ANSWERS (pg.22) 2.

One major advantage of distance learning for middle schools students and high school students is that they are able to take classes that their schools dont offer. They can further and widen their education, and take courses to advance them. Homeschooling has become much easier for parents with distance learning, because there are many different programs and classes that their children can easily take online. College students are able to take under graduate and also graduate classes on the internet, no matter where they are in the world. Even US soldiers are taking advantage of online classes while they are deployed. 3. Both of these forms of communication are a means of transmitting data. The difference is in the format that the data is transmitted. Asynchronous communications is the method of communications most widely used for PC communication and is commonly used for e-mail applications, Internet access, and asynchronous PC-to-PC communications. Through asynchronous communications, data is transmitted one byte at a time with each byte containing one start bit, eight data bits, and one stop bit, thus yielding a total of ten bits. With asynchronous communications, there is a high amount of overhead because every byte sent contains two extra bits (the start and stop bits) and therefore a substantial loss of performance. Synchronous communications is the more efficient method of communications. CQ's connectivity solutions communicate through the synchronous method of communications. Through synchronous communications, data is transmitted as frames of large data blocks rather than bulky individual bytes. One advantage of synchronous is that control information is easily inserted at the beginning and end of each block to ensure constant timing, or synchronization. Another advantage of synchronous is that it is more efficient than asynchronous. For example, a 56 Kbps dial-up synchronous line can carry 7000 bytes per second (56000/8) compared to a 56 Kbps dial-up asynchronous line which can only carry 5600 bytes per second (56000/10). When transmitting large amounts of information, this translates into a significant increase in speed and performance. 4. The four types of interaction result to reciprocal exchange of communication and understanding of the course content. The learner-content interaction establishes new knowledge by encountering new information and combining it with the body of knowledge already retained by him or her. The learner-instructor interaction help the student to reinforce student understanding of the material or elucidate meaning. In other hand is the learner- learner interaction, it involves teamwork or collaborative learning involves students working together in groups to complete academic requirements. The Learner-technology/ System, it is about students experience with computers that can affect their learning in distance education as well as improve their computer skills. The exchange of communication is intended to enhance knowledge development in the environment. 5. Distance education as an alternative delivery mode of learning. We all know that distance education or distance learning is a mode of delivering education and instruction, often on an individual basis, to students who are not physically present in a traditional setting such as a classroom. Distance learning provides "access to learning when the source of information and the learners are separated by time and distance, or both." Distance learning may enable students who are unable to attend a traditional school setting due to disabilities, handicaps, or sicknesses such as decreased mobility and immune system suppression to get a good

education, and may provide equal access regardless of socioeconomic status or income, area of residence, gender, race, age, or cost per student. [ Applying universal design strategies to distance learning courses as they are being developed (rather than instituting accommodations for specific students on an as-needed basis) can increase the accessibility of such courses to students with a range of abilities, disabilities, learning styles, and native languages. And this is the reason why distance education is an effective alternative delivery mode of learning.

ANSWERS (pg. 49) Activity 1 Information literacy as " ... the ability to know when there is a need for information, to be able to identify, locate, evaluate, and effectively use that information for the issue or problem at hand." Although this definition seems to be most commonly used, there are other definitions that are widely recognized as well. For example, it is also explained in terms of a set of competencies that an informed citizen of an information society ought to possess to participate intelligently and actively in that society. This includes "skepticism, judgement, free thinking, questioning, and understanding. Information literate students access, evaluate and use information from a variety of sources. They are organized investigators who question and wonder, find and sort, consume and gulp information. They think, create, summarize and conclude. They communicate effectively and reflect on the process as well as the product. The natural juxtaposition of information literacy to current educational issues alerts one to the importance of creating information literate learners who will succeed in the Information Age. Information literate teacher- Information literacy instruction for teachers must improve their ability to locate, access, evaluate, synthesize, and present information needed: to complete academic coursework as pre-service or in-service students; and, to effectively meet the ongoing need for information in a learning profession (i.e., lifelong learning). Information literacy instruction for teachers must introduce them to the school library as an instructional resource, and to the school librarian as an instructional collaborator. This may be facilitated by: discussion of the school library within methods coursework or co-curricular activity; or, inclusion of the school library in the field experience Information literate country- for a country to be recognized as an information and knowledge society it needs to have people who are information literate, which means they will be able to identify their information needs and at the same time be able to satisfy those information needs, through the use of information technologies and other information sources.

