Republic Act No.

875

June 17, 1953

AN ACT TO PROMOTE INDUSTRIAL PEACE AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES (REPEALED BY PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 442) SECTION 1. Declaration of Policy. - It is the policy this Act: (a) To eliminate the causes of industrial unrest by encouraging and protecting the exercise by employees of their right to self-organization for the purpose of collective bargaining and for the promotion of their moral, social, and economic well-being. (b) To promote sound stable industrial peace and the advancement of the general welfare, health and safety and the best interests of employers and employees by the settlement of issues respecting terms and conditions of employment through the process of collective bargaining between employers and representatives of their employees. (c) To advance the settlement of issues between employers and employees through collective bargaining by making available full and adequate governmental facilities for conciliation and mediation to aid and encourage employers and representatives of their employees in reaching and maintaining agreements concerning terms and conditions of employment and in making all reasonable efforts to settle their differences by mutual agreement; and (d) To avoid or minimize differences which arise between the parties to collective bargaining by prescribing certain rules to be followed in the negotiation and administration of collective bargaining agreements and by requiring the inclusion in any such agreement of provisions for adequate notice of any proposed changes in the terms of such agreements, for the final adjustment of grievances or questions regarding the application or interpretation of such agreements and other provisions designated to prevent the subsequent arising of such controversies. Section 2. Definitions. - As used in this Act (a) "Court" means the Court of Industrial Relations established by Commonwealth Act Numbered One hundred and three, as amended, unless another Court shall be specified. (b) "Service" means the Conciliation Service of the Department of Labor. (c) The term "employer" includes any person acting in the interest of an employer, directly or indirectly but shall not include any labor organization (otherwise than when acting as an employer) or anyone acting in the capacity of officer or agent of such labor organization. (d) The term "employee" shall include any employee and shall not be limited to the employee of a particular employer unless the Act explicitly states otherwise and shall include any individual whose work has ceased as a consequence of, or in connection with, any current labor dispute or because of any unfair labor practice and who has not obtained any other substantially equivalent and regular employment. (e) "Labor organization" means any union or association of employees which exists, in whole or in part, for the purpose of collective bargaining or of dealing with employers concerning terms and conditions of employment. (f) "Legitimate labor organization" means any labor organization registered by the Department of Labor, and includes any branch or local thereof. (g) The term "company union" means a labor organization the formation or administration of which has been assisted by any Act defined in Section four as an unfair labor practice. (h) "Representative" includes a legitimate labor organization or any officer or agent of such organization, whether or not employed by the employer or employees whom he represents. (i) The term "unfair labor practice" means any unfair labor practice listed in section four. (j) The term "labor dispute" includes any controversy concerning terms, tenure or conditions of employment, or concerning the association or representation of persons in negotiating, fixing, maintaining, changing, or seeking to arrange terms or conditions of employment, regardless of whether the disputants stand in the proximate relation of employer and employee. (k) "Supervisor" means any person having authority in the interest of an employer, to hire, transfer, suspend, layoff, recall, discharge, assign, recommend, or discipline other employees, or responsibly to direct them, and to adjust their grievances, or effectively to recommend such acts if, in connection with the foregoing, the exercise of such authority is not of a merely routinary or clerical nature but requires the use of independent judgment.

(l) "Strike" means any temporary stoppage of work by the concerted action of employees as a result of an industrial dispute. (m) "Lockout" means the temporary refusal of any employer to furnish work as a result of an industrial dispute. Section 3. Employees' Right to Self-Organization. - Employees shall have the right to self-organization and to form, join or assist labor organizations of their own choosing for the purpose collective bargaining through representatives of their own choosing and to engage in concerted activities for the purpose of collective bargaining and other mutual aid or protection. Individuals employed as supervisors shall not be eligible for membership in a labor organization of employees under their supervision but may form separate organizations of their own. Section 4. Unfair Labor Practices. (a) It shall be unfair labor practice for an employer: (1) To interfere with, restrain or coerce employees in the exercise of their rights guaranteed in section three; (2) To require as a condition of employment that a person or an employee shall not join a labor organization or shall withdraw from one to which he belongs; (3) To initiate, dominate, assist in or interfere with the formation or administration of any labor organization or to contribute financial or other support to it; (4) To discriminate in regard to hire or tenure of employment of any term or condition of employment to encourage or discourage membership in any labor organization: Provided, That nothing in this Act or in any other Act or statute of the Republic of the Philippines shall preclude an employer from making an agreement with a labor organization to require as a condition of employment membership therein, if such labor organization is the representative of the employees as provided in section twelve; (5) To dismiss, discharge, or otherwise prejudice or discriminate against an employee for having filed charges or for having given or being about to give testimony under this Act; (6) To refuse to bargain collectively with the representatives of his employees subject to the provisions of section thirteen and fourteen. (b) It shall be unfair labor practice for organization or its agents: (1) To restrain or coerce employees in the exercise of their rights under section three, provided that this paragraph shall not impair the right of a labor organization to prescribe its own rules with respect to the acquisition or retention of membership therein; (2) To cause or attempt to cause an employer to discriminate against an employee in violation of subsection (a) (4) or to discriminate against an employee with respect to whom membership in such organization has been denied or terminated on some ground other than the usual terms and conditions under which membership or continuation of membership is made available to other members. (3) To refuse to bargain collectively with the employer, provided it is the representative of the employees subject to the provisions of sections thirteen and fourteen. (4) To cause or attempt to cause an employer to pay or deliver or agree to pay or deliver any money or other thing of value, in the nature of an exaction, for services which are not performed or not to be performed. Section 5. Unfair Labor Practice Cases. (a) The Court shall have jurisdiction over the prevention of unfair labor practices and is empowered to prevent any person from engaging in any unfair labor practice. This power shall be exclusive and shall not be affected by any other means of adjustment or prevention that has been or may be established by an agreement, code, law or otherwise. (b) That Court shall observe the following procedure without resort to mediation and conciliation as provided in section four of Commonwealth Act Numbered One hundred and three, as amended, to any pre-trial procedure. Whenever it is charged by an offended party or his representative that any person has engaged or is engaging in any such unfair labor practice, the Court or any agency or agent designated by the Court must investigate such charge and shall have the power to issue and cause to be served upon such person a complaint stating the charges in that respect and containing a notice of hearing before the Court or a member thereof, or before a designated Hearing

