 and February 7, 2008 at the Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on Procedure and House Affairs meetings to block inquiry into allegations that the Conservative Party spent over the maximum allowable campaign limits during the 2006 election.[27][2 8][29][30][31] Canada - Provincial The Legislature of the Province of Ontario has witnessed several significant fil ibusters,[32] although two are notable for the unusual manner by which they were undertaken.[33] The first was an effort on May 6, 1991, by Mike Harris, later p remier but then leader of the opposition Progressive Conservatives, to derail th e implementation of the budget tabled by the NDP government under premier Bob Ra e. The tactic involved the introduction of Bill 95, the title of which contained the names of every lake, river and stream in the province.[34] Between the read ing of the title by the proposing MPP, and the subsequent obligatory reading of the title by the clerk of the chamber, this filibuster occupied the entirety of the day's session until adjournment. To prevent this particular tactic to be use d again, changes were eventually made to the Standing Orders to limit the time a llocated each day to the introduction of bills to 30 minutes.[32] A second high-profile and uniquely implemented filibuster in the Ontario Legisla ture occurred in April, 1997, where the New Democratic Party, then in opposition , tried to prevent the governing Progressive Conservatives' Bill 103 from taking effect. These efforts set in motion one of the longest filibustering sessions C anada had ever seen[2]. To protest the Progressive Conservative government's leg islation that would amalgamate the municipalities of Metro Toronto into the city of Toronto, the small New Democratic caucus introduced 11,500 amendments to the megacity bill, created on computers with mail merge functionality. Each amendme nt would name a street in the proposed city, and provide that public hearings be held into the megacity with residents of the street invited to participate. The Ontario Liberal Party also joined the filibuster with a smaller series of amend ments; a typical Liberal amendment would give a historical designation to a name d street. The NDP then added another series of over 700 amendments, each proposi ng a different date for the bill to come into force. The filibuster began on April 2 with the Abbeywood Trail amendment[35] and occup ied the legislature day and night, the members alternating in shifts. On April 4 , exhausted and often sleepy government members inadvertently let one of the NDP amendments pass, and the handful of residents of Cafon Court in Etobicoke were granted the right to a public consultation on the bill, although the government subsequently nullified this with an amendment of its own.[36] On April 6, with t he alphabetical list of streets barely into the Es, Speaker Chris Stockwell rule d that there was no need for the 220 words identical in each amendment to be rea d aloud each time, only the street name.[37] With a vote still needed on each am

endment, Zorra Street was not reached until April 8.[38] The Liberal amendments were then voted down one by one, eventually using a similar abbreviated process, and the filibuster finally ended on April 11.[39] Other On 28 October 1897, Dr. Otto Lecher, Delegate for Brunn, spoke continuously for twelve hours before the Abgeordnetenhaus ("House of Delegates") of the Reichsrat ("Imperial Council") of Austria, to block action on the "Ausgleich" with Hungar y, which was due for renewal. Mark Twain was present, and described the speech a nd the political context in his essay "Stirring Times in Austria".[40] A notable filibuster took place in the Northern Ireland House of Commons in 1936 when Tommy Henderson (Independent Unionist MP for Shankill) spoke for nine and a half hours (ending just before 4 am) on the Appropriation Bill. As this Bill a pplied government spending to all departments, almost any topic was relevant to the debate, and Henderson used the opportunity to list all of his many criticism s of the Unionist government. In the Southern Rhodesia Legislative Assembly, Independent member Dr Ahrn Palley staged a similar all-night filibuster against the Law and Order Maintenance Bil l in 1960. In the Senate of the Philippines, Roseller Lim of the Nacionalista Party held ou t the longest filibuster in Philippine Senate history. On the election for the P resident of the Senate of the Philippines on April 1963, he stood on the podium for more than 18 hours to wait for party-mate Alejandro Almendras who was to arr ive from the United States. The Nacionalistas, who comprised exactly half of the Senate, wanted to prevent the election of Ferdinand Marcos to the Senate Presid ency. Prohibited from even going to the comfort room, he had to relieve in his p ants until Almendras' arrival. He voted for party-mate Eulogio Rodriguez just as Almendras arrived, and had to be carried off via stretcher out of