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Frequency
Response

Chapter 4

BJT & FET

Frequency Response
Spring 2012
4th Semester Mechatronics
SZABIST, Karachi
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Frequency 2
Response

Course Support

humera.rafique@szabist.edu.pk
Office: 100 Campus (404)

Official: ZABdesk

Subsidiary:
https://sites.google.com/site/zabistmechatronics/home/spring-2012/ecd

ebooks:
https://sites.google.com/site/zabistmechatronics/home/ebooks

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Frequency
Response
Chapter Contents 3

• BJT & JFET Frequency Response− Introduction

• Logarithms and Decibels
• General Frequency Considerations
• Bode plot − Low Frequency Analysis
• Low Frequency Response − BJT Amplifier
• Low Frequency Response − FET Amplifier
• High Frequency Response − BJT Amplifier
• High Frequency Response − FET Amplifier
• Multistage Frequency Effects*

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Frequency 4
Response

Introduction

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Frequency 5
Response
Introduction

Frequency Response:
Phase and amplitude plots and equations of an amplifier

Frequency Response Prerequisites:

1. Logarithms
2. Semi-log plots
3. Decibels
4. Normalization

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Frequency 6
Response

Logarithms

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Frequency 7
Response
Logarithms

Logarithms:
The logarithm of a number is the exponent by which another fixed value, the base,
has to be raised to produce that number.

 ,   


Common logarithms:
  


Natural logarithms:
 


Relationship of CL and NL:



 2.3 


Benefits:
• Plotting of a variable between wide limits
• Compression of large data

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Frequency 8
Response
Logarithms

Logarithms: A low pressure area over

Iceland shows an
approximately logarithmic
Broccoli, which grows
spiral pattern
in a logarithmic spiral

A nautilus displaying a
logarithmic spiral
The whirlpool Galaxy

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Frequency 9
Response
Logarithms

Example 9-1:
Using the calculator, determine the logarithm of the following numbers to the base
indicated:
a. log10 106
b. loge e3
c. log10 10−2
d. loge e−1

Example 9-2:
Using the calculator, determine the logarithm of the following numbers:
a. log10 64
b. loge 64
c. log10 1600
d. log10 8000

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Frequency
Response
Logarithms 0


 1  0


  

 
 


1

  
 




  

 
 
Example 9-3:
Using calculator, determine the antilogarithm of the following expressions:
a. 1.6 = log10 a
b. 0.04 = loge a

Example 9-4:
Using calculator, determine the logarithm of the following numbers:
a. log10 0.5
b. log10 (4000/250)
c. log10 (0.6 x 30)

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Frequency 11
Response

Semi−log
Plots

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Frequency 12
Response
Semilog Plots
Semilog graph paper

1
Linear

≅ 30% log10 9 = 0.9543

log102=0.3010 log10 8 = 0.9031
log10 7 = 0.8451
≅ 48%
Log103 = 0.4771 log104 = 0.6021 log10 6 = 0.7781
(≅ 60%) log10 5 = 0.6999
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Frequency 13
Response
Semilog Plots

Identifying the numerical values of the tic marks on a log scale

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Frequency 14
Response
Semilog Plots


  10   10⁄

d1
d2

10  10  

Example 9-5:
Determine the value of the point appearing on the logarithmic plot in Fig. 9-4 using
the measures made by a ruler (linear).

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Frequency 15
Response

Decibels

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Frequency 16
Response
Decibels
"#
!  
 $ %
"

"#
!&  10 
 $'( %
"

*
!&)  10 
 + $'(0 %
* , $-.)/%

2
!1&  20 
  $'( %
2

|415 | =|41 | ∙ |41 | ∙ |417 | ⋯ ⋯ |419 |

!&5 = !& + !& + . . . . . + !&9

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Frequency 17
Response
Decibels

Example 9-6:
Find the magnitude gain corresponding to a voltage gain of 100 dB.

Example 9-7:
The input power to a device is 10,000 W at a voltage of 1000 V. The output power is
500 W and the output impedance is 20 Ω.

Example 9-8:
An amplifier rated at 40 W output is connected to a 10 Ω speaker. Calculate:

a) The input power required for full power output if the power gain is 25 dB
b) The input voltage for rated output if the amplifier voltage gain is 40 dB

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Frequency 18
Response

General
Frequency
Considerations

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Frequency 19
Response
Freq. Considerations
General Frequency Considerations:

The frequency response of an amplifier refers to the frequency range in

which the amplifier will operate with negligible effects from capacitors
and device internal capacitance.

This range of frequencies can be called the mid-range.

• At frequencies above and below the midrange, capacitance and any inductance
will affect the gain of the amplifier.

• At low frequencies the coupling and bypass capacitors lower the gain.