Examiner at the time and place fixed therein not less than five nor more than ten days after serving the said complaint. The person complained of shall have the right to file an answer to the complaint and to appear in person or otherwise (but if the Court shall so request, the appearance shall be personal) and give testimony at the place and time fixed in the complaint. In the discretion of the Court, a member thereof or a Hearing Examiner, any other person may be allowed to be intervene in the said proceeding and to present testimony. In such proceeding, the rules of evidence prevailing in courts of law or equity shall not be controlling and it is the spirit and intention of this Act that the Court and its members and Hearing Examiners shall use every and all reasonable means to ascertain the facts in each case speedily and objectively and without regard to technicalities of law or procedure. In rendering its decisions, the Court shall not be bound solely by the evidence presented during the hearing but may avail itself of all other means such as (but not limited to) ocular inspections and questioning of well-informed persons which results must be made a part of the record. In the proceeding before the Court or a Hearing Examiner thereof, the parties shall not be required to be represented by legal counsel and it shall be the duty and obligation of the Court or Hearing Examiner to examine and cross-examine witnesses on behalf of the parties and to assist in the orderly presentation of the evidence. (c) The testimony taken by the Court or such member of the Court or the Hearing Examiner shall be reduced to writing and filed with the Court. If, after investigation, the Court shall be of the opinion that any person named in the complaint has engaged in or engaging in any unfair labor practice, then the Court shall state its findings of fact and shall issue and cause to be served on such person an order requiring such person to cease and desist from such unfair labor practice and take such affirmative action as will effectuate the policies of this Act, including (but not limited to) reinstatement of employees with or without back-pay and including rights of the employees prior to dismissal including seniority. Such order may further require such person to post the Court's order and findings in a place available to all the employees and to make reports from time to time showing the extent to which the Court's order has been complied with. If after investigation the Court shall be of the opinion that no person named in the complaint has engaged in or is engaging in any such unfair labor practice, then the Court shall state its findings of fact and shall issue an order dismissing the said complaint. If the complaining party withdraws its complaint, the Court shall dismiss the case. (d) The Court shall decide all incidental motions raised in any unfair labor practice cases within fifteen days from submission of the same. All other matters relative to such disputes including the main case shall be decided within thirty days after the submission of the case. This provision shall be considered as mandatory in character. (e) The Court or any judge thereof shall have all the inherent power of a Court of Justice provided in Rule One hundred and twenty-four of the rules of court as well as the power to punish direct and indirect contempts as provided in Rule sixty-four of the Rules of Court, under the same procedure and penalties provided therein. Any violation of any order or decision of the Court shall constitute contempt of court. Section 6. Unfair Labor Practice Cases - Appeals. - Any person aggrieved by any order of the Court may appeal to the Supreme Court of the Philippines within ten days after the issuing of the Court's order but this appeal shall not stay the order of the Court and the person or persons named in the Court order shall meanwhile obey said order. The findings of the Court with respect to questions of fact if supported by substantial evidence on the record shall be conclusive. The appeal to the Supreme Court shall be limited to questions of law only. Section 7. Fixing Working Conditions by Court Order . - In order to prevent undue restriction of free enterprise for capital and labor and to encourage the truly democratic method of regulating the relations between the employer and employee by means of an agreement freely entered into in collective bargaining, no court of the Philippines shall have the power to set wages, rates of pay, hours of employment, or conditions of employment except as in this Act is otherwise provided and except as is provided in Republic Act Numbered Six Hundred two and Commonwealth Act Numbered Four hundred fortyfour as to hours of works. Section 8. Private Contracts Contravening Employee Rights . - Every undertaking or promise hereafter made, whether written or oral, express or implied, constituting or contained in any contract or agreement of hiring or employment between any individual firm, company, association or corporation and any employee or prospective employee of the same shall be null and void if thereby (a) Either party to such contract or agreement undertakes or promises not to join, become or remain a member of any labor organization or of any employer organization; or (b) Either party to such contract or agreement undertakes or promises that he will withdraw from an employment relation in the event that he joins, becomes or remains a member of any labor organization or of any employer organization. (c) Either party undertakes or promises to permit the commission of any of the unfair labor practices defined in

section four hereof. Section 9. Injunctions in Labor Disputes. (a) No Court, Commission or Board of the Philippines shall have jurisdiction, except as provided in section ten of this Act, to issue any restraining order, temporary or permanent injunction in any case involving or growing out of labor dispute to prohibit any person or persons participating or interested in such dispute from doing, whether singly or in concert, any of the following acts: (1) Ceasing or refusing to perform any work or to remain in any relation of employment; (2) Becoming or remaining a member of any labor organization or of any employee organization regardless of any undertaking or promise as is described in section eight of this Act; (3) Paying or giving to, or withholding from, any person participating or interested in such labor dispute, any strike or unemployment benefits or insurance, or moneys or things of value; (4) By all lawful means aiding any person participating or interested in any labor dispute who is being proceeded against in, or is prosecuting any action or suit in any court of the Philippines; (5) Giving publicity to the existence of, or the facts involved in any labor dispute, whether by advertising, speaking, patrolling, or by any method not involving fraud or violence; (6) Assembling peaceably to act or to organize to act in promotion of their interests in a labor dispute; (7) Advising or notifying any person of an intention to do any of the acts heretofore specified; (8) Agreeing with other persons to do or not to do any of the acts heretofore specified; and (9) Advising, urging, or otherwise causing or inducing without fraud or violence, the acts heretofore specified, regardless of any such undertaking or promise as is described in section eight of this Act. (b) No court of the Philippines shall have jurisdiction to issue a restraining order or temporary or permanent injunction upon the ground that any of the persons participating or interested in a labor dispute constitute or are engaged in an unlawful combination or conspiracy because of the doing in concert of the acts enumerated in paragraph (a) above. (c) No officer or member of any association or organization, and no association or organization participating or interested in a labor dispute shall be held responsible or liable for the unlawful acts of individual officers, members, or agents, except upon proof of actual participation in, or actual authorization of such acts or of ratifying of such acts after actual knowledge thereof. (d) No court of the Philippines shall have jurisdiction to issue a temporary or permanent injunction in any case involving or growing out of a labor dispute, as herein defined except after hearing the testimony of witnesses in open court (with opportunity for cross-examination) in support of the allegations of a complaint made under oath, and testimony in opposition thereto, if offered, and except after finding of fact by the Court, to the effect: (1) That unlawful acts have been threatened and will be committed unless restrained, or have been committed and will be continued unless restrained, but no injunction or temporary restraining order shall be issued on account of any threat or unlawful act excepting against the person or persons, association, or organization making the threat or committing the unlawful act or actually authorizing or ratifying the same after actual knowledge thereof; (2) That substantial and irreparable injury to complainant's property will follow; (3) That as to each item of relief granted greater injury will be inflicted upon complainant by the denial of relief that will be inflicted upon defendants by the granting of relief; (4) That complaint has no adequate remedy at law; and (5) That the public officers charged with the duty to protect complainant's property are unable or unwilling to furnish adequate protection. Such hearing shall be held after due and personal notice thereof has been given, in such manner as the Court shall direct, to all known persons against whom relief is sought, and also to the chief of those public officials of the province or city within which the unlawful acts have been threatened or committed charged with the duty to protect complainant's property: Provided, however, That if a complainant shall also allege that, unless a temporary restraining order shall be issued without notice, a substantial and irreparable injury to complainant's property will

