PHYSIOLOGY ATP is high energy compound. Glutamate - Excitatory neurotransmitter. Glycine is inhibitory neurotransmitter in spinal cord. GABA is in CNS.

C-cell in thyroid secretes calcitonin. Calcitonin is increased in medullary carcinoma of thyroid. Renin secretion is increased in the following conditions- Low sodium level, low blood pressure, upright position, hemorrhages, dehydration, diuretics and CCF. Renshaw cell inhibition recurrent inhibition. Sperms acquire motility in epididymis. Capacitance of sperms occurs in female genital tract after coitus. After vasectomy antibodies are formed against sperms. Increased basal body temperature by 0.3 to 0.5 degree centigrade is due to progesterone. Estrone is the estrogen form in old age. Tongue tip- sweet taste. Tongue margin- sour taste. Tongue centre- salt taste. Tongue back- bitter taste. Vibration sensation by Pacinian corpuscles. Stroke volume = 80 ml = C.O/ Heart rate M cell = Macrofold cell in small intestine and presents antigen. Tetradoxin blocks sodium channel during action potential. Gall bladder bile salt is more concentrated than the hepatic bile salt. Growth hormone and prolactin are produced from the acidophilic cells.

Thermo-regulation Anterior hypothalamus- cools the body when it is too hot. (A/C). Posterior hypothalamus keeps the body warm when it is cold. Transport maximum for glucose in male is 350 mg, and in female is 300mg. Intercalated disc is present in cardiac muscles. Melatonin is produced in pineal gland mainly at night, and helps is sleepwaking cycle. Melanin is produced by melanocytes. Brown- Sequards syndrome- Hemisection of spinal cord. Causes ipsilateral loss of touch and vibration sensation and contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation. Zona glomerulosa(G) Aldosterone Zona fascicualta (F) Glucocorticoid Zona reticularis(R) Androgen Note that GFR- deeper you go sweeter it is. Bainbridge reflex Rapid infusion of fluid increases the heart rate. K+ and bicarbonate concentration is more in saliva than in plasma. Porcine insulin differs from human insulin by one amino acid. Bovine insulin differs from human insulin by three amino acids. ADH acts in collecting duct. Damage to auditory cortex leads to deficiency in interpretation of sound. Arousal response is due to reticular activation system (RAS) Across the cell membrane glucose is transported along with sodium, this is called as sodium- glucose SYMPORT. Urine/plasma sodium ratio = 0.6 Pulmonary wedge pressure equals left atrial pressure. Arterioles are resistance vessels. They cause maximum peripheral pressure.

Maximum blood is present in systemic veins = 54% Maximum resistance = arterioles Maximum surface area = capillaries and contains only 5% of total blood. Acid secretion is increased in stomach by vagal stimulation, gastrin and food in the stomach. And it is decreased by somatostatin. Anion gap is mainly due to proteins. Surfactant in fetal lungs is formed in 28 to 28 weeks of intrauterine life. Hypoxia causes rise in erythropoietin formation. TRH stimulates the release of TSH as well as prolactin. Osmo-receptor is in hypothalamus. PTH Increases calcium level in blood by increasing the intestinal absorption and renal re-absorption and decreases phosphate level by increased excretion and decreased re-absorption, increases bone reabsorption. BMR depends upon the body surface. Normal functional residual capacity is 2.3 liters (2.2 in female and 2.6 in male). CSF pressure = 50 to 180 mm of water or 6 to 12 mm of mercury. In PCOD LH to FSH ratio is increased. pH of saliva = 7 pH of gastric juice = 1 pH of hepatic bile is 7.8 to 8.6 pH of gall bladder bile 7.0 to 7.4 pH of pancreatic juice is 8.0 Maximum triglyceride is present in chylomicrons Prothrombin needs factor Xa and factor V to form thrombin. Renal plasma flow is measured by para-amino hippuric acid (PAH) Renal glomerular filtration rate is measured by inulin.

