Large Dams in India :

Dams with height 100 m and above or with storage capacity of 1 km3. This list has been created as per the National Register of Large Dams, 2009. Andhra Pradesh : Nagarjunasagar Dam ; Sriamasagar Dam ;Srisailam H.E.Project; Somasila ; Kandleru[U/C] ; Pulichintala Project[U/C] Assam : Subansiri Lower HE Project(NHPC[U/C] Chhattisgarh : Manimata (Hasdeo); Bango Gujarat : Ukai ; Kadana ; Karjan ; Sardar Sarovar[U/C] Himachal Pradesh : Bhakra Dam ; Pong Dam :Chamera : Kol (NTPC)[U/C] Jammu & Kashmir :Salal ; Baglihar Jharkhand : Maithon Dam ; Panchet Hill ; Tenughat ; Icha at Kuju[U/C] ; Chandil ; North Koel[U/C] Karnataka : Krishnarajasagar;Tungabhadra ;Bhadra Dam ;Linganamakki Dam ; Malaprabha ; Hidkal ;Hemavathy Project ;Supa; Lakhya ;Almatti Kerala : Kakki Dam (KSEB); Idukki Dam (KSEB);Cheruthoni (KSEB);Kulamavu Dam (KSEB); Idamalayar (KSEB) Madhya Pradesh : Gandhisagar; Tawa ;Bargi (R.A.B.S.Project);IndiraSagar Maharashtra : Koyna ; Paithan (Jayakwadi); Ujjani ;Isapur ;Totladoh (Pench Hydel) Bham[U/C] Odisha : Hirakud ; Rengali ; Upper Kolab ; Indravati (Upper Indavati project) Kapur (Upper Indravati project) Muran (Upper Indravati project) Podgada(Upper Indravati project) Punjab : Thein (Ranjit Sagar) Rajasthan : Ranapratapsagar ;Mahi Bajaj Sagar ; Bisalpur Tamil Nadu : Mettur Dam ;Sholayar Dam Tripura : Gumtihydro Dam Uttaranchal / Uttarakhand : Ramganga ; Tehri (THDC)

Uttar Pradesh : Rihand Dam ;Matatila Dam ;Rajghat Dam West Bengal : Kangsabati

Inter State Disputes : ----------------------Current Inter-State River Water Disputes and Tribunal (1) Ravi & Beas Waters Tribunal (2) Vansadhara River Water Dispute (3) Mahadayi/ Mandovi River (4) Krishna River Water Dispute Tribunal (5) Cauvery Water Disputes Other Inter-State Water Disputes (1) Babhali Barrage Issue (2) Mulla Periyar Dam Issue Awards of existing Tribunal (1) Narmada Water Disputes Tribunal (October 1969) (2) Godavari Water Disputes Tribunal (In April 1969) (3) Krishna Water Dispute Tribunal (December 2010)

National Waterways-6 =============== Declaration of Barak river from Bhanga to Lakhipur(121 km) in the State of Assam as National Waterway is under consideration of Govt. River Barak originates from Patkari range of Manipur at an elevation of 2440 mts. The river flows through Manipur, Manipur-Mizoram and Manipur-Assam border and then along Assam and then finally enters into Bangladesh. Out of the total length of 900 kms of the river, 564 kms is in the Indian territory. The IWT route through Bangladesh is open for navigation under the Indo-Bangladesh Protocol which facilitates movement of IWT vessels up to Karimganj and Silchar.Hydrographic surveys carried out in the river route have shown feasibility of extension of this river route up to Lakhipur. Since this IWT route serves a vital transportation linkage to the North Eastern states, it is proposed to develop the river and also to improve the navigational facilities in the Protocol route leading to Karimganj during the 9th Five Year Plan. Salient Feature of National Waterways-6 Name Proposed National Waterway-6 (River Barak) between Lakhipur and Bhanga. Date of declaration National Waterways 6 is is under active consideration of the Government for declaration as National Waterways Status Bill is awaiting of Praliament. Length 121 km North End Lakhipur

Ground Water Aquifer System in India : ----------------------------------------------System Coverage Ground Water Potential Unconsolidated formations - alluvial Indo-Gangetic,Brahmaputra plains Enormous reserves down to 600 m depth. High rain fall and hence recharge is ensured. Can support. large-scale development through deep tube wells. Coastal Areas Reasonably extensive aquifers but risk of saline water intrusion. Part of Desert area Rajasthan and Gujarat Scanty rainfall. Negligible recharge. Salinity hazards. Availability at great depths. Consolidated/semi-consolidated formations - sedimentaries, basalts and crystalline rocks Peninsular Areas --- Availability depends on secondary porosity developed due to weathering,fracturing etc. Scope for GW availability at shallow depths (20-40 m) in some areas and deeper depths (100-200 m) in other areas. Varying yields. Hilly Hilly states Low storage capacity due to quick runoff.