• At high frequencies stray capacitances associated with the active device lower the
gain.

• Also, cascading amplifiers limits the gain at high and low frequencies.

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Frequency 20
Response
Freq. Considerations
General Frequency Considerations:
• A Bode plot indicates the
frequency response of an
Amplifier:

• The horizontal scale

indicates the frequency (in
Hz) and the vertical scale
indicates the gain (in dB)

• The mid-range frequency

range of an amplifier is
called the bandwidth of the
amplifier

• The bandwidth is defined by

the lower and upper cutoff
frequencies

• Cutoff – any frequency at

which the gain has dropped
by dB

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Frequency 21
Response
Freq. Considerations

General Frequency Considerations:

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Frequency 22
Response

Normalization

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Frequency 23
Response
Normalization

Normalization Process:

In communication, a decibel plot vs frequency is normally provided

rather than gain vs frequency

A process in which the vertical parameter is divided by a specific level or

quantity sensitive to a combination or variables of the system

The band frequencies define a level where the gain or quantity of interest
will be 70.7% or its maximum value

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Frequency 24
Response
Normalization

Normalization Process:

Normalized gain versus frequency plot

Decibels plots of the normalized gain versus frequency plot

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Frequency 25
Response
Normalization

Example 9-9:
Given the frequency response:
a) Find the cutoff frequency f1 and f2 using the measurements provided
b) Find the bandwidth of the response
c) Sketch the normalized response

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Frequency 26
Response
Normalization

Example 9-9:

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Frequency 27
Response
Normalization

dB Plot:
Av/Avmid Av/Avmid|dB
1 0
0.707 -3
0.5 -6
0.35 -9
0.25 -12

Decibel plot of the normalized gain versus frequency plot

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Frequency 28
Response

Low Frequency
Analysis

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29
Frequency
Response
− Bode Plot
LF Analysis−

Low Frequency RC Circuit Analysis:

Low frequency response for the R-C circuit

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30
Frequency
Response
− Bode Plot
LF Analysis−

Low Frequency RC Circuit Analysis:

41  0.707|;<=,

1
> 
2?@A
1
41 
>
1B
>

1
41$CD%  20 

#
>
1
>

>
41$CD%  20 

> E≪E

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31
Frequency
Response
− Bode Plot
LF Analysis−

Low Frequency RC Circuit Analysis:

f f1/f Av(dB)
f1 1 0
½ f1 2 -6
¼ f1 4 -12
1/10 f1 10 -20

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32
Frequency
Response
− Bode Plot
LF Analysis−

Low Frequency RC Circuit Analysis:

f f1/f Av(dB)
f1 1 0
½ f1 2 -6
¼ f1 4 -12
1/10 f1 10 -20

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Frequency
Response
− Bode Plot
LF Analysis−

Low Frequency RC Circuit Analysis:

• The piecewise linear plot of the asymptotes and associated breakpoints is called a
Bode plot of the magnitude versus frequency

• A change in frequency by a factor of 2, equivalent to 1 octave, results in a

6-dB change in the ratio as noted by the change in gain from f1/2 to f1.

• For a 10:1 change in frequency, equivalent to one decade, there is a 20-dB change
in the ratio as noted by the change in gain from f1/10 to f1.

G I >
41   10 J$CD%/L M  N
OP
H >

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Frequency
Response
− Bode Plot
LF Analysis−

Low Frequency RC Circuit Analysis:

Phase response for the RC circuit Example 9-9

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Frequency
Response
− Bode Plot
LF Analysis−

Example 9-10:
For the network of fig. 9-20: (R = 5 kΩ, C = 0.1 µF)

a) Determine the break frequency

b) Sketch the asymptotes and locate the −3 dB point
c) Sketch the frequency response curve
d) Find the gain at Av(dB) = − 6 dB

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Frequency
Response
− Bode Plot
LF Analysis−

Example 9-10:

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Frequency
Response
− Bode Plot
LF Analysis−

Example 9-10: Computer Analysis

% bode plot of Example 9-10

f = 10:10^4; 0

fo = 318.5;
A = 20*log(1./(1+(fo./f).^2).^(1/2)); -10

semilogx(f,A), xlabel('f (log scale)'), -20

ylabel('Av(dB)')
grid -30

Av(dB)
-40

-50

-60

-70
1 2 3 4
10 10 10 10
f (log scale)

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Frequency 38
Response

Low Frequency
Response
BJT amplifiers

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Frequency
Response
LF Response − BJT Amplifiers

BJT Amplifiers:
.

