PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

Course Title Course Number Course Coordinator Course Assistants Text Books Pathophysiology PHCL 383 Mohammad H. Daba, Ph.D. Muzaffar and Raid Price, S. and Wilson, L. : Pathophysiology, Clinical Concepts of Disease Process. Mosby, 1997. Kumar, P. and Clark, M.: Clinical Medicine. W.B. Saunders, 1998. PHCL 282 (Physiology - 1) and PHCL 283 (Physiology - 2) 3 (2+1)

Pre-requisites Credit Hours Course Description

Pathophysiology is the study of disorders or altered functions i.e. the physiologic mechanisms altered by disease in the living organism. The study of pathophysiology is essential to understand the relationale for diagnosis and therapeutic interventions in disease processes. The frame work is designed to present the general concepts of disease processes. Then, the various dysfunctions of an organ or organ system are examined. Course Goals By the successful completion of this course, students will be able to: 1. Relate an understanding of normal body functions to the pathologic changes that occur as a result of illness, as well as the body's ability to compensate for these illness-related changes. Assess the multiple pathological factors which affect the patients clinical presentation. To be able to process the data available from history, physical signs and initial investigations of the selected clinical cases to achieve a meaningful conclusion about the possible diagnosis.

2. 3.

Course Outlines and Objectives Lectures I. 1. General Pathology Introduction Objectives: The student should be able to: Define pathophysiology Identify the causes of diseases in general, either genetically determined or acquired and distinguish between exciting and predisposing causes of a disease. Define and explain pathogenesis, prognosis, complications and fate of a disease. Distinguish between signs and symptoms as well as biopsy and autopsy. Recognize the important broad groups of diseases. Cellular injury and death Objectives: The student should be able to: 2. Define degeneration and notice its difference from necrosis. List and describe the different causes of degeneration and necrosis. Understand and describe the pathogenesis and fate of different types of degeneration. Recognize the various types of necrosis and distinguish between necrosis and apoptosis. Inflamamtion Objectives: The student should be able to: Define acute and chronic inflammation Identify local and systemic changes as well as the cardinal signs of acute inflammation. List and describe the suppurative and non-suppurative types of acute inflammation Distinguish between abscess and cellulitis. Recognize chronic non-specific and chronic specific inflammation and describe granuloma.

1.

3.

Repair Objectives: The student should be able to:

II 1.

Define regeneration, fibrosis, resolution and organization. Describe granulation tissues. Identify the various types of damaged cells and understand their effect on the type of repair. List and describe the local and general factors affecting repair. Identify the possible complications of repair. Cardiovascular System Circulatory disturbances Objectives: The student should be able to:

2.

Define congestion and identify the different causes of acute, chronic, local and generalized venous congestion. Understand the pathogenesis and mechanisms of oedema formation. Recognize the various types of oedema and distinguish between pitting and non-pitting oedema. List modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors which predispose to atherosclerosis. Describe etiology, mechanism and fate of thrombosis. Distinguish between ischaemia and infarction. Hypertension. Objectives: The student should be able to:

3.

Define systemic hypertension and differentiate between isolated systolic hypertension and diastolic hypertension. Assess a patient for risk factors associated with the development of hypertension. Distinguish between primary (essential) and secondary hypertension. Identify the complications of uncontrolled hypertension and establish goals for antihypertensive therapy. Provide appropriate recommendation for initiating life style modifications. Identify hypertensive emergencies. Heart Failure Objectives: After studying the subject, the student should be able to:

List the main general causes of heart failure.

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3.

Define congestive heart failure and understand the pathophysiologic features of it. Recognize the signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure. Distinguish between systolic and diastolic failure as well as low and high output failure Describe acute pulmonary oedema. Develop a pharmacotherapeutic plan for management of CHF. Cardiac Arrhythmias Objectives: The student should be able to:

III

Understand cardiac electrophysiology and identify the different phases of cardiac muscle action potential. Describe the different mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis. Identify the various types of arrhythmias either according to the site of orgin or according to the heart rate. Respiratory System Cardinal Signs and Symptoms of Respiratory Diseases Objectives: The student should be able to:

IV 1.

Define dry and productive cough. List different causes of cough and indicate the clinical value of sputum discolouration. Identify the causes of haemoptysis and differentiate it from haematemesis. Describe the different causes of dyspnea, cyanosis and clubbing and demonstrate their clinical significance. Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary System Cardinal signs and symptoms of gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary disorders Objectives: The student should be able to:

2.

