EXAM1MATERIAL:Problem 1: 1)Which of the following should not be used to display the distribution of a quantitative variable: Bar Chart 2)Random

sample of 200 students and their heights, average height of all students at the U is unknown and denoted by u; the heights of the sample is xbar, median m and standard dev. S. which is NOT a statistic? Anything with u, eg. Xbar- u. 3) For two events A and B, P(A)=0.4 and P(B)=0.3, P(A intersect B): A and B are disjoint but not independent. Problem 2: Probability and Venn Diagram Let A be the event that people own a cell phone. Let B be the event that people own a pager. P(A) = 0.72 P(B) = 0.38 P (A B) = 0.29 (a) Probability that a randomly selected person owns a cell phone or a pager or both is P (A B). P (A U B) = P (A) + P (B) P (A B) = 0.72 + 0.38 0.29 = 0.81 (b) Probability that a randomly selected person from this city owns a cell phone but no pager is all that is in A but not in B = P (A) P (A B) = 0.72 0.29 = 0.43 (c) Conditional probability that a randomly selected person owns a pager given they own a cell phone is the probability of B given A. P(B|A)= P(BA) = 0.29 =0.40 Problem 3: Tree Diagram, Conditional Prob. (a) Tree diagram is (b) Probability that the womens pregnancy is positive P (+) = 0.2475 + 0.015 = 0.2625 (c) Probability that the woman is pregnant given that the test is positive. P (Pregnant|+) = P (Pregnant)/P(+) = 0.2475/0.2625= 0.943 Problem 4:Z-score, Percentiles, Prob. Of Data within Range (a) z= X/ = 6.26.1 /0.4= 0.10/0.4 =0.25 6.2 oz is 1/4th of a standard deviation away from the mean. (b) We need to find P(6.0<X<6.2) P(uppertail(0.5987))-P(lowertail(0.4013)) P( 6.0 6.1/0.4 <X< 6.2 6.1/0.4) =P(0.25<X <0.25)=0.5980.401=0.197 of the bars are within 0.1oz of the population mean 6.1oz (c) We need to find the first percentile. z score for 0.01 = -2.33, then X = + z = 6.1 + (2.33)(0.4) = 5.17 Problem 5: 1. S = {HHHH, HHHT, HHTH, HTHH, THHH, HHTT, HTHT, HTTH, THTH, THHT, TTHH, HTTT, THTT, TTHT, TTTH, TTTT}. Size = 16 2. Outcomes: X = 0 is 1 X = 1 is 4 X = 2 is 6 X = 3 is 4 X = 4 is 1 3. Probability: P (X = 0) = 1 P(X=1)= 4/16 P(X=2)= 6/16 P(X=3)= 4/16 P(X=4)= 1/16 EXAM2MATERIAL: Problem 1: 1) Which is not true regarding CI for u? The margin of error increases as the confidence level increases 2) The pvalue is 0.04; Interpret: The prob. Of getting results as extreme or more extreme than the ones in this study given that the drug is not effective. 3) 95%CI (18.6, 21.3):NONE listed. (see front for proper wording) 4) Ad says 15% of customers feel a negative effect, think underestimation? Then test hypothesis: H0: p=0.15 Ha: p>0.15 5) accept H0 when it is false: Type II error (See chart on hand drawn sheet) 6) If reject H0 at 0.05 Conf. level, can we at 0.01? need to know pvalue. MORE INFO 7)Sample n=4, mean u=5, sd= 1 Then it is true that: Xbar~N(5, ) if the data comes from a population with normal dist. Problem2: Creating a CI and Finding N and a 2 Sided Hypothesis Test PT1(a) 95% CI is: 0.32 1.96 0.066 = (0.19, 0.45) Thus, We can say with 95% confidence that the proportion of all students at the U, who are familiar with the band of Monster and Men is between 0.19 and 0.45. PT2(a)ASSUME: The variable is quantitative sample obtained was random the distribution of the sample is approximately normal sample size is large enough H0: p=0.4 Ha: p0.4 P -value = 0.123 > 0.05, thus we fail to reject the null hypothesis. Thus, the proportion of students at the U who are familiar with the band of Monster and Men is 0.

PT3: Find the number of students needed to get MOE: 0.04 at 95%CI Problem3:One sided Hypothesis Test (a) The variable is quantitative sample obtained was random the distribution of the sample is approximately normal sample size is large enough (b) H0 : =75 Ha :<75 Since |t-test| >t-critical: | 5.91| > 2.405, we reject the null hypothesis that the mean of level of Vitamin C is actually 75 mg. t critical from R code >qt(p=0.01, df=49, lower.tail=FALSE) >[1] 2.404892 Problem 4: Two Sided Hypothesis Test

PT1:We are 95% confident that the mean difference in the political ideology of among Vegetarians and Non-vegetarians is from 0.20 to 1.72. PT2: H0 : X1 X2 = 0 Ha : X1 X2 0 FROM R: >qt(p=0.05, df=8, lower.tail=FALSE) >1.859548 Thus, t-test>t-critical: we reject the null hypothesis that the difference of means of political ideology between vegetarians and non-vegetarians is the same. (c) Type I error would be possible here, since type I error occurs when we reject the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis was actually true. In this case since we rejected the null hypothesis, if the null hypothesis was true, we would have a type I error. Type II error is not possible here, because for Type II error to occur, we have to accept the null hypothesis, which we wont do here.