be unavoidable, such a temporary restraining order may be issued upon testimony under oath, sufficient, if sustained, to justify the court in issuing a temporary injunction upon hearing after notice. Such a temporary restraining order shall be effective for no longer than fifty days and shall become void at the expiration of said five days. No temporary restraining order or temporary injunction shall be issued except on condition that complainant shall first file an undertaking with adequate security in an amount to be fixed by the Court sufficient to recompense those enjoined for any loss, expense, or damage caused by the improvident or erroneous issuance of such order or injunction, including all reasonable costs, (together with a reasonable attorney's fee) and expense of defense against the order or against the granting of any injunctive relief sought in the same proceeding and subsequently denied by the Court. The undertaking herein mentioned shall be understood to signify an agreement entered into by the complainant and the surety upon which a decree may be rendered in the same suit or proceeding against said complainant and surety, upon a hearing to assess damages of which hearing complainant and surety shall have reasonable notice, the said complainant and surety submitting themselves to the jurisdiction of the court for that purpose. But nothing herein contained shall deprive any party having a claim or cause of action under or upon such undertaking from electing to pursue his ordinary remedy by suit at law or in equity. (e) No restraining order or injunctive relief shall be granted to any complainant who has failed to comply with any obligation imposed by law which is involved in the labor dispute in question, or who has failed to make every reasonable effort to settle such dispute by negotiation or with the aid of any available governmental machinery of mediation or by voluntary arbitration. (f) No restraining order or temporary or permanent injunction shall be granted in a case involving or growing out of a labor dispute, except on the basis of findings of fact made and filed by the court in the record of the case prior to the issuance of such restraining order or injunction; and every restraining order or injunction granted in a case involving or growing out of a labor dispute shall include only a prohibition of such specific act or acts as may be expressly complained of in the bill of complaint or petition filed in such case and as shall be expressly included in said findings of fact made and filed by the court as provided herein: (1) A case shall be held to involve or to grow out of a labor dispute when the case involves persons who are engaged in the same industry, trade, craft, or occupation; or have direct or indirect interests therein; or who are employees of the same employer; or who are members of the same or an affiliated organization of employers or employees; whether such dispute is (i) between one or more employees or association of employers and one or more employees or association of employees; (ii) between one or more employers or association of employers and one or more employees or association of employers; or (iii) between one or more employees or association of employees and one or more employees or association of employees; or when the case involves any conflicting or competing interests in "labor dispute" (as hereinbefore defined) of "persons participating or interested" therein (as hereinafter defined). (2) A person or association shall be held to be a person participating or interested in a labor dispute if relief is sought against him or it, and if he or it is engaged in the same industry, trade, craft, or occupation in which such dispute occurs, or has a direct or indirect interest therein, or is a member, officer, or agent of any association composed in whole or in part of employers engaged in such industry, trade, craft, or occupation. Section 10. Labor Disputes in Industries Indispensable to the National Interest . - When in the opinion of the President of the Philippines there exists a labor dispute in an industry indispensable to the national interest and when such labor dispute is certified by the President to the Court of Industrial Relations, said Court may cause to be issued a restraining order forbidding the employees to strike or the employer to lockout the employees, pending an investigation by the Court, and if no other solution to the dispute is found, the Court may issue an order fixing the terms and conditions of employment. Section 11. Prohibition Against Strikes in the Government . - The terms and conditions of employment in the Government, including any political subdivision or instrumentality thereof, are governed by law and it is declared to be the policy of this Act that employees therein shall not strike for the purpose of securing changes or modification in their terms and conditions of employment. Such employees may belong to any labor organization which does not impose the obligation to strike or to join in strike: Provided, however, That this section shall apply only to employees employed in governmental functions and not to those employed in proprietary functions of the Government including but not limited to government corporations. Section 12. Exclusive Collective Bargaining Representation of Labor Organizations . (a) The labor organization designated or selected for the purpose of collective bargaining by the majority of the employees in an appropriate collective bargaining unit shall be the exclusive representative of all the employees in such unit for the purpose of collective bargaining in respect to rates of pay, wages, hours of employment, or other

conditions of employment: Provided, That any individual employee or group of employees shall have the right at any time to present grievances to their employer. (b) Whenever a question arises concerning the representation of employees, the Court may investigate such controversy and certify to the parties in writing the name of the labor organization that has been designated or selected for the appropriate bargaining unit. In any such investigation, the Court shall provide for a speedy and appropriate hearing upon due notice and if there is any reasonable doubt as to whom the employees have chosen as their representative for purposes of collective bargaining, the Court shall order a secret ballot election to be conducted by the Department of Labor, to ascertain who is the freely chosen representative of the employees, under such rules and regulations as the Court may prescribe, at which balloting representatives of the contending parties shall have the right to attend as inspectors. Such a balloting shall be known as a "certification election" and the Court shall not order certifications in the same unit more often than once in twelve months. The organization receiving the majority of votes cast in such election shall be certified as the exclusive bargaining representative of such employees. (c) In an instance where a petition is filed by at least ten per cent of the employees in the appropriate unit requesting an election, it shall be mandatory on the Court to order an election for the purpose of determining the representative of the employees for the appropriate bargaining unit. (d) When requested to bargain collectively, an employer may petition the Court for an election if there has been no certification election held during the twelve months prior to the date of the request of the employees, and if the employer has reasonable doubt as to the bargaining representative of the employees in the appropriate unit. (e) The Department of Labor shall conduct a certification election within 30 days of the date the Court makes the request and in accordance with the rules and regulations prescribed by the Court. The Department of Labor shall transmit the results of the election to the Court for its determination within seven days of the certification election. (f) A labor organization which has been a contending party in the election may appeal the results of the certification election to the Court if it alleges any of the rules and regulations established by the Court for the conduct of the election have been violated. Section 13. Duty to Bargain Collectively. - In the absence of an agreement or other voluntary arrangement providing for a more expeditious manner of collective bargaining, it shall be the duty of an employer and the representative of his employees to bargain collectively in accordance with the provisions of this Act. Such duty to bargain collectively means the performance of the mutual obligation to meet and confer promptly and expeditiously and in good faith, for the purpose of negotiating an agreement with respect to wages, hours, and/or other terms and conditions of employment, and of executing a written contract incorporating such agreement if requested by either party, or for the purpose of adjusting any grievances or question arising under such agreement, but such duty does not compel any party to agree to a proposal or to make concession. Where there is in effect a collective bargaining agreement, the duty to bargain collectively shall also mean that neither party shall terminate or modify such agreement, unless it has served a written notice upon the other party of the proposed termination or modification at least thirty days prior to the expiration date of the agreement, or in the absence of an express provision concerning the period of validity of such agreement prior to the time it is intended to have such termination or modification take effect. It shall be the duty of both parties, without resorting to a strike or lockout, to continue in full force and effect all the terms and conditions of the existing agreement during the said period of thirty days. Section 14. Procedure of Collective Bargaining. (a) Whenever a party desires to negotiate an agreement, it shall serve a written notice upon the other party, with a statement of its proposals. The other party shall make a reply thereto not later than ten days from receipt of such proposals. (b) In case differences shall arise on the basis of such proposals and reply, either party may request a conference which shall begin not later than ten days from the making of such request. Both parties shall endeavor in such conference to settle the dispute amicably and expeditiously. (c) If the dispute is not settled by conference and the Conciliation Service of the Department of Labor intervenes in the dispute, it shall be the duty of each party to participate fully and promptly in such meetings and conferences as the Service may undertake. (d) Before an employer may lockout his employees or the employees may strike, either party as the case may be, must file with the Conciliation Service thirty days prior thereto a notice of their intention to strike or lockout the employees. Such notice shall be in a form to be prescribed by the Chief of the Conciliation Service.