Identify the various causes of vomiting, hematemesis and constipation. Describe the pathophysiologic mechanisms of diarrhea and distinguish between acute and chronic diarrhea. Define dysphagia, halitosis, hiccup, flatulence, steatorrhea, and melena. Identify the various causes of jaundice and understand its differential diagnosis. Peptic ulcer and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease.

V 1.

Identify patient-specific factors that may contribute to the development of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GORD). Assess as severity of GORD based on patient symtoms and history differentiate it from other causes of chest pain. Recommend effective non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic therapies for patients with GORD. Describe the pathophysiology and etiology of peptic ulcer disease (PUD). Understand the role of helicobacter pylori in PUD and develop an appropriate regimen to eradicate this organism. Identify clinical manifestations, complications and differential diagnosis of PUD. Recognize the goals of therapy and explain pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic measures to achieve these goals. Renal System Signs and Symptoms of renal disorders. Objectives: The student should be able to:

2.

Identify the various causes of polyuria, oliguria and anuria. Outline the different causes of haematuria and understand its diagnostic evaluation. Recognise symptoms related to disturbance of the act of micturition e.g. frequency, urgency, retention, incontinence and dysuria. Describe renal colic and renal oedema. Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) Objectives: The student should be able to:

VI 1.

Define upper and lower urinary tract infection and understand the pathophysiology. Recognize signs and symptoms and diagnostic evaluation of UTI. Describe the management of single isolated attack and recurrent urinary tract infections. Identify and demonstrate the value of analysis of a urine report to achieve a proper diagnosis. Endocrine and Musculoskletal System Diabetes mellitus Objectives: After studying the material presented in two lectures the student should be able to:

Identify primary and secondary diabetes. Compare between type I and type II diabetes.
5

Recognize the clinical presentations and laboratory diagnosis of diabetes. 4 Outline a patient-specific therapeutic plan utilizing the standards of medical care of diabetes. Describe pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of diabetic ketoacidosis and non-ketotic hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state. Recognize causes, symptoms and urgent treatment of hypoglycemia. Identify and explain the macrovascular and microvascular complications of diabetes.

2.

Disorders of calcium metabolism Objectives: The student should be able to:

3.

Identify calcium homeostasis and understand its regulation by parathermone, 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol and calcitonin. Recognize causes, clinical manifestations and treatment of hypercalcemia. Outline causes of hypocalcemia, describe its manifestations and demonstrate methods for detection of latent tetany. Osteoporosis Ricketes and osteomalacia Gout Objectives: The student should be able to:

VII 1.

Identify the risk factors for developing osteoporosis and understand its diagnosis. Recommend appropriate non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic measures for preventing osteoporosis. Define ricketes and osteomalacia and outline their etiology. Describe the clinical manifestations and investigations to reach the diagnosis of ricketes and osteomalacia Identify primary and secondary gout. Describe pathogenesis and clinical features of gout. Outline investigations and treatment of gout. Haematology and Oncology Disorders of growth Objectives: The student should be able to:

Define aplasia, hypoplasia, atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia and neoplasia. Distinguish between benign and malignant tumours. Understand nomenclature of benign and malignant tumours according to their tissues of origin. Describe the local and distant spread of malignant tumours. Outline some aetiological aspects and laboratory diagnosis of neoplasia. Leukaemias and lymphomas Objectives: The student should be able to:

Define leukaemias and lymphomas and classify them.

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Identify and understand the presenting signs and symptoms of acute and chronic leukaemias as well as of lymphomas. Outline methods for diagnostic evaluation and describe the therapeutic alternatives available for treatment. Central Nervous System Headache and migraine. Objectives: The student should be able to:

VIII

IX

Identify causes and types of headache. Describe pathophysiology and prescipitating factors of migraine headache. Recognize clinical manifestations and distinguish between classic migraine and common migraine. Develop short-and long-range goals for the treatment of acute migraine headaches. Infectious Diseases Objectives: After studying the material presented in 4 lectures, the student should be able to:

Identify reservoirs of infection and routes of its transmission. Describe pathogenesis of infection and recognize opportunistic infection and mechanism of fever production. List both DNA and RNA viral infections and describe the clinical picture of herpes and varicella infections. Distinguish between superficial and deep fungal infections and describe dermatophytosis, candidiasis and aspergillosis. Identify the causes and explain signs and symptoms of some of the bacrterial infections e.g. pneumonia, tuberculosis, leprosy, meningitis, tetanus, brucellosis, typhoid, cholera, food poisoning, traveller's diarrhea and sexually transmitted diseases. List investigations and main lines of treatment of the previously mentioned bacterial infections.