Activity 2 I think I need to develop the information literacy to become information literate person. I must be able to recognize when information is needed and have the ability to locate, evaluate, and use effectively the needed information. I need to involve myself in the activities that will make me information literate.

ANSWER (pg. 52) We should be concerned about information literacy because it will help a lot to have an information literate student, teacher and to have an information literate country in future. It teaches everyone to effectively use that information for the issue or problem at hand. it teaches students how to identify, find and obtain good resources that meet the required need, how to use the information that the find successfully and be able to organize it in a variety of different ways. It also gives students the ability to by critical about the information they find and be able to apply it appropriately and asses which information is relevant and which information is not. It is basically all around a huge advantage for students to be literate when it comes to information and technology because it allows them to be smarter in the use of technology and not to be sucked into fake advertising or false information. Technology is going to be a very large part of everyone's lives from now on. It is being integrated in all parts of society, so being taught how to use it should become a part of the school curriculum. We should be concern about information literacy because even though there are no disadvantages when it comes to information literacy. However, there are many disadvantages to not learning information literacy. Students who have not learned information literacy will not know how to access proper resources with good information. They will not know how to judge the information in front of them and they will be overwhelmed with the vast majority of information out there. They will also not know how to organize the information they find into ways that will be helpful to them in the future. One downfall of information literacy on technology is that students may become to dependent on their skills with technology and forget basic skills as well as leave out many excellent resources that can be found offline. Characteristics of an information-literate student Recognizes that accurate and complete information is the basis for intelligent decision making Recognizes the need for information Formulates questions based on information needs Identifies potential sources of information Develops Successful Search Strategies Evaluates information Organizes information for practical application Integrates New Information into Existing Body of Knowledge Uses information in critical thinking and problem solving Answer (pg. 53) Having the knowledge about the importance of information literacy, we could apply the new methods of teaching in the school for the betterment of learning. The study suggests that greater dialogue within school communities could help teachers develop a shared understanding of information literacy as a whole, for example: the relationship of information literacy and learning within the curriculum as a whole; the balance between different information outcomes in terms of skills development, knowledge building and generation, and social and ethical issues related to information use. Strategies could be considered to enhance mediation of the information process for students, for example: clarity of learning objectives in information activities; ensuring that students understand and fulfil teacher expectations; taking account of prior knowledge and student understanding when presenting activities; ensuring that students understand how information is organised and presented in various physical and virtual environments, and the importance of developing the practical skills and cognitive abilities to use information effectively. The study contributes to the debate about inter-professional

collaboration between teachers and school librarians in the development of information literacy. It identifies the need for greater collaborative learning through ongoing dialogue and debate to examine common and complementary goals and strategies for information literacy development within the curriculum as a whole. During that debate librarians can play a role in supporting professional development but need to avoid overemphasis on specific models which may not accommodate the priorities of individual school communities. Both professions need to consider information literacy in relation to learning rather than focussing on mechanistic skills development, if they are to prepare students for lifelong and independent learning beyond the school environment.

ANSWER (pg. 70) An example of peace manifesto: My Classroom Manifesto August 23, 2012 by Emily Zionts, Global Issues and Peace Studies Teacher The following entry is from my Classroom Manifesto---a document that I present to and discuss with all of my students in the first week of class. Please share your thoughts below! Classroom Manifesto Education and Citizenship: Empowerment or Maintenance of the Status Quo? What does it mean to be a citizen? In our traditional public schools, many of us are taught that to be a citizen means to vote, volunteer, and give to charity. Of course, those acts are crucial to our society, but many believe that this is not enough. Those people argue that we should be empowering young people today with the skills to challenge injustices through political literacy. Political literacy means understanding the system of how decisions are made and ALSO understanding what you personally can do to influence and change those decisions. Again, while volunteer work is absolutely an important way of giving to those in need--many people believe that those first types of citizenry only work to maintain the status quo--or keep the system in place. Who does the "status quo" benefit? Who has the power to create change? Who should have the power?