the session h all due to exhaustion. However, Almendras voted for Marcos, and the latter wrest ed the Senate Presidency from the Nacionalistas after more than a decade of cont rol. On December 16, 2010, Werner Kogler of the Austrian Green Party gave his speech before the budget committee, criticizing the failings of the budget and the gove rning parties (Social Democratic Party and Austrian People's Party) in the last years. The filibuster lasted for 12 hours and 42 minutes (starting at 13:18, and speaking until 2:00 in the morning),[41] thus breaking the previous record held by his party-colleague Madeleine Petrovic (10 hours and 35 minutes on March 11 in 1993),[42] after which the standing orders had been changed, so speaking time was limited to 20 minutes.[43] However, it didn't keep Kogler from giving his s peech. United States Senate Main article: Filibuster in the United States Senate The filibuster is a powerful parliamentary device in the United States Senate, w hich was strengthened in 1975 [44] and in the past decade has come to mean that most major legislation (apart from budgets) requires a 60% vote to bring a bill or nomination to the floor for a vote. In recent years the majority has preferre d to avoid filibusters by moving to other business when a filibuster is threaten ed and attempts to achieve cloture have failed.[45] Defenders call the filibuste r "The Soul of the Senate."[46] Senate rules permit a senator, or a series of se nators, to speak for as long as they wish and on any topic they choose, unless " three-fifths of the Senators duly chosen and sworn"[47] (usually 60 out of 100 s enators) brings debate to a close by invoking cloture under Senate Rule XXII. Ac cording to the Supreme Court ruling in United States v. Ballin (1892), changes t o Senate rules could be achieved by a simple majority, but only on the 1st day o

f the session in January or March. The idea is that on this first day, the rules of the new legislative session are determined afresh, and rules do not automati cally continue from one session to the next. This is called the constitutional o ption by proponents, and the nuclear option by opponents, who insist that rules do remain in force across sessions. Under current Senate rules, a rule change it self could be filibustered, with two-thirds of those senators present and voting (as opposed to the normal three-fifths of those sworn) needing to vote to break the filibuster.[47] Even if a filibuster attempt is unsuccessful, the process t akes floor time.[48] House of Representatives In the United States House of Representatives, the filibuster (the right to unli mited debate) was used until 1842, when a permanent rule limiting the duration o f debate was created. The disappearing quorum was a tactic used by the minority until an 1890 rule eliminated it. As the membership of the House grew much large r than the Senate, the House has acted earlier to control floor debate and the d elay and blocking of floor votes. France In France, in August 2006, the left-wing opposition submitted 137,449 amendments [49] to the proposed law bringing the share in Gaz de France owned by the French state from 80% to 34% in order to allow for the merger between Gaz de France an d Suez.[50] Normal parliamentary procedure would require 10 years to vote on all the amendments. The French constitution gives the government two options to defeat such a filibu ster. The first one was originally the use of the article 49 paragraph 3 procedu re, according to which the law was adopted except if a majority is reached on a non-confidence motion (a reform of July 2008 resulted in this power being restri cted to budgetary measures only, plus one time each ordinary session - i.e. from October to June - on any bill. Before this reform, article 49, 3 was frequently used, especially when the government was short a majority in the Assemble nation ale to support the text but still enough to avoid a non-confidence vote). The se cond one is the article 44 paragraph 3 through which the government can force a global vote on all amendments it did not approve or submit itself.[51] In the end, the government did not have to use either of those procedures. As th e parliamentary debate started, the left-wing opposition chose to withdraw all t he amendments to allow for the vote to proceed. The "filibuster" was aborted bec ause the opposition to the privatisation of Gaz de France appeared to lack suppo rt amongst the general population. It also appeared that this privatisation law could be used by the left-wing in the presidential election of 2007 as a politic al argument. Indeed, Nicolas Sarkozy, president of the Union pour un Mouvement P opulaire (UMP - the right wing party), Interior Minister, former Finance Ministe r and former President, had previously promised that the share owned by the Fren ch government in Gaz de France would never go below 70%. Hong Kong The first incidence of filibuster in the Legislative Council (LegCo) after the H andover occurred during the second reading of the Provision of Municipal Service s (Reorganization) Bill in 1999, which aimed at dissolving the partially elected Urban Council and Regional Council. As the absence of some pro-Establishment le gislators would mean an inadequate support for the passing of the bill, the Proestablishment Camp filibustered along with Michael Suen, the then-Secretary for Constitutional Affairs, the voting of the bill was delayed to the next day and t hat the absentees could cast their votes. Though the filibuster was criticised b y the pro-democracy camp, Lau Kong-wah of the Democratic Alliance for the Better ment and Progress of Hong Kong (DAB) defended their actions, saying "it (a filib uster) is totally acceptable in a parliamentary assembly."[52]

Legislators of the Pro-democracy Camp filibustered during a dabate about financi ng the construction of the Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Rail Link by rai sing many questions on very minor issues, delaying the passing of the bill from 18 December 2009 to 16 January 2010.[53] The Legislative Council Building was su rrounded by thousands of anti-high-speed rail protesters during the course of th e meetings. In 2012, Albert Chan and Raymond Wong of People Power submitted a total of 1306 amendments to the Legislative Council (Amendment) Bill, by which the government attempted to forbid lawmakers from participating in by-elections after their res ignation. The bill was a response to the so-called 'Five Constituencies Referend um, in which 5 lawmakers from the pro-democracy camp resigned and then joined th e by-election, claiming that it would affirm the public's support to push forwar d the electoral reform. The pro-democracy camp strongly opposed the bill, saying it was seen a deprivation of the citizens' political rights. As a result of the filibuster, the LegCo carried on multiple overnight debates on the amendments. In the morning of 17 May 2012, the President of the LegCo (Jasper Tsang) termina ted the debate, citing Article 92 of the Rules of Procedure of LegCo: In any mat ter not provided for in these Rules of Procedure, the practice and procedure to be followed in the Council shall be such as may be decided by the President who may, if he thinks fit, be guided by the practice and procedure of other legislat ures. In the end, all motions to amend the bill were defeated and the Bill was p assed. To ban filibuster, Ip Kwok-him of the DAB sought to limit each member to move on ly one motion, by amending the procedures of the Finance Committee and its two s ubcommittees in 2013. All 27 members from pan-democracy camp submitted 1.9 milli on amendments.[54] The Secretariat estimated that 408 man-months (each containin g 156 working hours) were needed to vet the facts and accuracy of the motions, a nd, if all amendments were admitted by the Chairman, the voting time would take 23,868 two-hour meetings. See also Constitution of the Roman Republic Gaming the system Liberum veto Mae West hold Mr. Smith Goes to Washington, the 1939 film notably portrays the use of a fi libuster. Obstructionism References Notes ^ "Talking it out" usage example: "MPs renew info exemption effort". BBC. 15 May 2007. Retrieved 25 September 2010. ^ Oxford English Dictionary, "freebooter". Retrieved 2012-10-26. ^ Oxford English Dictionary, "filibuster". Retrieved 2012-10-26. ^ "Walker, William", in Webster's Biographical Dictionary (1960), Springfiel d: Merriam-Webster ^ William Safire, Safire's New Political Dictionary (2008) pp 244 ^ a b c d Goldsworthy, Adrian (2006). Caesar: Life of a Colossus. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 583. ^ "MPs' info exemption bill revived". BBC News. 2007-04-24. Retrieved 2010-1 2-24. ^ Thomson, Ainsley (2011-01-17). "U.K. in Marathon Session on Voting Bill". The Wall Street Journal. ^ "Conservative backbenchers halt effort to move clocks forward". January 21 , 2012. Retrieved July 12, 2012. ^ Jacob Rees-Mogg Proposes Somerset Time Zone.

^ BBC News - "MP's marathon speech sinks bill." Retrieved February 14, 2007. ^ Parliament of Australia - Standing Orders and other orders of the Senate. Retrieved June 23, 2008.[dead link] ^ Parliament of Australia - House of Representatives Standing and Sessional Orders. Retrieved June 23, 2008.[dead link] ^ ""Melissa Lee Memorial Council" mooted". Newstalk ZB. Retrieved 2010-12-24 . ^ "Labour filibuster on Supercity bills". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 2010-12-24. ^ "Employment bill to drag on another day". Nzherald.co.nz. 2000-08-15. Retr ieved 2010-12-24. ^ [1] ^ a b "Canada Post back-to-work bill passes key vote". CBC. June 25, 2011. ^ "John Ivison: Time stands still in the House of Commons as NDP filibuster drags on". National Post. June 24, 2011. ^ http://politics.canada.com/2011/06/ndp-filibuster-cost-canadians/ ^ "Marathon Canada Post debate continues on Hill". Vancouver Sun. June 24, 2 011. ^ Alexander Panetta (2008-04-03). "Tory's loose lips an asset - until now". Toronto: The Canadian Press. Retrieved 2010-02-13. ^ Catherine Clark, Tom Lukiwski (July 27, 2009). "Beyond Politics interview (at 19:11)". CPAC. ^ "Parties trade blame for House logjam". Toronto: The Canadian Press. 