Ficks principle is used for measurement of cardiac output. Dura-mater is pain sensitive. CSF glucose is 2/3 of blood glucose. CSF glucose to blood glucose ratio is 0.64 Collagen has triple helix. Endothelial derived relaxing factor (EDRF) is nitric oxide (NO). Released from endothelium. Antidromic conduction is seen in axon. CNS phagocytosis is by microglia which originates from mesoderm. Liver macrophages = Kuppfers cell Lungs Alveolar macrophages Anti-peristalsis is normal in ascending colon. FSH stimulates Sertori cells which secrete inhibin which has negative feedback on FSH secretion. Sertori cells also act as blood testis barrier. Renovascular hypertension is due to rennin Gastric juice has no calcium content. Most abundant ion in blood is chloride. And the second most common is bicarbonate. Stomach - Parietal cell (Oxyntic cell) - Intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid -Chief cell (Zymogen or peptic cell) Pepsinogen. Amacrine cells are present in retina. Archicerebellum develops to flocculus. When from supine position to upright the following changes are seen in CVS- increased heart rate, decreased cardiac output, and decreased stroke volume. Tight junction or desmosome keeps the cells together

Gap junction from where molecules are transferred. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) - secreted from the left atrium, causes natriuresis and renin secretion. Action potential is due to sodium influx also called as depolarization. Bernaullis principle- sum of kinetic energy of flow and pressure inside a tube is always constant. Axon hillock has lower threshold for action potential than axon. Type I respiratory failure Oxygen is decreased (Hypoxia)- e.g. pneumonia, pulmonary edema, pulmonary hemorrhage. Type II respiratory failure Carbondioxide is increased (Hypercapnia) e.g in neuromuscular diseases, respiratory fatigue in COPD, asthma, restrictive lung diseases. Resting membrane potential -90mv Action potential -65mv (threshold) Lateral spinothalamic tract contralateral pain and temperature. Anterior spinothalamic tract contralateral crude touch. Dorsal column fine touch, vibration and position sense of the same side. Because the proteolytic enzymes are secreted in inactive form auto digestion is prevented. Non-shivering thermo-genesis in adult is by nor-adrenaline, and in infant is by brown fat. Total alveolar ventilation = 4.2 liters. Extrinsic pathway- factor VII Intrinsic pathway factor XII, XI, IX, X and VIII Extra-cellular hyper-osmolarity causes thirst. Henderson- Hasselbach equation is used for measuring acid base balance.

BIOCHEMISTRY Irreversible step in glycolysis is phosphor-fructo-kinase. 4 kinases are used in glycolysis Familial melanoma- p-16 gene Li-Fraumeni syndrome- p- 53 gene Haptoglobulin binds with hemoglobulin thus in hemolytic disordes haptoglobulin is reduced Simplest amino acid is glycine Sucrose = glucose + fructose Chylomicrons have highest amount of TG. LDL has highest cholesterol. Maple syrup urine disease is also called as branched chain amino aciduria and is it due to deficient keto-decarbixylase. Leucine is excreted in urine. Polymerase chain reaction enzymatic DNA amplification DNA transcriptionmRNAtranslationprotein Anti- oxidants Vitamin A, C, E, beta carotene, butylated hydroxyl toluene, butylated hydroxyl anisole. Androstenedione dehydrogenation testosterone Phenyl ketonuria Mousy urine oduor due to phenyl acetate accumulation and screening by Guthares test. Carcinoid syndrome- 5HIAA in urine is raised which is formed from tryptophan. Pheochromocytoma VMA, meta-nephrines and catacholamines are increased in urine. Tryptophan give rises to niacin, serotonin, and also melatonin.

Sickle cell anaemia- at 6th position of amino acid chain glutamic acid is replaced by valine. ( glutamic acid goes and valine visits) Pectin, cellulose and hemicellulose are dietary fibres. Von Gierkes disease glucose -6-phosphatase deficiency occurs and manifests as hepatomegaly, hypoglycemia, hyperuricemia, hyperlipidemia and lactic acidosis. Glucogenic/ ketogenic amino acids are phenylalanine, lysine, isoluecine, tryptophan and tyrosine. (PLITT) Ketogenic amino acid Leucine Essential amino acids are Methionine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, threonine, valine and histidine. ( MILL PTT VH) In G6PD deficiency hemolysis is due to decrease in NADPH. Beta carotene is pro- vitamin A Iron absorption is reduced by phytates, oxalates and phosphates. Absorption is increased by vitamin C. Steroid is synthesized in smooth ER. Function of mitochondria- cell respiration, ATP synthesis, beta-oxidation of fatty acid. Malonate inhibits succinate dehydrogenase. Glycophorin is a major integral membrane glycoprotein in human RBC Cell motility is due to tubulin. Bence Jones protein light chain protein in excreted in urine in multiple myeloma. Glucose Lactate 2 ATP produced Collagen has triple helix structure and is made up of glycine and praline and vitamin C is required.