LABORATORY SESSIONS I Immune response and immune system disorders 1 Objectives: After studying the material presented in this lab. The student should be able to: Define specific and non-specific immunity Differentiate between antigen and hapten Define humoral antibodies and cell mediated immunity Recognize the various types of hypersensitivity states Describe the mechanism and list examples for each type of hypersensitivity reactions. Identify autoimmune diseases and give examples. Process the data available from history and physical signs of a case of anaphylactic shock to achieve a meaningful conclusion about the diagnosis and main lines of treatment.

II

Rheumatic Fever Objectives: The student should be able to:

III

Define rheumatic fever and understand the pathophysiology Identify the major and minor manifestations of rheumatic fever. Recognize modified Jones criteria used for diagnosis. Describe carditis, arthritis, chorea, erythema marginatum and subcutaneous nodules. Outline the procedures for treatment and prevention of rheumatic fever. Process the data available from history, examination and laboratory investigations of a case of rheumatic fever to achieve the diagnosis. Ischemic Heart Disease Objectives: The student should be able to:

Describe the pathophysiology and list the aggravating factors for ischaemia i.e. factors increasing oxygen demand or factors decreasing oxygen supply. Recognize modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD). Define angina pectoris and distinguish between stable, unstable and variant angina. Identify the diagnosis of angina pectoris and its differential diagnosis from other causes of chest pain. Outline the goals of therapy and general management of angina pectoris. Discuss a case of classic angina.

IV

Identify pathophysiology, clinical features and investigations of acute myocardial infarction. List acute and late complications of MI. Outline acute and follow up management of MI. Discuss a case presentation of acute MI. Asthma Objectives: The student should able to:

Define asthma and explain the pathophysiology. Recognize the precipitating factors and clinical manifestations of acute asthma. Describe methods for diagnostic evaluation. Identify indications and life threatening features of acute severe asthma. Describe appropriate parameters for treatment according to the signs and symptoms of the asthma attack. Integrate the data available from history, examination and laboratory investigations of a case of acute severe asthma and outline its management. Hepatitis Objectives: The student should be able to:

Define hepatitis and identify its causes. Describe pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and diagnostic evaluation of acute and chronic viral hepatitis. Recognize the various types of viral hepatitis as regard methods of transmission, risk groups, carrier state, course and prognosis. Outline the procedures for management of different types of viral hepatitis. Assess the data available from history, examination and investigations of two cases of viral hepatitis (acute hepatitis A and chronic hepatitis B) to achieve the diagnosis. Renal Failure Objectives: The student should be able to:

VI

Identify the pathophysiology of pre-renal, intrinsic renal and post-renal etiology of acute renal failure. Recognize the clinical and laboratory manifestations of acute renal failure. Recommend appropriate treatment of acute renal failure. Determine the difference between acute and chronic renal failure. Identify the etiology and risk factors for progression to end-stage renal disease.

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failure. -

Recognize the clinical and laboratory manifestations of chronic renal Outline the procedures for management of chronic renal failure. Assess the data available from history, examination and investigations of two cases, one is acute and the other is chronic renal failure, to reach the diagnosis.

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VII

Thyroid Disorders Objectivs: The student should be able to:

VIII

Recognize the control of thyroxine hormone release and steps for its synthesis. Identify tests for evaluation of thyroid function. Describe causes, clinical features, laboratory diagnosis and management of hypothyroidism. Describe the signs, symptoms and laboratory parameters associated with hyperthyroidism and relate them to the pathophysiology. Recognize Thyrotoxic Crisis Select and justify appropriate patient specific initial and follow up management of thyrotoxicosis. Process the data available from history, examination and laboratory investigations of two cases, one is hypo-and the other is hyper-thyroidism. Suprarenal Disorders Objectives: The student should be able to: Understand the neuroendocrine anatomy and humoral secretion pathways necessary for endogenous cortisol secretion. Identify the important causes of Cushing's syndrome and Addison's disease. Differentiate the signs, symptoms, and laboratory changes associated with Cushing's disease from those seen in Addison's disease. Process the data available from history, examination and laboratory investigations of two cases, one is Cushing's syndrome and the other is Addison's disease. Anaemias Objectives: The student should be able to:

IX

Define anaemia List and explain the pathophysiologic classification of anaemias. Recognize the clinical manifestations and diagnostic evaluations of anaemias. Describe the specific features of iron deficiency anaemia, thalassemia, megaloblastic anaemia, sickle cell and haemolytic anaemias. Identify bone marrow failure. Recognize the potential hazards of treating megloblastic anaemia with folic acid only. Assess the data available from history, examination and laboratory investigations of a case of iron deficiency anaemia. Epilepsy and Parkinsonism
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Objectives: The student should be able to: XI Define epilepsy and Parkinsonism. Differentiate among seizure types based on clinical presentation. Outline the methods for diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy. Recognize status epilepticus. Identify etiology and pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease. Recognize the clinical manifestations and management of Parkinson's disease. Assess the data available from history, examination and laboratory investigations of a case of Parkinson's disease. Protozoal Diseases

Objectives: The student should be able to: Identify methods of transmission, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of Ameobiasis, Giardiasis, Trichomoniasis, Leishmaniasis and Toxoplasmosis. List four species of plasmodium and understand the life cycle of malaria. Describe the clinical manifestations and laboratory diagnosis of malaria. List some drugs used for treatent and advise international travellers on the chemoprophylaxis of malaria. Helmenthic Diseases 1 Objectives: The student should be able to : Identify and explain methods of transmission, pathogenesis and diagnosis of the following helminthic diseases: a) Nematodes e.g. Flariasis, ascariasis, hook worms and entrobiasis b) Trematodes e.g. schistozomiasis and fascioliasis. c) Cestodes e.g. Taeniasis and hydatid disease.

XII

Course Policies 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. The course contents are given weekly in 2 lectures, 1 hour each and 3 hours lab. Session. Attendance is extremely important. Time is limited and much of the material builds on previous class work. If the student is unable to attend a regularly scheduled class, he must contact the professor concerning the missed material. Office hours are provided to answer the student's questions. When requested, case studies are prepared to be discussed in the lab. Sessions. Quizes are usually given during discussion of case studies in lab. Sessions. Students will be required to participate actively in any class discussion exercises.

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7.

Scheduled examination will begin on time. Any student entering the lecture hall after a test has begun, must request permission of the professor to take the test. Answers must be completed in ink on the paper provided with the test.

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Grading The examinations are scheduled as follows: Lecrtures exams are: First mid-term 15% Second mid-term 15% Final exam 40% Case studies evaluation: Written exam 20% Oral exam 10% The grade a student earns will be reported according to the accepted schedule of the university following the outline below: 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 Less than Prepared Forms The students are given handouts of all lectures which includes the main headings and short notes of the material given during the lecture. During the lab. Sessions, the students are given case studies and questions to be answered during the sessions. The students are allowed to watch the physical signs of the case studies using a computer program. 100 94 89 84 79 74 69 64 60 A+ A B+ B C+ C D+ D H

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Course Schedule A) Lectures (2 lectures per week, 1 hour each) General Pathology 1. 2. Introduction, etiology, pathogenesis, nature and fate of diseases. Cellular injury and death: Degeneration : causes and types Necrosis : causes and types Inflammation: causes, aims, types and complications. Repair: factors affecting repair and complications of Repair. 1 1 Allowed Hours

3. 4.

1 1

Cardiovascular System 1. Circulatory disturbances: Congestion, oedema Atherosclerosis, thrombosis Ischaemia and infarction Hypertension Heart failure Cardiac dysrhythmias 1

2. 3. 4.

1 1 1

Respiratory System 1. 2. Signs and symptoms of respiratory diseases First Mid-term exam. 1 1

Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Systems 1. 2. Signs and symptoms of gastrointestinal disorders Peptic ulcer and Gastro-esophageal reflux disease 1 1

Renal System 1. 2. Signs and symptoms of renal disorders Urinary tract infections 1 1

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Endocrine and Muscloskletal System 1. 2. 3. 4. Diabetes mellitus: types and diagnosis Diabetes mellitus: Acute and chronic complications Disorders of calcium metabolism: Hyperclacemia and hypocalcemia. Osteoporosis Rickets and osteomalacia Gout 1 1 1 1

Haematology and Oncology 1. 2. Disorders of growth (Benign and mallignant tumours) Leukaemias and lymphomas 1 1