Section 15. Violation of Duty to Bargain Collectively . - It shall be unlawful for any employer to refuse to bargain collectively with the representative of his employees, or to declare a lockout without having first bargained collectively with the representative of his employees, in accordance with the provisions of this Act. Any employee whose work has stopped as a consequence of such lockout shall be entitled to back-pay. The refusal of a labor organization to bargain collectively with an employer or the declaration of a strike by such organization without having first bargained collectively with an employer pursuant to this Act, shall be sufficient cause for the Court of Industrial Relations to deny to said union all rights and privileges under this Act. Any employee who participates in such strike shall lose his status as an employee for the purposes of this Act. The declaration of a strike by a labor organization or a lockout by an employer where no previous notice of a desire to negotiate an agreement has been served upon the other party as provided in Section 14, shall be deemed prima facie evidence of a violation of the duty to bargain collectively. Section 16. Administration of Agreement and Handling of Grievances . - The parties to collective bargaining shall endeavor to include in their agreement provisions to insure mutual observance of the terms and stipulations of the agreement and to establish machinery for the adjustment of grievances, including any question that may arise from the application or interpretation of the agreement or from day-to-day relationships in the establishment. Section 17. Rights and Conditions of Membership in Labor Organizations . - It is hereby declared to be the public policy of the Philippines to encourage the following internal labor organization procedures. A minimum of ten percent of the members of a labor organization may report an alleged violation of these procedures in their labor organization to the Court. If the Court finds, upon investigation, evidence to substantiate the alleged violation and that efforts to correct the alleged violation through the procedures provided by the labor organization's constitution or by-laws have been exhausted, the Court shall dispose of the complaint as in "unfair labor practice" cases. (a) Arbitrary or excessive initiation fees shall not be required of the members of a legitimate labor organization nor shall arbitrary, excessive or oppressive fines and forfeitures be imposed. (b) The members shall be entitled to full and detailed reports from their officers and representatives of all financial transactions as provided in the constitution and by-laws of the organization. (c) They shall also have the right to elect officers by secret ballot at intervals of not more than two years and to determine and vote upon the question of striking or not striking or upon any other question of major policy affecting the entire membership of the organization. (d) No labor organization shall knowingly admit as member or continue in membership therein any individual who belongs to any subversive organization or who is engaged directly or indirectly in any subversive activity or movement. (e) No person who has been convicted of a crime involving moral turpitude shall be eligible for election to any office in a legitimate labor organization or for appointment to any position involving the collection, custody, management, control, or disbursement of its funds, and any such person shall be disqualified from continuing to hold any office or such position in the organization. Within sixty days of the election of the officers of a legitimate labor organization, the secretary or other responsible officer thereof shall furnish the Secretary of Labor with a list of the newly-elected officers and the appointive officers or agents of the organization who are entrusted within the collection, custody, management, control or disbursement of its funds. Any change in such list shall be reported within this period. (f) No officer, agent or member of a legitimate labor organization shall collect any fees, dues, or other contributions in behalf of the organization or make any disbursement of its money or funds unless he is provided with the necessary authority pursuant to its constitution or by-laws. (g) Every payment of fees, dues, or other contributions by a member shall be evidenced by a receipt signed by the officer or agent making the collection and entered upon the record of the organization to be kept and maintained for that purpose. (h) The funds of the organization shall not be applied for any purpose or object other than those expressly stated in its constitution or by-laws or those expressly authorized by a resolution of the majority of the members. (i) Every expenditure of the funds of the organization shall be evidenced by a receipt from the person to whom the payment was made, which shall state the date, place and purpose of such payment. Such receipts shall form part of the financial records of the organization.

(j) The officers of a legitimate labor organization shall not be paid any other compensation, in addition to the salaries and expenses for their positions which shall be specifically provided for in its constitution or by-laws, except in pursuance of a resolution approved in a meeting by a majority vote. (k) The treasurer of a legitimate labor organization and every officer thereof who is responsible for the accounts of such organization or for the collection, disbursement, custody or control of the funds, moneys and other properties of the organization, shall render to the organization and to its members at the times specified hereunder, a true and correct account of all moneys received and paid by him since he assumed office or since the last date on which he rendered such account and of the balance remaining in his hands at the time of rendering such account, and of all bonds, securities, and other properties of the organization entrusted to his custody or under his control. The rendering of such account shall be made (1) at least once a year within thirty days of the close of its fiscal year; (2) at such other times as may be required by a resolution of the majority of the members of the organization; and (3) upon vacating his office. The account shall be verified by affidavit and copy thereof shall be furnished the Secretary of Labor. The organization shall cause such account to be audited by a qualified person. (l) The books of accounts and other records of the financial activities of a legitimate labor organization shall be open to inspection by any officer or member thereof. Section 18. Conciliation Service. - There shall be appointed, in addition to the existing personnel of the Conciliation Service of the Department of Labor, such number of conciliators, examiners, and other assistants as may be necessary to carry out the purposes of this section and as may hereafter be provided in this Act or may hereafter be provided by law. It shall be the duty of the Service, in order to prevent or minimize labor disputes, to assist parties to labor disputes in settling such disputes through conciliation and mediation. The Service may proffer its services in any labor dispute in any industry either upon its own motion or upon the request of one or more of the parties to the dispute. If the Service is not able to bring the parties to agreement by conciliation within a reasonable time, it shall seek to induce the parties voluntarily to seek other means of settling the dispute without resort to strike, lockout, or other coercion, including submission to the employees in the bargaining unit of the employer's last offer of settlement for approval or rejection in a secret ballot. Section 19. Compilation of Collective Bargaining Agreements . - For the information and guidance of all interested representatives of employers and legitimate labor organizations, the Conciliation Service in the Department of Labor shall maintain a file of all available collective bargaining agreements and other available agreements settling or adjusting industrial disputes, and of copies of the orders, awards, and decisions of the Court of Industrial Relations and the Supreme Court in cases of industrial disputes. Such file shall be open to inspection under appropriate conditions prescribed by the Secretary of Labor, except that no specific information submitted in confidence shall be disclosed. Section 20. Labor-Management Conferences. - The President of the Philippines may, from time to time, upon his own motion or upon recommendation of the Secretary of Labor, call a national conference of representatives of employers and of labor organizations for the consideration and adoption of voluntary codes of principle in regard to labor-management relations designed to prevent or minimize industrial disputes particularly those affecting the general welfare. The Secretary of Labor is also authorized to call from time to time a conference of representatives of employers and labor organizations in any industry or region for the same purpose. In recommending a national labor-management conference or in calling an industrial or regional labor-management conference, the Secretary of Labor is directed to act in consultation with representatives of employers and labor organizations concerned. The purpose of this section is to establish a positive philosophy in the governmental approach to the problem of industrial relations that will lend the whole force of its influence in encouraging the development of sound economic and social practices, and, at the same time, to recognize that real industrial peace can not be achieved by compulsion of law. Sound and stable industrial relations must rest, in keeping with the spirit of our democratic institutions, on an essentially voluntary basis. Section 21. Advisory Labor-Management Council. - There is hereby established in the Department of Labor an advisory