Beta form of DNA is predominant. Renal threshold of glucose is 180 mg. Restriction endonuclease breaks double stranded DNA. Carboxylation needs biotin. Bile salt is synthesized in liver from cholesterol and enzyme is 7-alphahydroxylase. Cobalt is component of vitamin B 12 (cynocobalamin) Complete enzyme complex is holozyme. Richest source of cholesterol is egg. Micro tubules are responsible for the shape and motility. Fluoride inhibits enolase. Pentothenic acid is essential for Co-enzyme A synthesis. Most common source of gluconeogenesis is alanine. Golgi bodies marker is galactosyl transferase. Benedict- Roths apparatus is for BMR calculation. B12 is absorbed in ileum. Xeroderma pigmentosa defect in thiamine diamers. Surperoxide dismutase protects brain from free radicals. Selenium deficiency leads to Keshans disease. Selenium is needed for glutathione peroxidase. Okazaki fragments helps in DNA replication. B-48 Chylomicrons. B-100 LDL, VLDL, IDL To find out the thiamine deficiency, do transketolase activity in RBC. Cancer cell gets energy from glycolysis. FIGLU in urine helps to find out the folic acid deficiency

Kallikrein is most commonly found in collecting duct. In brain NH3 is detoxified to glutamine Nitric oxide is synthesized from argentine and needs oxygen, FAD, FMN, NADHP, BH4, heme and RSH. Adrenaline synthesis- Rate limiting enzyme is tyrosine hydroxylase. True essential fatty acid is linoleic acid. Homocystine is a risk factor for ischemic heart disease. Dietary fibers decrease the intestinal transit time AUG is start codon and is also methionine. AUG augments the protein synthesis. Homeobox gene Normal development during morphogenesis. Fenton reaction is conversion of ferrous to ferric ion and free radical. Fe2+ +H2O2 Fe3+ + HO+ HOTransketolase is needed for the thiamine metabolism. Glycolysis/ Krebs cycle does not occur in RBC. Liver cells do not need insulin for the glucose uptake. Ketone bodies are detected by Rotheras test. Vitamin D3 = Steroid super family. Chaperons help in protein folding. Histone is basic amino acid and helps in protein folding. PATHOLOGY Caseous necrosis that occurs in tuberculosis- Coagultive necrosis + liquifactive necrosis.

Most common primary brain tumor is glioblastoma. Otherwise most common tumor in brain is secondaries. Wiskott Aldrich syndrome- X- linked, eczema, thrombocytopenia. Obstructive jaundice- there is vitamin K deficiency. Gitter cells- phagocytes in CNS. Mc Callums patch- in rheumatic carditis is usually present in left atrium. Wound margin has myofibroblast. Most common thyroid carcinoma is papillary carcinoma, also has best prognosis and has Orphan Annie nucleus and psammoma bodies. Worst prognosis (worst prognosis) is in follicular carcinoma of thyroid. Cytokeratin is tumor marker of carcinoma. HMB45/S-100 = tumor marker of melanoma Factor VIII is marker of Kaposis sarcoma and angiosarcoma. Mallory bodies - intermediate filaments present in liver in alcoholic hepatitis. Councilmans bodies is present in liver in viral hepatitis Pale infarct is present in firm organs like heart, spleen and kidney Red infarct is present lungs. Earliest change in atherosclerosis is fatty streak. MI- after 3 to 7 days macrophages are seen. Complete healing occurs in 7 to 8 weeks. Pneumocystis carnii is stained by methenamine silver. Liver centrilobular necrosis caused by carbon tetrachloride. Liver peripheral necrosis is caused by phosphorus, and also in eclampsia. Mid zonal necrosis is seen in yellow fever.