Many think that by: Teaching methods of activism Teaching about current events that are relevant to our lives Teaching young people to think critically about our culture, our government and or societal institutions and... By including youth in our decision making processes we will ultimately give the power back to the people (vs. having the power lie only in the hands of the the politicians, the corporations, the privileged, etc.). Some people believe that when students are taught that citizen participation is purely about charity and volunteerism, the emphasis is shifted away from teaching skills that allow people to create real change. Others believe that the government should be working harder to do the things that charities work for i.e. feeding the homeless. Do you agree? What is the purpose of education? Some believe that the purpose of education is to prepare the youth for a job. Others believe that the purpose of education is to "become more human" or in other words to help us to reach our full potential. By strengthening our multiple gifts (vs. only our academic skills), we can be more whole, and more able to contribute to the world in a way that makes us happy. What do you believe? What do you think is the purpose of the education that you have received thus far in your life? Paolo Freire was a very influential figure in educational theory. He worked with peasants in South America and wrote a lot about the power of education to lift people from oppression. He wrote: "A humanizing education is the path through which men and women can become conscious about their presence in the world. The way they act and think when they develop all of their capacities, taking into consideration their needs, but also the needs and aspirations of others." (Freire and Frei Betto, 1985, 14-15) In other words, he believed that education should encourage students to ask questions such as: What What What What sort of society do we live in? would it take for me to develop all of my talents and what would I use them for? kind of society and world do we want to live in for the future? can I and others do to change things and create that just future?

Paolo believed that students should, "come to see the world not as a static reality but as a reality in the process of transformation" (Freire, 1990:71). This means that education is about questioning existing knowledge---in other words, learning to question answers instead of just answering questions. There are also four very important key points to the type of education that Freire promoted. They include: Power Awareness- Knowing that society and history can be made and re-made by human action and by organized groups. Critical Literacy: This is "questioning answers" bit. It means not always taking for truth what you read in a book, in the news, what you hear from your teacher or parents or politicians! Truth is complicated and it takes Critical Literacy skills to learn how to draw it out from multiple sources and multiple perspectives.

De-socialization: This is similar to "questioning your assumptions." It means challenging the values, attitudes, behaviors and beliefs of mass culture/society. Self-Organization: Taking part in AND initiating social change projects. Did your education include any of those skills/lessons? Do you think it should have? What would our schools and countries look like if this was what school was about? What would be the negative effects? Freire also believed very strongly that no true learning could occur unless the students were actively involved. He spoke a lot about what he called the "banking" method of education, which he believed stifled creativity and critical thought. In banking style classrooms, Freire wrote that: "Education thus becomes an act of depositing, in which the students are depositories (bank) and the teacher is the depositor. Instead of communicating, the teacher lectures--intending to depositinformation into what is thought of as an empty account--by which the students are supposed to patiently receive, memorize, and repeat..." In the banking style of education knowledge is thought to only be held by those who consider themselves knowledgeable (the so-called expert, the teacher) to those whom they consider to know nothing. In a Freire-based classroom, students are thought to walk into the school with wisdom and knowledge that is unique and to be respected by all-including the teacher. He coined the phrase "teacher/learner" because of his belief that because we are all living individual lives and have different ways of understanding-we all have something to teach each other.