Labor-Management Council which shall be composed of a member representing the public, who shall act as chairman, and an equal number of representatives selected from among persons outstanding in the field of management and of representatives selected from among persons outstanding in the filed of labor. It shall be the duty of the Council, at the request of the Secretary of Labor, to advise in the avoidance of industrial disputes and the manner in which medication and voluntary adjustment of such disputes shall be administered. Section 22. Study of Industrial Relations. - The Secretary of Labor shall have power and it shall be his duty to inquire into (a) The existing relations between employer and employees in the Philippines; (b) the growth of associations of employees and the effect of such associations upon employer-employee relationships; (c) the extent and results of the methods of collective bargaining in the determination of terms and conditions of employment; (d) the methods which have been tried by employers and associations of employees for maintaining mutually satisfactory relations; (e) desirable industrial practices which have been developed through collective bargaining and other voluntary arrangements; (f) the possible ways of increasing the usefulness and efficiency of collective bargaining for settling differences; (g) the possibilities for the adoption of practical and effective methods of labor-management cooperation; and (h) any other aspect of employer-employee relationship which relates to the promotion of harmony and understanding between the parties. The Secretary of Labor shall also inquire into the causes of industrial unrest and take all necessary means within his power as may be prescribed by law to alleviate the same, and shall from time to time recommend the enactment of such remedial legislation as in his judgment may be desirable for the maintenance and promotion of industrial peace. Section 23. Registration of Labor Organizations. (a) There shall be in the Department of Labor a Registrar of Labor Organizations (hereinafter referred to as the Registrar). It shall be the duty of the Register to act as the representative of the Secretary of Labor in any proceeding under this Act upon any question of the association or representation of employees, to keep and maintain a registry of legitimate labor organizations and of their branches of locals, and to perform such other functions as the Secretary of Labor may prescribe. (b) Any labor organization, association or union of workers duly organized for the material, intellectual and moral well-being of its members shall acquire legal personality and be entitled to all the rights and privileges granted by law to legitimate labor organizations within thirty days of filing with the office of the Secretary of Labor notice of its due organization and existence and the following documents, together with the amount of five pesos as registration fee, except as provided in paragraph "d" of this section: (1) A copy of the constitution and by-laws of the organization together with a list of all officers of the association, their addresses and the address of the principal office of the organization; (2) A sworn statement of all officers of the said organization, association or union to the effect that they are not members of the Communist Party and that they are not members of any organizations which teaches the overthrow of the Government by force or by any illegal or unconstitutional method; and (3) If the applicant organization has been in existence for one or more years, a copy of its last annual financial report. (c) If in the opinion of the Department of Labor the applicant organization does not appear to meet the requirements of this Act for registration, the Department shall, after ten days' notice to the applicant organization, association or union, and within thirty days of receipt of the above-mentioned documents, hold a public hearing in the province in which the principal office of the applicant is located at which the applicant organization shall have the right to be represented by attorney and to cross-examine witnesses; and such hearing shall be concluded and a decision announced by the Department within thirty days after the announcement of said hearing; and if after due

hearing the Department rules against registration of the applicant, it shall be required that the Department of Labor state specifically what data the applicant has failed to submit as a prerequisite of registration. If the applicant is still denied, it thereafter shall have the right within sixty days of formal denial of registration to appeal to the Court of Appeals, which shall render a decision within thirty days, or to the Supreme Court. (d) The registration and permit of a legitimate labor organization shall be cancelled by the Department of Labor, if the Department has reason to believe that the labor organization no longer meets one or more of the requirements of paragraph (b) above; or fails to file with the Department of Labor either its financial report within sixty days of the end of its fiscal year or the names of its new officers along with their non-subversive affidavits as outlined in paragraph (b) above within sixty days of their election; however, the Department of Labor shall not order the cancellation of the registration and permit without due notice and hearing, as provided under paragraph (c) above, and the affected labor organization shall have the same right of appeal to the courts as previously provided. The Department of Labor shall automatically cancel or refuse registration and permit to the labor organization or the unit of a labor organization finally declared under sections five and six of this Act to be a company union as defined by this Act. The restoration or granting of registration and permit shall take place only after the labor organization petitions the Court and the Court declares (1) that full remedial action has been taken and (2) sufficient time has elapsed to counteract the unfair labor practice which resulted in the company union status. (e) Provisions of Commonwealth Act Numbered Two hundred and thirteen providing for registration, licensing, and cancellation of registration of organizations, associations or unions of labor, as qualified and expanded by the preceding paragraphs of this Act, are hereby amended. Section 24. Rights of Labor Organizations. - A legitimate labor organization shall have the right (a) To act as the representative of its members for the purpose of collective bargaining, pursuant to section three of this Act; (b) To be certified as the exclusive representative of the employees in a collective bargaining unit, as provided in section twelve (a); (c) To own property, real or personal, for the use and benefit of such labor organization and of its members; and (d) To bring and defend actions in its registered name relating to such property. No suit, action or other proceeding shall be maintainable in any court against a labor organization or any officer or member thereof for any act done by or on behalf of such organization in furtherance of an industrial dispute to which it is a party, on the ground only that such act induces some other person to break a contract of employment or that it is in restraint of trade or interferes with the trade, business or employment of some other person or with the right of some other person to dispose of his capital or labor. Section 25. Penalties. - Any person who violates the provisions of section three of this Act shall be punished by a fine of not less that one hundred pesos nor more than one thousand pesos, or by imprisonment of not less than one month nor more than one year, or by both such fine and imprisonment, in the discretion of the Court. Any other violation of this Act which is declared unlawful shall be punished by a fine of not less than fifty pesos nor more than five hundred pesos for each offense. Section 26. Appropriations. - The sum of two hundred thousand pesos is hereby appropriated for the fiscal year nineteen hundred and fifty-four to carry out the purposes of this Act and the same amount is hereby authorized for appropriation in succeeding years. Section 27. Transitory Provision. - All cases pending before the Court of Industrial Relations at the time of passage of this Act shall be processed by the Court according to Commonwealth Act Numbered One hundred three, as amended by the Commonwealth Acts Numbered Two hundred fifty-four, Three hundred fifty-five and Five hundred fifty-nine but the judges of the Court shall call both parties to the dispute and make every attempt to help them reach a just and speedy solution by mutual agreement. Section 28. Declaration of Invalidity. - If any provision of this Act, or the application thereof to any person or circumstance, shall be held invalid, the remainder of this Act, or the application of such provision to persons or circumstances other than those as to which it is held invalid, shall not be affected thereby. Section 29. Prior Inconsistent Laws. - All acts or parts of acts inconsistent with the provisions of this Act are hereby repealed. Section 30. Date of Effectivity. - This Act shall take effect on its approval.

Approved: June 17, 19531awphil@alf COMMONWEALTH ACT NO. 103 AN ACT TO AFFORD PROTECTION OF LABOR BY CREATING A COURT OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS EMPOWERED TO FIX MINIMUM WAGES FOR LABORERS AND MAXIMUM RENTALS TO BE PAID BY TENANTS, AND TO ENFORCE COMPULSORY ARBITRATION BETWEEN EMPLOYEES OR LANDLORDS, AND EMPLOYEES OR TENANTS, RESPECTIVELY; AND BY PRESCRIBING PENALTIES FOR THE VIOLATION OF ITS ORDERS CHAPTER I Organization of the Court SECTION 1. The Judge: his appointment, qualifications, compensation, tenure . There is hereby created a Court of Industrial Relations, which shall have jurisdiction over the entire Philippines, to consider, investigate, decide, and settle any question, matter, controversy or dispute arising between, and/or affecting, employers and employees or laborers, and landlords and tenants or farm-laborers, and regulate the relations between them, subject to, and in accordance with, the provisions of this Act. The Court shall keep a record of all its proceedings and shall be presided over by-a Judge to be appointed by the President of the Philippines with the consent of the Commission on Appointments of the National Assembly. The Judge of the Court shall hold office during good behavior until he reaches the age of seventy years,-or becomes incapacitated to discharge the duties of his office His qualifications shall be the same as those provided in the Constitution for members of the Supreme Court and he shall receive an annual compensation of ten thousand pesos and shall be entitled to traveling expenses and per diems when performing official duties outside of the City of Manila. The Department of Justice shall have executive supervision over the Court. SECTION 2. The oath of the judge. Before entering upon the discharge of the duties of his office, the Judge of the Court shall take and subscribe an oath of office before an official authorized by law to administer oaths, wherein he shall declare, in addition to the matters prescribed in Section 23 of the Administrative Code and in the Constitution of the Philippines, that he shall faithfully and impartially perform the duties of his office, and that, except in the discharge of his duties, he will not disclose to any person any evidence or other matter brought before the Court. SECTION 3. The Clerk of the Court; other personnel. The judge of the Court shall appoint and fix the compensation of the Clerk of the Court, and of such other subject, employees, and technical staff as may be necessary, subject to the Civil Service Laws, and subject to the approval of the Secretary of Justice: Provided, however, That the maximum yearly salary of the Clerk of the Court shall be five thousand pesos. CHAPTER II Powers and Duties of the Court SECTION 4. Strikes and lockouts. The Court shall take cognizance for purposes of prevention, arbitration, decision and settlement, of any industrial or agricultural dispute causing or likely to cause a strike or lockout, arising from differences as regards wages, shares or compensation, hours of labor or conditions of tenancy or employment, between employers and employees or laborers and between landlords and tenants or farmlaborers, provided that the number of employees, laborers or tenants or farm-laborers involved exceeds thirty, and such industrial or agricultural dispute is submitted to the Court by the Secretary of Labor, or by any or both of the parties to the controversy and certified by the Secretary of Labor as existing and proper to be dealt with by the Court for the sake of public interest. In all such cases, the Secretary of Labor or the party or parties submitting the disputes, shall clearly and specifically state in writing the questions to be decided. Upon the submission of such a controversy or question by the Secretary of Labor, his intervention therein as authorized by law, shall cease. The Court shall, before hearing the dispute and in the course of such hearing, endeavor to reconcile the parties and induce them to settle the dispute by amicable agreement. If any agreement as to the whole or any part of the dispute is arrived at by the parties, a memorandum of its terms shall be made in writing, signed and acknowledged by the parties thereto before the Judge of the Court or any official acting in his behalf and authorized to administer oaths or acknowledgments, or, before a notary public. The memorandum shall be filed in the office of the Clerk of the Court, and, unless otherwise ordered by the Court, shall, as between the parties