Rh incompatibility = type II reaction (cytotoxic) Type I (anaphylaxis and atophy) A Type II reaction (cytotoxic) thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anaemia, type I lepra reaction, agranulocytosis. C Type III reaction (immunocomplex) Arthrus reaction and serum sickness. I Type IV reaction (delayed hypersensitivity) -Tuberculin reaction and contact dermatitis. D 1/2/3/4 ACID. Most common cause of lung abscess is aspiration. Flea bitten appearance of kidney is due to malignant hypertension. Splenectomy causes anisocytosis, poikilocytosis, Howell Jolly bodies, Heinz bodies, and basophilic stippling. SLE - Anti ds, wireloop glomerulonephritis, Libman Sach endocarditis, onion skin spleen. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis IgA nephropathy,heroin abuse, AIDS, reflux oesophagitis, analgesic, unilateral agenesis. MPGN- lipodystrophy. Hypernephroma renal cell carcinoma- clinical features are hematuria, polycythemia, renal venous thrombosis. Macrophage develops from monocytes. Malignant hypertension- flea bitten appearance, fibrinoid necrosis, hyperplastic arteiolitis. Epulis = granulomatous lesion of gingiva Normocytic normochromic anaemia in chronic diseases like CRF, aplastic anaemia, pure red cell aplasia. Aneurysm true- all layers of arterial wall is involved. -Berrys most common congenital - Sacular - one side of wall is involved

- fusiform circumferencial dilatation - Mycotic inflammatory Aspirin inhibits cyclo-oxygenase pathway. Acute cor- pulmonale is due to pulmonary embolism. Alpha feto-protein is raised in hepatocellular carcinoma, yolk sac tumor and endodermal sinus tumor. Dystrophic calfication occurs in inflamed region e.g. atheroma, TB lymph node and cardiac valve. Metastatic calcification occurs in normal tissue due to hypercalcemia Atherosclerosis is the most common cause of aneurysm. Berry aneurysm is the most common congenital aneurysm. Renal amyloidosis presenting feature is proteinuria. Muscular dystrophy is heterogenicity of muscular fibers. Liver change in Reyes syndrome is diffuse steatosis. Pleomorphic adenoma is the commonest parotid gland tumor. Idiopathic adenoma myelofibrosis tear drop cell Amyloid staining is with congo red and visualized with polarized light. Chronic disease anaemia- low serum iron, low total iron binding capacity and high ferritin level. Rodent ulcer is basal cell cancer and is most common in inner canthus of eye and has rolled edge. Psamomma bodies seen in papillary carcinoma of thyroid, meningioma, and ovarian carcinoma. Marfans syndrome- lens dislocation, aortic aneurysm at ascending aorta. Peutz Jeghers syndrome hamartomatous polyp in small intestine. Type A gastritis Auto immune, antibodies form against intrinsic factor and parietal cell, pH increases.

Tybe B gastritis is due to bacteria- Helicobacter pylori Line of Zahn seen in primary platelet clot and mural thrombus. Alzheimers disease shows senile plaques, neurofibrillary triange, and loss of neurons in cerebral cortex. Hepatocytes are not labile cells. Proteoglycans has lamnin, collgen type IV, fibronectin, entacin. Hemangioma is the most common tumor in liver. Most common site for the brain abscess is temporal lobe. Non caseating granuloma with hilar lymphadenopathy is in sarcoidosis. Glanzmanns thrombosthenia defective platelet aggregation. Benign hypertension hyaline arteriosclerosis, benign nephrosclerosis. Diabetes mellitus Nodular glomerulosclerosis ( Kimmelsteil Wilson disease). Major basic protein comes from eosinophils. Chronic bronchitis and syphilis show no amyloidosis. MI completely heals in 7 to 8 weeks. Rupture of ventricles in MI occurs in 4 to 10 days. Non smokers carcinoma lungs is adenocarcinoma. It is also the cause for Horners syndrome. Toxic megacolon is a complication of ulcerative colitis. Minimal change glomerulonephritis no change is seen in light microscopy and loss of podocytes are seen in electron microscopy.

CLL most common cell type is B cell. Homer Wright rosette is seen in medulloblastoma. Fitz Hugh Curtis syndrome is peri-hepatitis due to PID caused by Chlamydia. There is violin string sign Neutrophil T1/2 is 6 hours. Pheochromocytoma arises from chromaffin cell. Mycosis fungoides is cutaneous T cell lymphoma, Sezary syndrome. Lacunar infarct is due to hypertension induced lipohylinolysis. Most sensitive and vulnerable tissue to hypoxia is brain (3 to 5 minutes). Cloudy swelling of cell is due to intracellular water and sodium retention. Leukotriene lipoxygenase pathway. Primary biliary cirrhosis lipoprotein X is increased. Earliest change to iron therapy is reticulocytosis. Primary amyloidosis major fibril protein is AL type. Secondary amyloidosis AA protein PCKD cyst in kidney, lungs, liver but not in brain. Tram track appearance is seen in membranous glomerulonephritis. Egg cell calcification is seen in silicosis. Head and neck carcinoma is associated with p53 gene. Aschoff bodies have antischkow cells, giant cells, and fibrinoid necrosis. Rheumatic fever exudate is sero-fibrinous. Spingomyelin Niemann Pick disease. Celiac sprue is gluten sensitive enteropathy associated with HLA DR3