In my classroom: I believe... that we are all teacher/learners. Of course, there is a hierarchy present, but your participation in our class activities and discussion are absolutely crucial to the learning community for a successful education experience at Woolman. I see myself... as a skilled facilitator--opening doors for young people to new possibilities for action, new visions for the future, and new understandings of the current world order. I see you... as an inherently wise and experienced individual with a unique worldview that every single person in the classroom has the honor and the right to learn from. I believe that the purpose of education is to make us more human and that means education that: a.draws out our best attributes through learning new skills and new perspectives of the world b. uses those skills and characteristics to create positive change for a more socially and environmentally just future I believe that a side effect of becoming more human is that it puts us on a path towards finding a "right livelihood", work that is satisfying and is aligned with your moral convictions and vision for the world. I agree wholly that ALL education is political, my classroom included. As Paolo Freire (1987) once wrote: "This is a great discovery, education is politics! When a teacher discovers that he or she is a politician too, the teacher has to ask, What kind of politics am I doing in the classroom? That is, in favor of whom am I being a teacher? All teachers work in favor of something and against something." I believe that ALL education is biased. If a teacher is presenting something to you and they say it is "objective", I believe there is a hidden agenda. Even in the presentation of multiple perspectives on a single topic, there is bias in the fact that this topic was chosen over so many others.

In my classroom, I aim to be upfront with my agenda. This agenda is to both offer multiple sides to issues and also to present a perspective that I believe is missing from most mainstream classrooms. I want to empower you to respectfully disagree with this perspective at any point. I will also push you to find facts/sources that support your opinions so that you can more strongly articulate yourself and either you will shift my perspective or we can agree to see things differently. I believe that many education practices (NOT ALL) alienate students and promote an unhealthy level of competition with far less emphasis on skills for cooperation. This methodology is a cause and effect of our greater national and global systems which I believe are at the root of many of the social, political and environmental crises that we face today. I also believe that some education practices are a form of "structural violence" and promote racism, sexism, militarism, and ethnocentrism. I have great optimism for the future . I believe that if our education systems (both formal and informal) can empower people with the practical skills and self confidence for creating positive change from the inside out, then we can create a just and sustainable future where both natural and human worlds will not only SURVIVE, but THRIVE. And the good news is that the journey towards that future will BE CREATIVE, QUIRKY, BRilliaNT AND FUN!!!!

ANWER: (pg. 87) RH Bill The Philippines is having a large population and this results to poverty, so the Government of the Philippines decided to pass the Reproductive Health Bill or also known as RH BILL. The RH BILL is aiming to guarantee universal access to methods and information on maternal care and birth control. Since RH BILL is heard here in the Philippines, many thoughts have entered peoples mind, what is it for? Obviously it is for population control. The Bill focuses principally on the social welfare of the people. More importantly, through this, population will be controlled. Population is admittedly one of the many causes of our poverty since the government had difficulty in addressing the needs of its people. RH Bill assures the availability and access to a full range of methods, techniques, supplies and services that contribute to reproductive and sexual health and wellbeing. With these, our number will become manageable and eventually, our country will be in progress. We can prevent abortion and post abortion complications will be managed. We can free ourselves from sexually transmitted diseases and more importantly the education and counseling on sexuality and sexual reproductive health will be disseminated by the different government agencies. But some other people is still against in this bill, especially the Catholic Church. They believe that the issue in over-population was the first reason why RH BILL was made is nothing else but a LIE. They believe that poverty in millions of Filipino is caused by over-population but rather they believe it is caused by Corruption. http://www.studymode.com/essays/Rh-Bill-In-The-Philippines-763659.html

