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Objective
To give a high level overview of Flow Assurance in Multiphase Flow Describe some of the obstacles the fluid faces while flowing inside wellbores, llb pipelines, i li and d risers, i etc. Answer questions that you may have.
The ability to produce and transport fluids from the reservoir to a customer in an economically and technically feasible way. way Designing and operating the production and transportation systems to manage challenges to the flow throughout the fi ld life. field lif
Flow Assurance = Cash Flow Assurance
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Identify FA drivers that will influence concept t selection l ti Identify technology gaps & develop solutions l ti Ensure preferred concept is feasible from a FA perspective ti Ensure preferred concept can be operated t d safely f l and d effectively ff ti l
Hydrate Blockage and Remediation Offshore Pipeline (plug can be many meters long and in many sections of line)
Wax in Pipeline
Napthenates
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Asphaltenes
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Slugging
1400 Tes st Separator Liquid R Rate, m3/d 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 8500
8510
8520
8540
8550
8560
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Explosion, Fire
It Could be due to internal pipe corrosion and lack of corrosion monitoring
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Is this Flow Assurance? Overloaded Donkey (cant move, therefore cant flow - gravity dominated flow)
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SOLIDS FORMATION
OPERATING STRATEGIES
HYDRATES
LINE DIAMETERS
BOUNDARIES
WAX
INSULATION
CHEMICAL INJECTION
PIGGING
SCALE
TOPSIDES EQUIPMENT
INTERVENTION
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PHASE 1
IDENTIFY AND ASSESS OPPORTUNITY
PHASE 2
GENERATE AND SELECT ALTERNATIVE(S)
PHASE 3
DEVELOP PREFERRED ALTERNATIVE(S)
PHASE 4
PHASE 5
OPERATE AND EVALUATE
EXECUTE
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HOW ARE FLOW ASSURANCE STUDIES INTEGRATED WITH THE PROJECT WORKSCOPE?
PHASE 1
IDENTIFY AND ASSESS OPPORTUNITY
PHASE 2
PHASE 3
PHASE 4
PHASE 5
Flow Assurance Activities Fluid Sampling Program Reservoir Fluids Water Samples
Plan Fluid Testing Program Measure Key Fluid Properties PVT Data Water Composition Hydrate Wax & Asphaltenes Scale
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HOW ARE FLOW ASSURANCE STUDIES INTEGRATED WITH THE PROJECT WORKSCOPE?
PHASE 1
PHASE 2
GENERATE AND SELECT ALTERNATIVE(S)
PHASE 3
PHASE 4
PHASE 5
HOW ARE FLOW ASSURANCE STUDIES INTEGRATED WITH THE PROJECT WORKSCOPE?
PHASE 1
PHASE 2
PHASE 3
DEVELOP PREFERRED ALTERNATIVE(S)
PHASE 4
PHASE 5
HOW ARE FLOW ASSURANCE STUDIES INTEGRATED WITH THE PROJECT WORKSCOPE?
PHASE 1
PHASE 2
PHASE 3
PHASE 4
EXECUTE
PHASE 5
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HOW ARE FLOW ASSURANCE STUDIES INTEGRATED WITH THE PROJECT WORKSCOPE?
PHASE 1
PHASE 2
PHASE 3
PHASE 4
PHASE 5
OPERATE AND O EVALUATE
Multiphase Flow
System y Integration
Chemical Injection
Solids
Internal C Corrosion i
Flow Assurance
Emulsions Sand Thermal Management
Operability
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(3) Solids
z Hydrates, wax, asphaltenes, scale, naphthenates, etc. z Flow restrictions or blockages
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Alkanes
z Aromatics z Resins R i z Asphaltenes
He
z Metals z Microorgansims
THIS LEADS TO COMPLEX FLUID BEHAVIOR WHICH CAN BE DIFFICULT TO ANALYZE AND PREDICT
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RESERVOIR FLUIDS Form the Basis for Flow Assurance and other design work; Flow Assurance work is as good as the Reservoir Fluid Sampling and Analysis.
PVT (Pressure, ( Volume, l Temperature) )
z Describes the thermodynamic relationship between pressure,
Phase Behavior
z Phase refers to the state of matter: gas, liquid, solid, z Temperatures & pressures the different phases form, and the
Fluid Properties
z Chemical composition z Parameters related to solids formation
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RESERVOIR FLUIDS
350
PHASE ENVELOPE
300 LIQUID 250 Pre essure (bara) BUBBLE POINT CURVE 200
Highest possible temperature and RESERVOIR pressure for which di ti t liquid distinct li id or CRICONDENBAR gas phases can be observed
CRITICAL POINT
WELLHEAD
CRICONDENTHERM
150
FLOWLINE/ PIPELINE
CHOKE
RISER
50
TOPSIDES SEPARATOR
0 0 50 100 150 200 250
Temperature (C)
RESERVOIR FLUIDS
Sampling
z Surface sample or downhole sample
F
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zA p pipeline p is a long g hole surrounded by y metal concentric with hole, z O.D. of all pipes must exceed the I.D. otherwise the hole will be on the outside, z All pipe is to be hollow throughout Pipeline entire ti l length, th as oil, il gas,blockage and d water t can be added on site.
