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Class 20 (12/4/02)
PP
Ru
SSppeecc P’
ru
P Compl
• Can you draw the trees for on the stage, on the stage of the theater?
• AP structure:
AP
Ru
SSppeecc A’
ru
A’ Adjunct
ru
Adjunct A’
ru
A Compl
(3) X’-Theory
• All phrasal categories (XP) have the same structure.
• Each XP must contain a head of the same lexical category (X).
• Each XP can contain a specifier, and must contain an intermediate level category (X’).
XP → (Spec) X’
• X’ introduces X, and possibly a complement; i.e., a complement is a sister of the head X.
X’ → X (Compl)
• Adjuncts combine with X’ to form another X’; i.e., an adjunct is a sister of X’.
1
XP
ru
Spec X’
ru
X Compl
• Different languages have the same structure for phrasal categories, but may have different
orders between a head and a complement, or a specifier and a X’.
➥ Korean:
I noin-i hakkyo ey kassta
this man-Nom school to went
‘This man went to school.’
What’s the order between a head and complement in PPs and VPs in Korean?
NP = he, VP = laugh
*He laugh.
• The inflection (I), which is missing from the sentence, is the head of the sentence. A
sentence is an IP.
• The VP is a complement of I.
IP IP IP
ru ru ru
NP I’ NP I’ NP I’
| ru | ru | ru
N’ I VP N’ I VP N’ I VP
| | | | | | | {pres} |
N will V’ N -s V’ N V’
David | David | Students |
V V V
run Affix run run
hopping
• What are the arguments for giving a sentence this type of structure?
2
Bill is anxious for [IP Mary to [VP leave town and forget about him]]. (Coordination of VP)
Bill is anxious for [IP Mary [I’ to leave town and to forget about him]]. (Coordination of I’)
John expects [IP[NP a poet] and Bill expects [IP[NP a linguist] [I’ to win the race]].
(Shared constituent coordination of I’)
3
Subcategorization
(7) Solution:
• Lexical heads fall into different classes, depending on the kind of dependent(s) (if any)
which they must occur with.
• We say that a head subcategorizes for the dependent(s) which it must occur with.
• Dependents which are subcategorized for are called complements.
Prepositions:
Daniel put the magazine [PP away].
*Daniel put the magazine [PP into].
Daniel put the magazine [PP into the wastebasket].
away: [PP __ ] (these are sometimes called subcategorization frames.)
into: [PP __ NP]
Verbs:
Daniel [VP died ].
*Daniel [VP found ].
Daniel [VP found the body ].
Daniel [VP put the book on the table ].
Adjectives:
Daniel is [AP tall ].
*Daniel is [AP fond ].
Daniel is [AP fond of music ].
4
Subcategorization options:
Daniel [VP ate ].
Daniel [VP ate sushi ].
*Daniel [VP handed ].
*Daniel [VP handed a pencil ].
Daniel [VP handed a pencil to John ].
Daniel [VP handed John a pencil ].
Daniel threw the ball [PP over ].
Daniel threw the ball [PP over Jason’s head ].