Central Nervous System 1. 2. Headache and Migraine 2nd Mid-term Exam. 1 1 4

Infectious Diseases 1. 2. 3. 4. Infections: source, routes, stages and complications Viral infections Fungal infections Bacterial infections

B.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

Laboratory Sessions
Immune response and immune system disorders. Rheumatic fever Ischaemic heart diseases: Angina, Infarction Bronchial asthma Hepatitis Renal failure Thyroid disorders Adrenal disorders Anaemias Epilepsy and Parkinsonism Protozoal diseases: Malaria, Amoebiasis, Giardiasis Helminthic diseases: Nematodies, Trematodes, Cestodes Final Exam.

No. of Labs.

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

17

FIRST AID
Course Title Course Number Course Coordinator Course Assistant Text Books First Aid PHCL 381 Mohammad H. Daba, Ph.D. Mohammad Dana and Rajab Hafe, B.Q. and Karren, K.J.: First Aid and Emergency Care Workbook, for Colleges and Universities Brady, Morton Series. Grant, A.D. et al. :Emergency Care. Brady, Prentice Hall Division. Pre-requsites Credit Hours Course Description This course deals with the general rules applied to the situation where first aid is required, diagnostic and vital signs, as well as the symptoms, signs and first aid care of some common emergencies. The first aid care includes prevention of further injury, restoration of circulation and respiration, control of bleeding, and removing of poisons. Course Goals Disability and the loss of life from sudden catastrophic illness and accident is one of the most visible and critical areas in health in the world. In many such cases, prompt and efficient action on the part of the first person to see the victim may mean the difference between a speedy recovery and chronic disability (or even death). So, the primary goals are: 1. 2. To identify emergency situation and differentiate life threatening from non life threatening situations. To provide training skills regarding the first aid care of life threatening and other emergencies in order to prevent chronic disability or even death until proper medical care is provided. PHL 282 (Physiology-1) and PHL 283 (Physiology-2) 1 (0+1)

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Course Outlines and Objectives I. Introduction to First Aid and Emergency Care Objectives: After studying the material presented in this lab., the student should be able to: II. Identify the need for properly prepared first aider. Understand the roles, responsibilities and functions of a first aider. Describe how to survey an emergency situation and learn how to control the scene. Understand how to protect himself against infection e.g. HIV and viral hepatitis, while administering emergency care.

Victim Assessment Objectives: The student should be able to: Distinguish between signs and symptoms. Outline the procedures for examining a patient, indicating the priorities that must be considered. Describe and conduct a primary survey Understand the significance of vital signs Understand the sequence and practical application of the secondary survey.

III.

Cardiopulmonary arrest and Resuscitation Objectives: After studying the material and practicing the techniques presented in this lab. The student should be able to: Describe the respiratory system and understand the role of airway and lungs and the significance of oxygen to body tissues. Understand the components and functions of the circulatory system. Understand the victim's respiratory status through "look, listen, and feel" assessment method. Describe the specific signs of cardiac arrest and identify its causes. Identify the differences between clinical and biological death. Learn the initial steps of basic life support, including opening of the airway and restoring breathing through artificial ventilation. Describe the steps for mouth to mouth resuscitation. Know how to adapt ventilation support procedures to infants and children. Understand and practically apply (using manikin) cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) on adults, children, and infants.

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Identify possible complications of CPR and know when to terminate CPR.

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IV.

Cardiac emergencies Objectives: The student should be able to: Define bradycardia and tachycardia, describe signs and symptoms, and explain the first aid procedures for each type of arrhythmia. Describe signs and symptoms of angina pectoris and acute myocardial infarction, and outline the appropriate first aid procedures. Demonstrate the proper position to place a heart attack victim. Describe signs and symptoms and outline appropriate first aid procedures for hypertensive crisis. Describe signs and symptoms and outline appropriate first aid procedures for cardiac injuries. Explain under what circumstances it is appropriate to administer CPR for cardiac emergencies.

V.

Respiratory emergencies Choking Drowning

Objectives: The student should be able to: Identify and explain signs and symptoms of respiratory distress. Learn how to identify an obstructed airway and use techniques for dislodging foreign objects that are obstructing the airway in adults, children and infants. Understand how drowning and near-drowning occur and identify the mechanism of injury that occurs with different types of drowning. List and describe methods of emergency care of near drowning.

VI.

