..

_
Lecture 21
- Marine Hydrodynamics
Lecture 21
6.4 Superposition of Linear Plane Progressive Waves
1. Oblique Plane Waves
v
k
k
z
z
k
x
V
p
k
v
= (
z
)
x

x
k , k
(Looking up the y-axis from
below the surface)
Consider wave propagation at an angle to the x-axis

x k
=A cos(kx cos + kz sin t) = A cos (k
x
x + k
z
z t)
gA cosh k (y + h)
= sin (kx cos + kz sin t)
cosh kh
=gk tanh kh; k
x
= k cos , k
z
= k sin , k = k + k
x z
1
2.20 - Marine Hydrodynamics, Spring 2005
2.20

2. Standing Waves
+
Same A, k, , no phase shift
=A cos (kx t) + A cos (kx t) = 2A cos kx cos t
2gA cosh k (y + h)
= cos kx sin t
cosh kh
90
o
at all times
L ,
3
,
T T
t = 5 3 T T T
y
x
2
A

t = , , L
2 2
t = 0, T, 2T,
node
a
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

antinode
4 4 4
n n
= sin kx = 0 at x = 0, =
x x k 2
Therefore,

x
= 0. To obtain a standing wave, it is necessary to have perfect
x
reection at the wall at x = 0.
A
R
Dene the reection coecient as R ( 1).
A
I
y
A
I
= A
R
x
A
R
R = = 1
A
I
2
3. Oblique Standing Waves

I
=A cos (kx cos + kz sin t)

R
=A cos (kx cos ( ) + kz sin ( ) t)
z


I

R

R

I

x

R
=
I
Note: same A, R = 1.
k
x
x k
z
zt
.. ..

T
=
I
+
R
= 2A cos (kx cos ) cos (kz sin t)
. . . .
standing wave in x propagating wave in z
and
2 2

x
= ;
k cos
V
Px
= 0;
z
= ;
k sin
V
Pz
=
k sin
Check:

x

x
sin (kx cos ) = 0 on x = 0
3
_ _
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_ _ __
_
4. Partial Reection
+
I

R

I
=A
I
cos (kx t) = A
I
Re e
i kxt

R
=A
R
cos (kx + t + ) = A
I
Re R e
i kx t
R: Complex reection coecient
A
R
R = |R| e
i
, |R| =
A
I
1 + Re
ikx

T
=
I
+
R
= A
I
Re e
i kxt
|
T
| =A
I
1 + |R| + 2 |R| cos (2kx + )
2


|
T
|
wave envelope
A
I
1+ | R |
2
x
node
free surface
antinode
At node,
|
T
| = |
T
| = A
I
(1 |R|) at cos (2kx + ) = 1 or 2kx + = (2n + 1)
At antinode,
|
T
| = |
T
| = A
I
(1 + |R|) at cos (2kx + ) = 1 or 2kx + = 2n

2kL = 2 so L =
2
| | =
|
T
| |
T
|
R
|
T
| + |
T
|
= |R (k)|
4
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_ _ _
5. Wave Group
2 waves, same amplitude A and direction, but and k very close to each other.
V
P
1
= Ae
i k
1
x
1
t
= Ae
i k
2
x
2
t
V
P
2

,
=
,
(k
,
) and V
P
1
V
P
2
1 + e
i kxt

T
= + = Ae
i k
1
x
1
t
with k = k k and =
A 2
k
g


=
2
2 1
P P
V V
V
g


=
2
T


=
2
g
T
2
=
2
k
1
1

T
A | | = 2 | | when kx t = 2n

x
g
= V
g
t, kV
g
t() t = 0 then V
g
=
k
|
T
| = 0 when kx t = (2n + 1)
5



_ _
..
. .
In the limit,
d

k, 0, V
g
= ,
dk
k
1
k
2
k
and since
= gk tanh kh
_

_
1 2kh
V
g
= 1 +
k 2 sinh 2kh
Vp
n

(a) deep water kh >> 1

n =
Vg
=
Vp

(b) shallow water kh << 1

V
g
V
p
Vg
n = = 1 (no dispersion)