Myotonic dystrophy is inherited as autosomal dominant. Late manifestation of multiple myeloma is renal failure. Pseudopolyps are seen in ulcerative colitis. Casonis test is immediate hypersensitivity reaction. Most common breast carcinoma is infiltrating ductal carcinoma. In PSGN cresent is formed by mesengial cell, epithelial cell and macrophages. Small cell carcinoma is ectopic source of ACTH. FORENSIC MEDICINE Dying deposition is more important than the dying declaration Ophotoxemia is poisoning due to snake bite. Sex determination is by barr bodies in epithelial cell, RBC or buccal epithelium. Transvestism is also called as Eonism Paltauffs hemorrhage is subpleural hemorrhage that occurs in drowning. Suspended animation is seen in electrocaution, heat stroke, hypothermia, cerebral concussion and anaesthesia Crocodile skin appaearance is due to high voltage burn Rigor mortis is stiffening and shortening and simulates with cadaveric spasm. In death due to arsenic poisoning rigor mortis is delayed. Suggligation = Vibices = Livor mortis = Lividity. Joule burn = electrical necrosis.

Emphysema aquosum is wet drowning. Wet drowning death is due to laryngospasm. Contre-coup injury is seen in brain Galton method is identification by finger print. Loops = 60% . Whorls = 35% Gustafsons method of identification by teeth. Sexual asphyxia is in masochism Mummification occurs due to desiccation of dead body and needs high temperature, dry air, and windy. Hydrostatic test if to find out infanticide. Lungs float is death is after birth and drowns if the death is intrauterine. EDTA and BAL antidote for lead poisoning. EDTA, BAL, penicillamine for copper poisoning. Desferoxamine Iron antidote. Phossy jaw is due to phosphorus. Yellow phosphorus is the most poisonous form phosphorus. Red velvety gastric mucosa is in arsenic poisoning. It shows symptoms as that of cholera. Nux vomica = Strychnine seeds, fatal dose is 15 to 30 gm, and presents as convulsion, opthisthotonus and all the muscle are involved simultaneously. Colour of post staining in various poisoningCarbon monoxide- Bright cherry red Cyanide- Pink Chlorates- Chocolate brown Phosphorus- Dark brown Nitrates- Red brown Hydrogen sulphide- Bluish green

Foamy liver putrefaction. Super fetation- fertilization of two ova in the same uterus at different menstrual period with short ionterval. Super fecundation- Successive fertilization by two or more separate instances of sexual intercourse of two or more ova formed during the same menstrual period. Brush burn is friction injury. Cardaic poison Aconite, digitalis, oleander, tobacco, hydrocyanic acid. Asphyxiant- CO, CO2, Coal gas, poisonous gases Run amok occurs with intake of Cannabis. Viscera preservation is done in 10% formalin. For chemical analysis urine is preserved in thymol. Mercury poisoning Proximal convoluted tubule necrosis and osteomalacia. Viper- vasculotoxic Cobra and krait- neurotoxic. Sea snake- musculotoxic. Most severe eye injury is due to alkaline solution. Washing with cold water for several minutes is good practice when there is chemical injury to the eyes. COMMUNITY MEDICINE Bysnossis Cotton fibers, spinners Bagasossis Sugarcane Silicosis- Sand Vector KFD = tick Dengue = Ades

Yellow fever = Ades, flavi virus, vaccine works for 10 years. Scrub typhus = Mite Japanese encephalitis = Culex Wucheria bancrofti = Culex West Nile fever = Culex Sand fly- Kalazar Culex is vector for JE, West Nile fever, and Wucheria bancrofti. Ades is vector for Dengue and yellow fever. Rose spots are seen in typhoid fever. All stages of rashes (pleomorphic rashes) are seen in Chicken pox Epidemic typhus Louse, Rickettsia prowazekii Endemic typhus Flea, Rickettsia typhi Trench fever- Louse Koplik spots are seen in buccal mucosa in measles. Blindness is when visual acuity is less than 3/60 Phosphate test is to check the milk pasteurization Mumps acquire life long immunity. Sentinel surveillance helps to find out the missing cases. Vitamin D requirement in adult is 100 IU per day, in children it is 200 IU, and in pregnant and breast feeding ladies it is 400 IU per day. Epidemiological triad - Environment, Agent and Host. Rabies is not transmitted by ingestion. Corpulence index of obesity is actual weight/ desirable weight. Lathyrism Beta oxalyl amino alanine (BOAA) Peri-natal death = death in the period of 28 weeks of gestation to 7 days after birth