to the agreement, have the same effect, and be deemed to be, a decision or award. SECTION 5. Minimum wage and maximum "canon" or rental. Whenever conditions in a given industry or in a given locality so warrant, and in the interest of public welfare and for the promotion of industrial peace and progress, the President of the Philippines shall direct the Court of Industrial Relations to investigate and study all pertinent facts related to the industry concerned or to the industries in a designated locality, with a view to determining the necessity and fairness of fixing and adopting for such industry or locality a minimum wage or share of laborers or tenants, or a maximum "canon" or rental to be paid by the "inquilinos" or tenants or lessees to landowners. In order to determine the necessity and fairness of adopting such measures, and in order to arrive at a proper, just, and reasonable minimum wage or share or maximum "canon" or rental, the Court shall make a careful examination of the amount of capital invested in the industry or industries concerned, insurance and transportation, market prices, benefits or gains derived or losses suffered or expected, wages and shares as well as other income of laborers and tenants, minimum cost of living and labor conditions in general, and such other factors and circumstances as may, in its opinion, be necessary to fairly and adequately accomplish the purpose of the investigation. After such an examination, and after the Court is satisfied of the necessity and fairness of fixing and adopting a minimum wage or share or maximum "canon" or rental for such locality or industry, it shall tentatively fix such minimum wage or share or maximum "canon" or rental as would give the workingmen a just compensation for their labor and an adequate income to meet the essential necessities of civilized life, and at the same time allow the capital a fair return on its investment. When determining a minimum wage or share for laborers and tenants engaged in a given industry, the Court may, in its discretion, taking into account the conditions prevailing in the different localities where such industry is carried on, fix different minimum wages or shares, according to localities or fix different minimum wages or shares according to the industries existing in that locality. A minimum wage or share shall be determined and fixed for laborers working by the hours, day or month, or by piecework, and for tenants sharing in the crop or paid measurement unit. Unless otherwise expressly provided in the order fixing a minimum wage, a minimum wage in industrial or manufacturing enterprises shall be understood to be fixed on the basis of eight hours daily labor, and employees and laborers working in excess of such number of hours shall be entitled to a proportionate increase in their wages. The Court may, by so specifically providing in its order fixing a minimum wage, exclude apprentices from the provisions thereof, but the number of such apprentices in an industrial firm or labor establishment shall not exceed twenty per centum of the total number of laborers employed therein. Insofar as possible, and when deemed necessary to better carry out the provisions of this Act, the Court may classify or group the laborers according to the kind and importance of the work and the amount or degree of skill, training, experience and knowledge required and shall fix for each class or group a minimum wage or compensation. In like manner, it may classify or group the tenants or lessees according to the kind of work they perform, the terms of the contract with the landowners and the productivity of the lands or the maximum "canon" or rental to be paid to the landowners. After such minimum wage or share or maximum "canon" or rental has been tentatively fixed by the Court, the Court shall order the publication of such tentative decision in three successive issues of two newspapers of general circulation in the locality or localities affected, one published in English and another in Spanish. All parties not agreeing to such tentative decision may, within forty-five days after the first publication, submit to the Court their written objections. With due consideration to such objections, and after the expiration of the period given to question such tentative decision, the Court shall adopt a final minimum wage or share or maximum "canon" or rental, which shall, with the approval of the President of the Philippines, be binding upon everyone concerned and shall have the force and effect of law thirty days after the approval by the President duly promulgated in an executive Proclamation. CHAPTER III Incidental Powers of the Court and Manner of Conducting Investigations SECTION 6. The power to issue subpoena, etc. The Judge of the Court shall have the power to administer oaths in matters connected with the business of the Court; summon the parties to a controversy before the Court, issue subpoena, require the attendance and testimony of witnesses and the production of such books, papers, contracts, records, statements of accounts, agreements and statements as may be material to a just