200610-26. Retrieved 2010-02-13. ^ "Standing Committee on Environment and Sustainable Development". Parliamen t of Canada. October 26, 2006. Retrieved 2010-02-13. ^ Mike De Souza. "Tories accused of stalling their own green agenda". www.ca nada.com. Retrieved 2010-02-13. ^ "Angry chairman suspends session". www.canada.com. Retrieved 2010-02-13. ^ "Tories accused of stalling ad scheme review". www.canada.com. Retrieved 2 010-02-13. ^ Kady O'Malley. "Filibuster ahoy! Liveblogging the Procedure and House Affa irs Committee for as long as it takes...". www.macleans.ca. Retrieved 2010-02-13 .[dead link] ^ Kady O'Malley. "Liveblogging PROC: We ll stop blogging when he stops talking the return of the killer filibuster (From the archives)". www.macleans.ca. Retr ieved 2010-02-13. ^ Kady O'Malley. "Liveblogging the Procedure and House Affairs Committee for as long as it takes... (Part 3)". www.macleans.ca. Retrieved 2010-02-13.[dead l ink] ^ a b "Obstruction in the Ontario Legislature: The struggle for power betwee n the government and the opposition". Retrieved 2012-08-07. ^ "On Filibusters". Retrieved 2012-08-07. ^ "Legislative Assembly of Ontario. Hansard. Monday, 6 May 1991". Retrieved 2012-08-07. ^ "Legislative Assembly of Ontario. Hansard. Wednesday, 2 April 1997, volume B" (in (French)). Ontla.on.ca. Retrieved 2010-12-24. ^ "Legislative Assembly of Ontario. Hansard. Friday, 4 April 1997, volume H" . Ontla.on.ca. Retrieved 2010-12-24. ^ "Legislative Assembly of Ontario. Hansard. Sunday, 6 April 1997, volume N" . Ontla.on.ca. Retrieved 2010-12-24. ^ "Legislative Assembly of Ontario. Hansard. Tuesday, 8 April 1997, volume S ". Ontla.on.ca. Retrieved 2010-12-24. ^ "Legislative Assembly of Ontario. Hansard. Friday, 11 April 1997, volume A E". Ontla.on.ca. Retrieved 2010-12-24. ^ Mark Twain, "Stirring Times in Austria" ^ "Werner Kogler blocks budget with record filibuster", Presse, 16. Dezember 2010 ^ "Stenographical Protokol of the 107th conference of the XVIII. legislature period (March 10th to 12th; 1993)" (PDF) (in German). Retrieved 2010-12-24. ^ Parlamentskorrespondenz/09/12.03.2007/Nr. 156, Die lange Nacht im Hohen Ha

us ^ Jonathan Backer. Brennan Center for Justice: A Short History on the Consti tutional Option. ^ Gregory John Wawro; Eric Schickler (2006). Filibuster: Obstruction And Law making in the U.S. Senate. Princeton U.P. pp. 1 12. ^ Richard A. Arenberg; Robert B. Dove (2012). Defending the Filibuster: The Soul of the Senate. Indiana U.P. ^ a b "Precedence of motions (Rule XXII)". Rules of the Senate. United State s Senate. Retrieved January 21, 2010. ^ Beth, Richard; Stanley Bach (March 28, 2003). Filibusters and Cloture in t he Senate. Congressional Research Service. pp. 4, 9. ^ "TIMELINE: Key dates in Gaz de France-Suez merger". Reuters. 2 September 2 007. Retrieved 2010-02-24. ^ Kanter, James (19 September 2006). "Plan for Gaz de France advances toward a vote". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 2010-02-24. ^ "France - Constitution". International Constitutional Law. Retrieved 201002-24. ^ Official Record of Proceedings, Legislative Council, 1 December 1999, page 1875. ^ Hong Kong Opposition to Rail Holds Off Vote, Wall Street Journal ^ Paper for the Finance Committee Meeting on 22 February 2013: Members' moti ons that seek to amend the procedures of the Finance Committee and its two subco mmittees, Legislative Council of Hong Kong Media BBC, "Filibustering," at BBC News, 16 July 2005. BBC, "MP's marathon speech sinks bill" at BBC News, 2 Dec. 2005. Further reading Beth, Richard; Stanley Bach (2003-03-28). Filibusters and Cloture in the Sen ate. Congressional Research Service. Sarah A. Binder and Steven S. Smith, Politics or Principle: Filibustering in the United States Senate. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1996. ISBN 0-8157-0952-8 Eleanor Clift, "Filibuster: Not Like It Used to Be," Newsweek, 24 Nov. 2003. Bill Dauster, "It s Not Mr. Smith Goes to Washington: The Senate Filibuster Ai n t What it Used To Be", The Washington Monthly, Nov. 1996, at 34-36. Alan S. Frumin, "Cloture Procedure," in Riddick's Senate Procedure, 282 334. W ashington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1992. Gregory Koger (2010). Filibustering: A Political History of Obstruction in t he House and Senate. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-449647. OCLC 455871593. Lazare, Daniel (1996). The Frozen Republic: How the Constitution Is Paralyzi ng Democracy. Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-15-100085-2. OCLC 32626734. Jessica Reaves, "The Filibuster Formula," Time, 25 Feb. 2003. U.S. Senate, "Filibuster and Cloture." U.S. Senate, "Filibuster Derails Supreme Court Appointment."