Vp

(c) intermediate depth

P
V
V
g
Appear
Disappear



< n < 1

6
=
_
6.5 Wave Energy - Energy Associated with Wave Motion.
For a single plane progressive wave:
Energy per unit surface area of wave
Potential energy PE Kinetic energy KE
PE without wave =
_
h
gydy = gh
PE with wave

_
h
gydy = g ( h )
PE
wave
= g = gA cos (kx t)
KE
wave
=

_
h
dy (u + v )
Deep water = = gA
. .
KE const in x,t
to leading order
Finite depth =
Average energy over one period or one wavelength
PE
wave
= gA KE
wave
= gA at any h
Total wave energy in deep water:
E = PE + KE = gA cos (kx t) +
Average wave energy E (over 1 period or 1 wavelength) for any water depth:
E = gA [ + ] = gA = E
s
,

PE KE
E
s
Specic Energy: total average wave energy per unit surface area.
Linear waves: PE = KE =
1
E
s
2
(equipartition).
Nonlinear waves: KE > PE.
V
p
x
PE =
1
E
V
p
x
( t x E PE
2
s
= k cos
2
KE =
1
E
2
E
E
s
1
)
Recall: cos x = + cos 2x
7
..
. .
6.6 Energy Propagation - Group Velocity
S
V
p
x
V per
s
E E = area
Consider a xed control volume V to the right of screen S. Conservation of energy:
dW dE
= = J-
dt dt
.. .. ..
rate of work done on S rate of change of energy in V energy ux left to right
where
_

_ _
d
J- = pu dy with p = + gy and u =
dt x
h
_ _
_

_
_ _ _
J- = gA 1 +
kh
= E (nV
p
) = EV
g
. . k .
kh
.
n
E
Vp
Vg
e.g. A = 3m, T = 10 sec J- = 400KW /m
8
_ _

_ _
_ _
6.7 Equation of Energy Conservation
x
2
1
x
= ( ) E = E( ) x ,
1 2
x) h = h(
J- J- t = Ex
J-
J- = J- +
x
E J-
x +
+ = 0, but J- = V
g
E
t x
E
+ V
g
E = 0
t x
E
1. = 0, V
g
E = constant in x for any h(x).
t
2. V
g
= constant (i.e., constant depth, k << k)

+ V
g
E = 0, so E = E (x V
g
t) or A = A (x V
g
t)
t x
i.e., wave packet moves at V
g
.
9
x
-
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_
6.8 Steady Ship Waves, Wave Resistance
2
2
1
gA E =
Vp
( )( )
2
2
1
2
1
gA U
g
= =
L
0 = E
U
= U
E V
ahead of ship
D
2A
x = 0
C.V.
Ship wave resistance drag D
w
Rate of work done = rate of energy increase
d
_ _
D
w
U + J- = EL = EU
dt
deep water
1
..
D
w
= (EU EU 2 ) = E = gA D
w
A
force / length U
energy / area
Amplitude of generated waves
The amplitude A depends on U and the ship geometry. Let eective length.
L
l
+ -
To approximate the wave amplitude A superimpose a bow wave (
b
) and a stern wave
(
s
).

b
= a cos (kx) and
s
= a cos (k (x + ))

T
=
b
+
s
A = |
T
| = 2a

sin k

envelope amplitude
g
D
w
= gA = ga sin k D
w
= ga sin
U
2
Wavelength of generated waves To obtain the wave length, observe that the phase
speed of the waves must equal U. For deep water, we therefore have
deep g U
V
p
= U = U = U, or = 2
k
water
k g
10
_
_ _ _ _
Summary Steady ship waves in deep water.
U = ship speed
g g U
V
p
= = U ; so k = and = 2
k U g
L =ship length, L
_ _

1

1
D
w
=ga sin
g
= ga sin = ga sin
U
2
2F 2F
r
L
r
L
0.56 gL U L
1
F
l
= 0.56

hull
2
ga
g U l
D
w
F =
l
1

U
max at:
56 . 0
Increasing
hull
1
U
, where l L
0 gl
Small speed U
Short waves
Significant wave cancellation
D ~ small
w
11