determination of the matter under investigation, take testimony in any investigation or hearing conducted in pursuance of the provisions of this Act, and delegate all such powers to any board or person who shall act in behalf of the Court. Any contempt of the orders of the Court in this regard shall be punished as in other cases of contempt of Courts of First Instance. SECTION 7. Where hearings may be held; and how. The Court shall have power to conduct hearing in any place for the determination of a question, matter or controversy within its jurisdiction, proceed to hear and determine the dispute in the absence of any party thereto who has been summoned or served with notice to appear, conduct its proceedings or any part thereof in public or in private; adjourn its hearings or any part thereof in public or in private; adjourn its hearings to any time and place, refer any technical matter or matters of account to an expert and to accept his report as evidence, direct parties to be joined or stricked out from the proceedings, correct, amend or waive any error, defect or irregularity, whether in substance or in form; extend any prescribed time; give all such directions as it may deem necessary or expedient in the determination of the dispute before it; and dismiss any master or part of any matter, or refrain from hearing further or from determining the dispute or part thereof, where it is trivial or where further proceedings by the Court are not necessary or desirable. SECTION 8. Assessors. Employers and employees or laborers and landlords and tenants or farm-laborers directly concerned with any matter under or to be submitted to the consideration of the Court may petition for the appointment of assessors, and the Court, when satisfied of the interest of the petitioners in the controversy, may appoint at any stage of the proceedings assessors not exceeding three for the employer or landlords, and an equal number of assessors for the employees, laborers or tenants, from the lists of candidates to be submitted by the parties concerned. The assessors will serve without compensation or allowance whatsoever. SECTION 9. Boards of inquiry. Whenever necessary in his opinion, the President of the Philippines may appoint boards of inquiry in different localities to assist the Court in the performance of its duties under the provisions of Section five hereof. A local board of inquiry shall be composed of the following members: not more than six from among a list of nominees to be submitted by employers or landlords, an equal number from a list submitted by the employees, laborers, tenants or farm-laborers, and not more than three experts in sociology, welfare work, labor problems or industrial and agricultural economics and administration: Provided, That if within fifteen days after requesting them to do so, the parties concerned fail to submit the list of nominees above mentioned, the President may appoint in their stead such persons as in his judgment may represent the parties failing to submit such nominees. The chairman of the board shall be designated by the President from among the experts. The majority of the board shall constitute a quorum to do business, and the affirmative vote of the majority of all the members present shall be necessary to the approval of any proposition. The members of the board shall receive no compensation but they shall be paid their traveling expenses. The boards of inquiry shall be charged with the duty of investigating and determining the facts in any given case, and their report and decision shall be deemed as only advisory. SECTION 10. Reference to public officials. For the sake of expediency and depending on the nature and extent of the facts and questions involved, the Court may refer any industrial or agricultural dispute, or any matter under consideration or advisement by the Court under the provisions of section four hereof to a local board of inquiry, a provincial fiscal, a justice of the peace or any public official in any part of the Philippines for investigation, report, and recommendation, and may delegate to such board or public official such powers and functions as the said Court of Industrial Relations may deem necessary; but such delegation shall not affect the exercise by the Court itself of any of its powers of functions. When delegation is made to a public official as above provided, he may, in his discretion, appoint an equal number of assessors, not exceeding three, from each of the lists submitted by the employers or landlords and by the employees, laborers, tenants, or farmlaborers, respectively, interested in the matter referred to him for investigation. The assessors thus appointed shall serve without compensation or allowance whatsoever. The Court may take into account or set aside the recommendation of any such board or public official in deciding the dispute and making its decision, award or order. SECTION 11. Court authorized to seek help from other officers.-The Court shall have the power to require the services of any Government official or employee, to help it, without additional compensation, in the performance of its duties. SECTION 12. Power of inspection. The Judge or any person authorized by him in writing may at any time during working hours, enter any labor establishment, building, place or premises in the performance of the duties of the Court, and may inspect and view any work, material, implement, machinery, appliances or any object therein. CHAPTER IV

Award and Appeals SECTION 13. Character of the award. In making an award, order or decision, under the provisions of section four of this Act, the Court shall not be restricted to the specific relief claimed or demands made by the parties to the industrial or agricultural dispute, but may include in the award, order or decision any matter or determination which may be deemed necessary or expedient for the purpose of settling the dispute or of preventing further industrial or agricultural disputes. SECTION 14. Finality of award. At the expiration of ten days from the date of the award, order or decision, in cases brought under the provisions of section four hereof, judgment shall be entered in accordance therewith, unless during said ten days an aggrieved party shall appeal therefrom to the Supreme Court of the Philippines by writ of certiorari as hereinafter provided. The Supreme Court in its discretion, may, in any case involving a question of law, upon petition of the party aggrieved by the decision of the Court of Industrial Relations and under rules and conditions that it may prescribe, require by certiorari that said case be certified to it for review and determination. SECTION 15. Decision of Supreme Court. Upon the final determination and decision by the Supreme Court of the questions or issues raised in the appeal, the Clerk of the Supreme Court shall immediately transmit to the Clerk of the Court of Industrial Relations a certified copy of the decision or judgment. Five days after receipt of said certified decision or judgment by the Clerk of the Court of Industrial Relations it shall immediately become conclusive, final and executory. If exceptions to an award, order or decision of the Court are finally sustained, judgment shall be entered setting aside the award, order or decision, in whole or in part, but in such case the parties may agree upon a judgment to be entered disposing of the subject matter of the controversy, which shall have the same force and effect as judgment entered, an award, order or decision. SECTION 16. Preference given to labor cases. The Supreme Court shall hear cases arising out of, and brought under, the provisions of this Act in preference to all other cases, and decide them as soon as practicable. SECTION 17. Limit of effectiveness of award. An award, order or decision of the Court shall be valid and effective during the time herein specified. In the absence of such specification, any party or both parties to a controversy may terminate the effectiveness of an award, order or decision after three years have elapsed from the date of said award, order or decision by giving notice to that effect to the Court: Provided, however, That at any time during the effectiveness of an award, order or decision, the Court may, on application of an interested party, and after due hearing, alter, modify in whole or in part, or set aside any such award, order or decision, or reopen any question involved therein. SECTION 18. Interpretation of award. Whenever a doubt shall arise as to the meaning or interpretation of an award, order or decision of the Court of Industrial Relations, any interested party may petition the Court to determine such meaning or interpretation and the Court, upon receiving such petition, shall set a date for the hearing of the case and shall dispose of the same as soon as practicable. CHAPTER V General Provisions SECTION 19. Implied condition in every contract of employment. In every contract of employment or tenancy, whether verbal or written, it is an implied condition that when any dispute between the employer or landlord and the employee, tenant or laborer has been submitted to the Court of Industrial Relations for settlement or arbitration, pursuant to the provisions of this Act, and pending award or decision by it, the employee, tenant or laborer shall not strike or walk out of his employment when so enjoined by the Court after hearing and when public interest so requires, and if he has already done so, that he shall forthwith return to it, upon order of the Court, which shall be issued only after hearing when public interest so requires or when the dispute cannot, in its opinion, be promptly decided or settled; and if the employees, tenants or laborers fail to return to work, the Court may authorize the employer or landlord to accept other employees, tenants or laborers. A condition shall further be implied that while such dispute is pending in the Court, the employer or landlord shall refrain from accepting other employees, tenants or laborers, unless with the express authority of the Court, and shall permit the continuation in the service of his employees, tenants or laborers under the last terms and conditions existing before the dispute arose: Provided, That within fifteen days after the declaration of the strike, employers will not be allowed to engage the services of strike breakers. A violation by the employer or landlord or by the employee, tenant or laborer of such an order or the implied contractual condition set forth in this section shall constitute

contempt of the Court, and shall be punishable as in all other cases of contempt of a Court of First Instance. SECTION 20. Rules of court. The Court of Industrial Relations shall adopt its rules of procedure and shall have such other powers as generally pertain to a court of justice: Provided, however, That in the hearing, investigation and determination of any question or controversy and in exercising any duties and powers under this Act, the Court shall act according to justice and equity and substantial merits of the case, without regard to technicalities or legal forms and shall not be bound by any technical rules of legal evidence but may inform its mind in such manner as it may deem just and equitable. SECTION 21. Unlawful for employer to discharge employee under certain conditions . It shall be unlawful for any employer to discharge or to threaten to discharge, or in any other manner discriminate against, any laborer or employee because such person has testified or is about to testify, or because such employer believes that he may testify in any investigation, proceeding or public hearing conducted by the Court or any board of inquiry. SECTION 22. Unlawful agreements. Any agreement intended to avoid the provisions of this Act shall be void. CHAPTER VI Damages and Penalties SECTION 23. Civil liability. Non-compliance with any of the terms of the agreement of the parties as provided for in this Act, or, of the award, order or decision, after it has become final, conclusive and executory, may subject the offending party to liability for damages to be recovered in an ordinary civil action. SECTION 24. Criminal liability. Any violation of the provisions of this Act, or, of any order, award or decision of the Court of Industrial Relations, shall be punished with a fine not exceeding one thousand pesos or imprisonment not exceeding one month, or both in the discretion of the Court. Any person who shall induce or cause somebody to violate any provision of this Act or of any order, award or decision of the Court shall be punished with a fine not exceeding two thousand pesos or imprisonment not exceeding one year or both in the discretion of the Court. CHAPTER VII Special Provisions SECTION 25. Appropriation. The sum of forty-five thousand pesos or so much thereof as may be necessary, is hereby appropriated out of the unappropriated funds in the Philippine Treasury, for salaries, per diems, traveling expenses purchase of materials and equipments and other necessary sundry expenses that may be incurred in the carrying out of the provisions of this Act up to the last day of December of nineteen hundred and thirty-seven. The expenses for the succeeding years shall be provided for in the current appropriations for such years. SECTION 26. Partial invalidity. If for any reason, any section or provision of this Act shall be questioned in any Court, and shall be held to be unconstitutional or invalid, no other section or provision of this Act shall be affected thereby. SECTION 27. This Act shall take effect upon its approval. APPROVED: October 29, 1936.

EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 111 December 24, 1986 AMENDING CERTAIN PROVISIONS OF THE LABOR CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES, AS AMENDED WHEREAS, the welfare of the workers is primary concern of the government; WHEREAS, it is necessary to amend or repeal provisions of laws, that repress the rights of workers and of their trade unions; NOW, THEREFORE, I, CORAZON C. AQUINO, President of the Philippines, do hereby order: Sec. 1. Articles 60 and 61 of the Labor Code of the Philippines are hereby amended to read as follows: "Art. 60. Employment of apprentices. Only employers in the highly technical industries may employ apprentices and only in apprenticeable occupations approved by the Minister of Labor and Employment." "Art. 61. Contents of apprenticeship agreements. Apprenticeship agreements, including wage rates of apprentices, shall conform to the rules issued by the Minister of Labor and Employment. The period of

apprenticeship shall not exceed six months. Apprenticeship agreements providing for wage rates below the legal minimum wage, which in no case shall start below 75 per cent of the applicable minimum wage, may entered into only in accordance with apprenticeship programs duly approved by the Minister of Labor and Employment. The Ministry shall develop standard model programs of apprenticeship." Sec. 2. Article 128 (b) of the Labor Code of the Philippines is hereby further amended to read as follows: "(b) The provisions of Article 217 of this Code to the contrary notwithstanding and in cases where the relationship of employer-employee still exists, the Minister of Labor and Employment or his duly authorized representatives shall have the power to order and administer, after due notice and hearing, compliance with the labor standards provisions of this Code and other labor legislation based on the findings of labor regulation officers or industrial safety engineers made in the course of inspection, and to issue writs of execution to the appropriate authority for the enforcement of their order, except in cases where the employer contests the findings of the labor regulation officer and raises issues which cannot be resolved without considering evidentiary matters that are not verifiable in the normal course of inspection." Sec. 3. Paragraph (c) of Article 211 of the Labor Code of the Philippines is hereby amended to read as follows: "(c) to foster the free and voluntary organization of a strong and united labor movement;" Sec. 4. Paragraph (c) of Article 234 of the Labor Code of the Philippines is hereby further amended to read as follows: "(c) The names of all its members comprising at least 20 percent of all the employees in the bargaining unit where it seeks to operates;" Sec. 5. The provisions of Article 258 and the second paragraphs of Article 239 and 241 of the Labor Code of the Philippines relating to the restructuring of the labor movement along one-union-one industry policy, are hereby repealed. Sec. 6. Article 245 of the Labor Code of the Philippines is hereby amended to read as follows: "Art. 245. Right of Employees in the public service. Employees of government corporations established under the Corporation Code shall have the right to organize and to bargain collectively with their respective employees. All other employees in the civil service shall have the right to form associations for purposes not contrary to law." Sec. 7. Articles 257 and 258 of the Labor Code of the Philippines are hereby amended to read as follows: "Art. 257. Representation issues in organized establishments. In organized establishments, when a petition questioning the majority status of the incumbent bargaining agent is filed before the Ministry within the sixday period before the expiration of the collective bargaining agreement, the Med-Arbiter shall automatically order an election by secret ballot to ascertain the will of the employees in the appropriate bargaining unit. To have a valid election, at least a majority of all eligible voters in the unit must have cast their votes. The labor union receiving the majority of the valid votes cast shall be certified as the exclusive bargaining agent of all the workers in the unit. When an election which provides for three or more choices results in no choice receiving a majority of the valid votes cast, a run-off election shall be conducted between the choices receiving the choices receiving the two highest number of votes." "Art. 258. Petitions in unorganized establishments. In any establishments where there is no certified bargaining agent, the petition for certification election filed by a legitimate labor organization shall be supported by the written consent of a least twenty (20%) per cent of all the employees in the bargaining unit. Upon receipt and verification of such petition, the Med-Arbiter shall automatically order the conduct of a certification election." Sec. 8. Paragraph (c) and (f) of Article 264 of the Labor Code of the Philippines are hereby further amended to read as follows: "(c) In cases of bargaining deadlocks, the duly certified or recognized bargaining agent may file a notice of strike or the employer may file a notice of lockout with the Ministry at least 30 days before the intended date thereof. In cases of unfair labor practice, the period of notice shall be 15 days and in the absence of a duly certified or recognized bargaining agent, the notice of strike may be filed by a any legitimate labor organization in behalf of its members. However, in case of dismissal from employment of union officers duly elected in accordance with the union constitution and by-laws, which may constitute a union busting where

the existence of the union is threatened, the 15-day cooling-off period shall not apply and the union may take action immediately." "(f) A decision to declare a strike must be approved by a majority of the total union membership in the bargaining unit concerned, obtained by secret ballot in meeting or referenda called for that purpose. A decision to declare a lockout must be approved by a majority of the board of directors of the corporation or association or the partners in a partnership, obtained by secret ballot in a meeting called for that purpose. The decision shall be valid for the duration of the dispute based on substantially the same grounds considered when the strike or lockout vote was taken. The Ministry may, at its own initiative or upon the request of any affected party, supervise the conduct of the secret balloting. In every case, the union or the employer shall furnish the Ministry the results of the voting at least seven days before the intended strike or lockout, subject to the cooling-off period herein provided." Sec. 9. Paragraph (d) of Article 265 of the Labor Code of the Philippines is hereby further amended to read as follows: "(d) No public official or employee, including officers and personnel of the New Armed Forces of the Philippines or the Integrated National Police, or armed person, shall bring in, introduce or escort in any manner any individual who seeks to replace strikers in entering or leaving the premises of a strike area, or work in place of the strikers. The police force shall keep out of the picket lines unless actual violence or other criminal acts occur therein: Provided, That nothing herein shall be interpreted to prevent any public officer from taking any measure necessary to maintain peace and order, protect life and property, and/or enforce the law and legal orders." Sec. 10. The Ministry of Labor and Employment shall cause the renumbering of the affected provisions of the Labor Code of the Philippines, amended. Sec. 11. The Ministry of Labor and Employment shall promulgate the necessary rules and regulations to implement the provisions of this Executive Order. Sec. 12. Letter of Instructions No. 1458 date May 1, 1985 is hereby repealed insofar as it allows management to replace striking workers who defy return-to work orders. All other laws, orders, issuances, rules and regulations or parts thereof inconsistent with this Executive Order are hereby repealed or modified accordingly. Sec. 13. This Executive Order shall take effect fifteen (15) days after its publication in the Official Gazette. DONE in the City of Manila, this 24th day of December in the year of Our Lord, nineteen hundred and eighty-six.