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MULTIPHASE FLOW
Flow Regimes in Pipes
z Have great impact on pressure drop, drop liquid holdup, holdup
Annular Flow
Slug Flow
Stratified Flow
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Various Flows
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MULTIPHASE FLOW
Holdup (HL)
z Relative amount of liquid at one point in a pipeline. pipeline z Due to slip HL > fraction of liquid due to phase
behavior
Gas
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MULTIPHASE FLOW
Holdup, this is very real
Gas Condensate Liquid Holdup Example
60000
PIPESIM Plot Mar 17 2001
50000
Gas
40000
Liquid
30000
Gas
20000 10000 0 0
Liquid
100
200
300
400
500
600
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(3) SOLIDS
Hydrates Wax / Paraffins Scale Asphaltenes Calcium Naphthenates
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HYDRATES
Ice that burns
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HYDRATES
Water molecules
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HYDRATES
250 Subcooling Definition
200
Design Pressure Subcooling or Temperature Depression
150
Hydrate Zone
100
Design Temperature
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0 0 5 10 15 Temperature (C)
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20
25
30
f Methanol f Glycols Gl l (MEG, (MEG DEG DEG, TEG TEG, others) th ) Salt (brine)
z Low dosage (a.k.a. LDHI)
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HYDRATES
Hydrate prevention
z Thermal management (maintain temperature
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WAX / PARAFFINS
Wide range of high molecular weight paraffins (alkanes or saturated hydrocarbons) Slightly soluble in oil Solidify from oil primarily due to a decrease in temperature
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WAX / PARAFFINS
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WAX / PARAFFINS
Wax Management
z Pigging z Chemical injection z Insulation z Active A ti h ti heating z Operating procedures
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Pigging
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SCALE
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SCALE
Scale formation and deposition occurs due to:
z Temperature and pressure changes z Mixing of different waters z Adding methanol or glycol to production stream z Corrosion
SCALE
inhibitors
z Pre-treatment to remove scale
remove it
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ASPHALTENES
What are Asphaltenes?
z Heavy molecules, molecules highly heterogeneous z Defined by solubility z Exist as a colloidal system
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ASPHALTENES
Causes of Asphaltenes deposition
z Drop in pressure z Gas lifting z Mixing of different oils
Courtesy of BakerPetrolite
Asphaltene p deposition
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ASPHALTENES
Asphaltenes Control
z Inhibitors
f Chemical inhibitors are available to prevent asphaltene deposition f Normally N ll i injected j t d at t th the bottom b tt of f the th well
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CALCIUM NAPHTHENATES
Naphthenates are a solid that forms from a reaction between calcium in produced water and naphthenic acid in oil Found in some West African and North Sea fields High TAN oils (TAN = total acid number)
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(5) EMULSIONS
Emulsions are complex mixtures of immiscible liquids consisting of a dispersed liquid in a continuous liquid phase Water-in-oil emulsions
z Most common in crude oil systems z Exists sts in water ate cuts as high g as 80%
Oil-in-water emulsions
z High water cuts
EMULSIONS
Viscosity
3000
A3WCMU14
2500
o
110 F
2000
120 oF
1500
130 oF
1000
140 oF
500
0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Water-Cut, %
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(6) SAND
Belongs on the beach
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SAND
Sand
Small quantities of sand are typically produced from oil and gas reservoirs Sand can have detrimental impacts on production
z Erosion z Increase corrosion z Can form restrictions or plugging z It can settle in topsides equipment
Sand transport
z If you can live with sand fines then a minimum velocity can
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Sand
Gravel packs and screens in completion Continuous or periodic monitoring for sand Limit well ramp ramp-up up If a well begins to produce significant sand, then
z Repair completion z Permanently shut-in z Operate at reduced flow rate
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SAND Detection
Sand
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SAND Detection
Sand
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THERMAL MANAGEMENT
Insulation
z Flowlines
z Subsea equipment
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(8) OPERABILITY Development of Operating Philosophies, Strategies, g , and eventually y Procedures Integration of Flow Assurance into system design Definition of operating boundaries/ranges Consider various modes of operation Operational p monitoring g Intervention requirements
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(Production Start-up, Planned Shutin Unplanned Shut in, Shut-in, in pigging, pigging etc etc.) )
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TUTA
UMBILICAL
SUBSEA TREE
FLYING LEADS
SUTA
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Introduction
Consider all components of production system: z Reservoir, wells, subsea equipment, fl li flowlines, risers, i t topsides id processing i facilities, control and umbilical system etc. system, etc Consider interaction of all components Address design interfaces
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SYSTEM INTEGRATION
Emulsions/ Foaming
Corrosion Control
Wax Control MP Flow Improvement Hydrate Control Integrated Production System Model
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Scale Control
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Deepwater pipe section replacement Being at the wrong place and at the wrong time
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74
75
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
ramp up from 0 to 7 5% in 7.5% 3 months ramp up to 12.5% in 3 months hold at 12.5% for 1 month
Hold at 100%
Gas
ramp up to 100% over 1 month
60
120
180
240
300
360
420
480
540
600
660
720
780
840
Time (days)
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Inlet
Outlet
hold at 50% for 12 months ramp up to 100% over 1 month
60
120
180
240
300
360
420
480
540
600
660
720
780
840
Time ( (days) y )
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22000 20000 18000 16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0
Condensate
Hold at 100%
Water/MEG
120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660 720 780 840
Time (days)
60
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hold at 25% for 1 month ramp up to 50% over 1 month hold at 50% for 12 months ramp p up p to 100% over 1 month
Hold at 100%
Condensate Water/MEG 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660 720 780 840
60
Time (days)
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300
310
320
330
340
350
Time ( (days) y )
360
370
380
390
400
80