Filipino Drug Mules By Ian Kim Gahoy

Filipino manpower is in demand overseas. We are known for producing nurses, caregivers, seamen and recently, drug smugglers. You must have heard the news about three Filipinos sentenced to die by lethal injection in China. They were sentenced to die for carrying, according to the law, large volumes of illegal drugs into their country. It is a reality that all over the world, especially in Asia, a relatively large number of Filipinos are facing charges of drug trafficking. These people who transport drugs overseas are dubbed as drug mules. Of course there are other nationalities involved in the business of drug smuggling. But why does it happen that among the drug mules, the Filipinos usually get to be in the lime light? The answer points us back to our airport security system. We have two international airports in the country, Mactan International airport and the Ninoy Aquino International Airport, both with fairly strict security measures. For metal weapons, that is. But drugs? I dont think so. The X-ray machines used by our airports to check luggage are good at detecting metals, but very poor in detecting drugs. These X-ray machines can only identify illegal drugs as organic substances. Put a kilo of shabu in a bag of clothes and all that would appear in the X-ray monitors used for visual checking are just orange or reddish lumpsthe standard indication for all organic substances. If you do it in airports in the country, youd most probably go undetected. But do it in airports abroad and next thing you know, youll be about to die through lethal injection The business of transporting drugs is not novel to anyone anymore. And Filipinos carrying illegal drugs is not an unusual trend for the foreign airport security personnel. Just by carrying Filipino documents, a tourist or any passenger can cause foreign security personnel on their heels and heighten security measures. There you have it. That is why Filipino drug mules oftentimes get caught. And that leaves drug mule aspirants with two choices, either to get caught or simply not to be a drug mule at all. ANSWER (pg.88) BRAIN DEVELOPMENT AND EARLY LEARNING: RESEARCH ON BRAIN DEVELOPMENT Reference chosen: http://www.wccf.org/pdf/brain_dev_and_early_learning.pdf Summary of Findings: Early Learning Programs Impact the Developing Brain Early learning programs that are appropriate for a childs developmental level provide opportunities to learn through play and hands-on exploration. Through this type of learning, children test new knowledge in a relaxed setting and then naturally relate it to existing knowledge and store the new information. Learning progress may actually be slowed by overly academic preschool experiences that introduce formalized learning experiences too early for a childs developmental status. Rebecca Marcon, Developmental Psychologist . According to Jane Healy, a well-respected educational psychologist, Early childhood programs that implement a directed academic curriculum often replace essential, hands-on learning activities with skill-based performance and rote-learning tasks. In doing so, they risk the developmental growth necessary for childrens future academic success.iii Experts believe that when rote-learning tasks are used extensively in an early childhood classroom or other setting, normal growth and development of the brain can become distorted. Why did they strike you? Why do you consider these important? To develop the higher areas of the brain, children must be able to experience things for themselves and feel the sense of accomplishment that goes along with completing tasks independently. To support this, adults need to allow (not force) enough time for children to try things over and over again. In this way, the brain is reassured that what is learned is true.

However, children need someone available to help and encourage them when things get overwhelming, and to support them in new situations. Children feel comfortable and develop a continued sense of excitement toward learning when caring adults provide structure and appropriate stimulation. As a teacher we should not force our students, we are here to guide them, make them inspired and enjoy learning. ANSWER (pg. 96) 1. Ethical issues in cyberspace. (http://www.apu.ac.jp/~gunarto/it1.pdf) Ethics is a branch of philosophy that deals with what is considered to be right or wrong. As information in cyberspace can be accessed globally, a research field of "computer ethics" is needed to examine what is right and wrong for Internet users can do, and what are the social impacts of Information Technology (IT) in general. Such research will underpin action that must be taken not only to harness the power of the IT itself, but also to survive its revolution. It is especially important to understand security, privacy issues, and major negative impacts of IT on cyberspace. Although some technical approaches such as: encryption, digital ID, and firewall methods have been developed to overcome some of the problems, legal actions must also be enforced worldwide which will address a growing number of ethical problems resulting from the negative impacts of IT in our global society. As data, information, and computer networks can be threatened by many internal and external hazards internationally, computer ethics should be the concern of everyone. Governments in every country, public policy makers, computer professionals, organizations and private citizens must all take an interest and make their contributions, so that this global information can be exploited in a socially and ethically sensitive way for our future benefit and applications. The new world of information society with global networks and cyberspace will inevitably generate a wide variety of social, political, and ethical problems. Many problems related to human relationships and the community become apparent, when most human activities are carried on in cyberspace. Some basic ethical issues on the use of IT on global networks consist of personal privacy, data access rights, and harmful actions on the Internet. These basic issues have been solved partially using technological approaches, such as encryption technique, SSL, digital IDs and computer firewalls. Besides these protection technologies, legal laws are also needed in cyberspace to address hundreds of countries, which are incorporated into one global network. Guidelines and strategies should be implemented so that global information can be exploited in a socially and ethically sensitive way for our future benefit and applications. These and many more ethical issues urgently need the attention of governments, businesses, educational institutions, public and private individuals worldwide. 2. Reactions of Filipinos and non-Filipinos on R.A. 10175, Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 Republic Act No. 10175, also known as the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 got a couple of thumbs down reaction from local celebrities. The stars express that the law may be taking away freedom of expression. APO Hiking Society member Jim Paredes strongly opposes the cybercrime law. He tweeted on Monday, October 1, Mr President, Senators, Congressmen, MATAUHAN KAYO. No to cybercrime bill. Maxene Magalona also expressed the same sentiment, saying that social media is an important tool for expression. She tweeted, I understand that the #CyberCrimeLaw means well.. But the people have fought too hard for freedom of speech for it to be taken away. Singer Julie Anne San Jose also questioned the bill. Having someone who takes away