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Frequency
Response
LF Response − BJT Amplifiers

Effects of Cs on the LF response:

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Frequency
Response
LF Response − BJT Amplifiers

Effects of CC on the LF response:

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Frequency
Response
LF Response − BJT Amplifiers

Effects of CE on the LF response:

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Frequency
Response
LF Response − BJT Amplifiers

Effects of Cs and CE on the LF response:

The cutoff frequency due to CS can be
calculated by
1
f Ls =
2 π (R s + R i )C s

where

R i = R 1 ||R 2 ||βre

The cutoff frequency due to CC can

be calculated with
1
f LC =
2π (R o + R L )Cc

where
R o = R C ||ro

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Frequency
Response
LF Response − BJT Amplifiers

Example 9-11:
a) Determine the lower cutoff frequency for the network of Fig. 9.23 using the
following parameters:

CS = 10 µF, CE = 20 µF, CC = 1 µF,

RS = 1 kΩ, R1 = 40 kΩ, R2 = 10 kΩ, RE = 2 kΩ, RC = 4 kΩ, RL = 2.2 kΩ,
β = 100, ro = ∞ Ω, VCC = 20 V

a) Sketch the frequency response using a Bode plot

b) Verify the result using a Simulator.

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Frequency
Response
LF Response − BJT Amplifiers

Example 9-11:

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Frequency 46
Response

Low Frequency
Response
FET amplifiers

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47
Frequency
Response
LF Response − FET Amplifiers

FET Amplifiers:

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Frequency
Response
LF Response − FET Amplifiers

FET Amplifiers:

The cutoff frequency due to

CG can be calculated with

1
f LG =
2 π (R sig + R i )C G
where
Ri = RG

The cutoff frequency due to

CC can be calculated with

1
f LC =
2 π (R o + R L )C G
where
R O = R D || rG
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Frequency
Response
LF Response − FET Amplifiers

FET Amplifiers:

The cutoff frequency due to

CS can be calculated with

1 Req
f LS =
2π R eq CS
where
1
R e q = R S ||
gm rd ≅ ∞ Ω

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Frequency
Response
LF Response − FET Amplifiers

Example 9-12:
a) Determine the lower cutoff frequency for the network of Fig. 11.32 using the
following parameters:

CG = 0.01 F, CC = 0.5 F, CS = 2 F
Rsig = 10 k, RG = 1 M, RD = 4.7 k, RS = 1 k, RL = 2.2 k
IDSS = 8mA, VP= − 4 V rd = ∞ Ω , VDD = 20 V

b) Sketch the frequency response using a Bode plot.

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51
Frequency
Response
LF Response − FET Amplifiers

Example 9-12:

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Frequency 52
Response

High Frequency
Response
FET amplifiers

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53
Frequency
Response
HF Response − FET Amplifiers

FET Amplifiers:

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Frequency
Response
HF Response − FET Amplifiers

FET Amplifiers:

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Frequency
Response
HF Response − FET Amplifiers

FET Amplifiers:

Capacitances that affect the high-frequency response are

• Junction capacitances
Cgs, Cgd, Cds

• Wiring capacitances
Cwi, Cwo

• Coupling capacitors
CG, CC

• Bypass capacitor
CS

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Frequency
Response
HF Response − FET Amplifiers

FET Amplifiers:

1
f Hi =
2πR Thi Ci

Ci = C Wi + Cgs + C Mi
Figure 9-64 (a) & (b)
C Mi = (1 − A v )C gd
1
f Ho =
R Thi = R sig ||R G 2πR Tho Co

C o = CWo + Cds + CMo

 1 
C Mo =  1 −  Cgd
 Av 

R Tho = R D ||R L ||rd

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57
Frequency
Response
HF Response − FET Amplifiers

Example 9-14:

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Frequency 58
Response

Square Wave
Testing

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Frequency 59
Response
Square Wave Testing

Square Wave Testing:

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Frequency 60
Response
Square Wave Testing

Square Wave Testing:

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Frequency 61
Response
Square Wave Testing

Example 9-15:
The application of a 1-mV, 5-kHz square wave to an amplifier resulted in the output
waveform of Fig. 9-72.
(a) Write the Fourier series expansion for the square wave through the ninth
harmonic.
(b) Determine the bandwidth of the amplifier
(c) Calculate the low cutoff frequency.

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Frequency 62
Response
Home Task
Reading:

1. Summary
2. Equations
3. Computer analysis

Problems:

1. Sec 8.2: (odd)

2. Sec 8.3: 17,18
3. Sec 8.4: 19,21
4. Sec 8.5:23,25
5. Sec 8.6: 27,29
6. Sec 8.7: 31
7. Sec 8.8: 33,35,37
8. Sec 8.10: 39,41
9. Sec 8.11: 43
10. Sec 8.12: 45
11. Sec 8.14: 47
12. Sec 8.15: 49

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63
FET
Frequency References
Response

1. Bolestad
2. Paynter

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