Shock and syncope Objectives: The student should be able to: Define shock and syncope Understand the basic causes of shock and syncope Define normal pulse rate and blood pressure Explain early signs and symptoms of shock Recognize the various types of shock. Describe and demonstrate the management of shock and syncope.

VII.

Wounds and hemorrhage Objectives; The student should be able to:

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VIII.

Describe the various types of open and closed wounds, including contusions, abrasions, incisions, punctures and avulsions and the emergency care of each. Describe how to care properly for amputated body parts. Demonstrate bleeding control skills for direct pressure, pressure points, tourniquet and supportive measures, including the use of ice, compression dressing, and elevation; know when elevation is contraindicated. Describe causes and methods for controlling nasal bleeding.

Heat and cold emergencies Objectives: The student should be able to: Understand how the body attempts to maintain normal temperature and how the body can lose heat. List the environmental conditions that will inhibit loss of body heat. Recognize the causes, signs, and symptoms of heat stroke, heat exhaustion, and heat cramps. Describe appropriate emergency care for heat stroke, heat exhaustion, and heat cramps. Identify the causes, signs and symptoms of hypothermia and frostbite. Describe the appropriate emergency care for hypothermia and frostbite.

IX.

Burn emergencies Objectives: The student should be able to: Understand the various burn classifications and how they relate to the anatomy of the skin. Identify the characteristics of first-, second-, and third-degree burns and be able to calculate the extent of burns using the rule of nines. Explain how to assess the severity of burns and describe appropriate burn management for thermal burns.

X.

Medical emergencies Acute abdominal distress and related emergencies Motion sickness Seizures Cerebrovascular accidents (stroke)

Objectives: The student should be able to: Define acute abdomen and peritonitis List the five general categories of pathological disease processes in the abdomen.

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XI.

List the eight general symptoms and signs of the acute abdomen. Describe the emergency care and first aid for a victim with a suspected acute abdomen. Describe the first aid care for motion sickness. Identify the various types of epileptic seizures Recognize the common signs and symptoms of a grand mal seizures and stroke. Describe and demonstrate how to give appropriate emergency care for seizures and stroke.

Musculoskletal injuries Objectives: The student should be able to: Define fracture and describe the different types of fractures. Explain signs and symptoms that may indicate a possible fracture. Outline the first aid procedures for fractures. Describe the different types of splints and understand the precautions required for their use. Define dislocation and indicate what joints are most often dislocated. Outline first aid procedures for a dislocation. Define sprain and outline first aid procedures for it. Define strain and describe the first aid procedures for it. Indicate what first aid procedures are common to most musculoskletal injuries.

XII.

Bites and Stings Objectives: The student should be able to: Distinguish between poisonous and nonpoisonous snakes. Describe the signs and symptoms of and emergency care for poisonous snake bites. Identify the signs and symptoms of and emergency care for insect bites, insect stings, including care for an allergic reactions. Demonstrate application of constricting bands. Explain the signs and symptoms of and emergency care for human bites and animal bites.

Course Policies 1. The course contents are given weekly in 3 hours lab. session. 2. Attendance is extremely important especially during the practical sessions where the students are trained to perform CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) and certain first aid manouvers using an ambu model. 3. Office hours are provided to answer the student's questions. 4. Quizes are usually given during discussion of case studies in lab. Sessions.

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5. Students will be required to participate actively in any class discussion exercises. 6. Scheduled examination will begin on time. Any student entering the lecture hall after a test has begun, must request permission of the professor to take the test. Answers must be completed in ink on the paper provided with the test.

24

Grading The examinations are scheduled as follows: Mid-term exam. 40% Practical exam. 10% Quizzes 10% Final exam. 40%

The grade a student earns will be reported according to the accepted schedule of the university following the outline below: 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 Less than Prepared Forms The students are given handouts of all lectures which include the main headings and short notes of the material given during the lecture. The teaching material also include an adult and baby manikins and a computer program showing first aid techniques. 100 94 89 84 79 74 69 64 60 A+ A B+ B C+ C D+ D H

Course Schedule Lab. Session 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Introduction to first aid and emergency care. Victim assessment Cardiopulmonary arrest and resuscitation Cardiac emergencies Respiratory emergencies: - Choking - Drowning Shock and syncope Wounds and haemorrhage Heat and cold emergencies Burn emergencies Medical emergencies Musculoskletal injuries Bites and stings Exam. No. of Labs. 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

25

Total

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