your freedom is one of the worst things i could think of. We wouldn't want that, right? #NoToCyberCrimeLaw, she tweeted. While TV host Bianca Gonzalez is also against cyber pornography and human trafficking, she thinks that Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 must be revised. I'm also against cyber pornography and human trafficking. but i stand for everyone's freedom of expression. #revise #studynewmedia #freedom. ah, but new media is exactly that, new. we should all figure out or understand this first, then we can use/abuse/regulate, she tweeted. Anne Curtis, who now has over three million followers on Twitter, also expressed her sentiments. Whatever happened to Freedom of speech? Having an opinion? Expressing oneself? These are our own accounts. Our property. Our lives. And now if we share our opinions we can get into trouble with the law? Put behind bars? Fined a ridiculous amount even? The cybercrime act does have some responsible points that should be included & implemented BUT going to extent of having a law that takes away a freedom we should all rightfully have just seems wrong to me, Anne tweeted. Although celebrities are often targets of online attacks and criticisms, Anne hopes the law will be revised. Even if I know that as a celebrity I'd probably even benefit from the act but at the end of the day i'm still a citizen of this country we should all have equal rights. I just feel its so one sided. I hope they consider REVISING the crybercrime act, Anne tweeted. I am for Cybercrime Law Meanwhile, Kapatid star Sharon Cuneta, niece of actress Helen Gamboa proudly supports RA 10175. I'm all for the punishment of cybercrime. Some people have just gone too far, she tweeted. Sharon added: If you're a decent person to begin with, WHAT'S THERE TO FEAR? Ano yon, ang pumiyok, guilty?... Ako ok lang freedom of speech pero magpakilala ka. Madaming nasasaktan kasi nagtatago sa ibang identity ang iba at tumatapang. Wala nang privacy ang mga tao. Pag may free speech dapat may responsibility. Eh ang iba parang di na tayo human beings wala nang delicadeza. Dapat lang ma-punish ang mga naninirang puri. Pag sinira mo ang pangalan ng isang taong wala naman masamang ginagawa, para mo na syang piata. ANSWER (pg. 101) TITLE: COCURRICULAR INVOLVEMENT, FORMAL LEADERSHIP ROLES, AND LEADERSHIP EDUCATION: EXPERIENCES PREDICTING COLLEGE STUDENT SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE LEADERSHIP OUTCOMES RESEARCHER/S: Dr. Susan R. Komives, Associate Professor Department of Counseling and Personnel Services FINDINGS: As colleges and universities continue to emphasize the importance of leadership development of college students and as the need for assessment and accountability (Miller, 2003; Roberts & Ullom, 1990), there is a greater need to understand students leadership development and experiences that contribute to the outcomes of leadership development. The current study addressed gender differences in undergraduate college students socially responsible leadership outcomes and examined the ways in which cocurricular involvement, holding a formal leadership role, and participation in leadership education training and education programs contribute to college men and womens leadership outcomes. Key findings of gender differences in outcomes and key experiences significantly contributing to students leadership outcomes provided a discussion of the findings, ways in which the findings can impact practice, and future areas of research to

better understand the phenomenon of undergraduate students socially responsible leadership development. http://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/1903/3720/1/umi-umd-3539.pdf