India's Water Wealth : Water is one of the most important renewable natural resources for supporting life. With the increasing population of India as well as its all-round development, the utilization of water is also increasing at a fast pace. On an average, India receives annual precipitation (including snowfall) of about 4000 km3. However, there exist considerable spatial and temporal variations in the distribution of rainfall and hence in availability of water in time and space across the country. It is estimated that out of the 4000 km3 water, 1869 km3 is Average annual potential flow in rivers available as water resource. Out of this total available water resource, only 1123 km3 is utilizable (690 km3 from surface water resources and 433 km3 from ground water resources). The water demand in the year 2000 was 634 km3 and it is likely to be 1093 km3 by the year 2025. Due to rapid rise in population and growing economy of the country, there will be continuous increase in demand for water, and it will become scarce in the coming decades (Table-1). Table-1:Water Availability Facts at a Glance: Area of the country as % of World Area---- 2.4% Population as % of World Population----17.1% Water as % of World Water----- 4% Rank in per capita availability---- 132 Rank in water quality ------- 122 Average annual rainfall ----- 1160 mm ( world average 1110 mm) Range of distribution----- 150-11690 mm Range Rainy days----- 5-150 days, Mostly during 15 days in 100 hrs Range PET------ 1500-3500 mm Per capita water availability (2010)---- 1588 m3

According to the international norms, a country can be categorized as 'water stressed' when water availability is less than 1700 m3 per capita per year whereas classified as 'water scarce' if it is less than 1000 m3 per capita per year. In India, the availability of surface water in the years 1991 and 2001 were 2309m3 and 1902 m3. However, it has been projected that per capita surface water availability is likely to be reduced to 1401 m3 and 1191 m3 by the years 2025 and 2050, respectively. The Per capita water availability in the year 2010 was 1588 m3 against 5200 m3 of the year 1951 in the country. Table-2: India's Water Resources : Sl.No. Water Resource at a Glance Quantity (km3) Percentage 1 Annual precipitation (Including snowfall) 4000 100 2 Precipitation during monsoon 3000 75 3 Evaporation + Soil water 2131 53.3 4 Average annual potential flow in rivers 1869 46.7 5 Estimated utilizable water resources 1123 28.1 Surface water 690 17.3 Replenishable groundwater 433 10.8 Current utilization of Annual precipitation 634 15.85 Current utilization of utilizable water 634 56.45 Storage created of utilizable water 225 20.03 Storage (under construction) of utilizable water 171 15.22 6 Estimated water need in 2050 1450 129 7 Estimated deficit 327 29 Interlinking can give us 200 17.8 Water Resources Management- Challenges/Issues in the Country The major challenges/issues associated with the water resources management and development in the country are varied and complex and could be categorized as follows: Natural situation (Tropical Monsoon climate) Causes large scale spatial and temporal variation in water availability, recurring droughts and frequent floods. Human, Managerial and Developmental challenges These is increasing water demand and falling per capita availability, water use and energy efficiency, deterioration of water quality, reduction or deterioration of available resources (loss of surface storage), increasing competition/conflict within sectors, under and inefficient utilization of irrigation potential, over exploitation and depletion of ground water resources, water-logging and soil salinity in irrigated lands, fragmentation of management of water/ management of shared resources, lack of spatial inventory for large number of water infrastructure in the country, currently used water resources potential estimates are old, significant change in land use / land cover, demographic and utilization pattern in past few decades. Climate change impact Addressing the impact of climate change on water availability and economy. Analysis of scenarios for impacts on resources and use is required to evaluate water policies.

River basin is considered as the basic hydrological unit for planning and development of water resources. There are 12 major river basins with catchment area of 20000 km2 and above. The total catchment area of these rivers is 25.3 lakh km2. The major river basin is the Ganga-BrahmaputraMeghna , which is the largest with catchment area of about 11.0 lakh km2 (more than 43% of the catchment area of all the major rivers in the country). The other major river basins with catchment area more than 1.0 lakh km2 are Indus, Mahanadi, Godavari and Krishna. There are 46 medium river basins with catchment area between 2000 and 20000 km2. The total catchment area of medium river basins is about 2.5 lakh km2. All major river basins and many medium river basins are inter-state in nature which cover about 81% of the geographical area of the country.