Still birth after 28 weeks Rabies vaccine- Pre-exposure 0/7/21(or 28) days - Post-exposure 0/3/14/30/90 days Chandlers index - number of eggs per gram of stool, test done in hook worm infestation. Medical termination of pregnancy can be done till 20th week of period of gestation. Echinococcus granulosus - intermediate host is man and definitive host is dog. Best way to remove cyclops from water is filtration, and Cyclops have life cycle of 3 weeks. IQ = MA/CA100 Mild retardation- 50 to 70 Moderate retardation- 35 to 49 Severe retardation- 20 to 34 Profound retardation- < 20 Influenza vaccine is given intra-nasally BCG is given intradermal OPV orally Measles subcutaneously Hepatitis B intramuscular Brostal certified school where boys over 16 years of age who are difficult to be handled are confined. Live vaccines- BCG, Yellow fever, OPV (Sabin), MMR UNICEF- 1946 WHO- 1948 WHO day is on 7th April. UNESCO head quarter is in Paris. FOA head quarter is in Rome. Red Cross established by Jean Henry Dunant. Erythema infectiosum- Fifth disease, and shows slapped chick appearance.

Paris green is stomach poison for anopheles mosquitoes. Infective stage of malarial parasite is sporozoite. Total fertility rate = Complete family size. General fertility rate = Live birth in an area during one year/ mid year female population of age 15 to 441000. Pearl index = number of accidental pregnancy/ total number of exposure per hundred woman years1200 Diphtheria commonly affects the age group of 2 to 5 years. Fluorine level in water is desired between 0.5 to 0.8mg/L Ortho toludine test measures the chlorine level in water. Multi load device is second generation IUCD Progertasert Third generationIUCD. MMR vaccine is contra indicated during pregnancy. Benzidine is associated with bladder carcinoma Oral rehydration solution (ORS) Glucose 111 M Mol/L Sodium 90 m Mol/L Chloride 80 m Mol/L Bicarbonate 30 m Mol/L Potassium 20 m Mol/L Citrate 10 m Mol/l Lepromin test Fernandez reaction = early reaction, occurs in 48 hours -Mitsuda reaction is late reaction, occurs in 3 to 4 weeks. Case fatality = ratio of death due to disease and the total number of diseased Mid day meal consists of 1/3 calories and 2/3 proteins

Rat flea transmits plague, hymenolepis dimunita, maurine typhus Burden of tuberculosis in a community is found by tuberculin conversion rate. Abate is organophosphorus poison. Barkesonian bias is bias due to different admission rate in hospital. Ragi is rich in calcium. Daily requirement of iron during pregnancy is 0.8mg in the first half of pregnancy and 3.5gm in the second half of pregnancy. Protein requirement = 1gm/kg body weight. Cereals are deficient in lysine. Incubation perid of pertussis is 7 to 10 days. Latent period is interval between initiation of disease to detection of disease. Primary case = the first case of epidemic Index case = the first case to come in attention of investigator of an epidemic. Duration of malnutrition is tested by height for the age. Severity of malnutrition is tested by weight for the height. Alpha wave = 8 to 12/ sec Beta wave = 13 to 45/ sec Theta wave = 5 to 7 /sec Babies are considered to be at risk if birth weight is less than 2.5 kg twins birth order is more than 5 artificial feeding weight less than 70% failure to gain weight in three successive months PEM/ diarrhea

Population growth stationary = no growth slow growth <0.5 moderate growth = 0.5 to 1.0 rapid growth = 1.0 to 1.5 very rapid growth = 1.5 to 2.0 explosive growth > 2.0 Nuclear family/ Elementary family = husband, wife and their dependent children Ancylostoma duodenale = infective form is rhabditiform larva. Antigenic drift (point mutation) - Influenza virus. Iodised salt = production level 35ppm = consumers level 15 ppm Pit latrine = depth is 10 to 12 feet Sandfly transmits Kalazar, oriental sore, Oraya fever, and sandfly fever. MICROBIOLOGY Ova those float in saturated salt solution are of Ancylostoma duodenale Hymenolepis nana Ascaris lumbricoides (Fertilized) Fertilized floats Trichuris trichuria Enterobius vermicularis Ova those do not float in saturated salt solution are of Tinea solium Tinea saginata Trematodes Ascaris lumbricoides (Unfertilized) Unfertilized does not float Thayer Martin medium Gonococcus (GNDC) Loeffler serum slope = Diphtheria

Erythema gangrenosum Pseudomonas HIV affects T helper cells EBV affects B cells Positivity of tuberculin test depends upon the induration Prion diseases Creutzufeldt Jacob disease Kuru Fatal familial insomnia Gerstmann Straussler syndrome Medusa head colony = Bacillus anthracis String of pearls sign is seen in colonies of Bacillus anthracis Swarming = Proteus Japanese encephalitis vector is culex and pig is amplifier of the organism Peripheral blood smear in suspected malaria thick film to detect the parasite and thin film is to differentiate the type of malarial parasite/ species Primary antibody response is by IgM Toxocara canis = Cutaneous larva migrans LGV caused by Chlamydia Granuloma inguinale = Calymmatobacter granulomatosis, diagnosed by Donovan bodies. Listeria monocytogen Gram +ve rods Causes neonatal meningitis Causes abortion in pregnancy Transmitted by contaminated cheese Rat urine- Leptospirosis CD4 less than 50 = CMV retinitis Epstein Barr virus Infectious mononucleosis

 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma Burkitts lymphoma Interleukin 1= fever Interleukin 2 = T cell proliferation Interleukin 3 = Bone marrow proliferation Interleukin 4 = IgE activation Interleukin 5 = IgA activation ( Hot Tea Bone stEAk) Legionella growth = Buffered yeast charcoal extract (BYCE) Invasive ameobiasis diagnosed by ELISA Yersina petis Gram ve rods Non motile Bipolar staining Vibrio cholerae transport medium is Venkat Ramakrishnan and Clairy Blair medium IgA = mucosal epithelium IgG crosses placenta. Monotrichate organisms = Vibrio/ pseudomonas/ Spirillum Peritrichate = Escherchia coli, Salmonella Amphitrichate = Alkaligens facealis. Lophotrichate = Pseudomonas Negri bodies in hippocampus and cerebellum in case of rabies. There occurs brain stem encephalitis in rabies. Purine are adenine and guanine Pyramidine are cytosine and thymine. A=T, G=C is Chargaffs rule Wasserman reaction= Complement fixation test Appearance of RBC Falciparum = MAURERS dot (FM) Vivax = SCHUFFNERS dot (VS)

Malariae = ZIEMANNS dot (MZ) Ovale = JAMES dot (OJ) Lysogenic or phage conversion Corynebacterium diphtheria Clostridium perfringes causative agent of gas gangrene Dimorphic fungus Histoplasma Blastomyces Coccodiodomycosis Spirotrichum Vibrio has darting motility Rabies virus sensitive to ethanol, phenol, ultraviolet rays, formalin M protein is responsible for the virulence in Streptococcus pyogenes Dipththeria toxin acts by inactivating elongation factor. Buruli ulcer Mycobacterium ulcerans Nagler reaction is due to Clostridium welchi Casonis test for hydatid cyst Kevims test for sarcoidosis Interferon is glycoprotein host specific useful in various malignancies as well as viral infection treatment In virus DNA is covered by capsid IgM Maximum complement fixation Maximum molecular weight Staphylococcus aureus coagulase +ve Native valve endocarditis = Streptococcus viridans

IV drugs abusers endocarditis is common in tricuspid valve and organism is Staphylococcu aureus Prosthetic valve endocarditis Early onset = Staphylococcus epidermidis Late onset = Streptococcus viridans Acute endocarditis Staph. aureus Chronic endocarditis Sterptococcus viridans Human papova virus causes progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy Hepatitis E virus is calcivirus Histoplasma present in RES Cryptococcus affects bone, brain, lungs but no kidney capsulated, oval, 5 to 10 micrometer size has predilection for meningitis diagnosed by India ink stain Myxovirus = segmented RNA Natural killer cells are known as large granular lymphocytes Isoniazid resistant mycobacterium has mutation for catalase peroxidase enzyme Salmonella multiplies in intestine before causing symptoms and also releases preformed toxins Carcinoma cervix HPV 16/18/31/35/39/45/51/51/56/58