[music] So now, the last of these individual constraints as I talk about them is going to be expression.

We talked about perception, bringing information into our brain; we talked about intellection, what it is we do with it there, we take the data and we make different things; and we talk about expression... Things we're going to talk about now is getting our ideas out back in the world. And so the problem here is that we really have to get our ideas out so that other people can see them. And some of the constraints we may have, some of the problems we have with inexpression are we may not have idea expression language, we may not be able to, to have a language of how we express ideas. Our vocabulary, the words, and the, the, the symbols that we use to communicate maybe very limited. And there are also miscommunication problems that are, that are very predictable and routine. And ones that we can overcome. Let's talk a little bit about the why it is important to express our ideas. If you're able to articulate ide, your ideas. You're able to actually articulate not only for other people, but for yourself. And by articulating it for yourself, you can test the idea. You can write down the idea and say, well let me look at that and see. Does that make sense? Hm, that doesn't make sense. Okay, well let me try something different. Would that work? Well no, it doesn't look like there'd be a little problem here. And so by being able to test your ideas. Is really, really important. We don't have to just have an idea and then go give it to someone else just to find out it doesn't work, we can test it for ourselves. Then again, we can also gain support for ideas, so if I have an idea, and its a good idea, I want to get support for it, I have to be able to explain to other people in a way that they understand in a way that they're able to say, wow, that is something that makes sense to me. The kinds of visual languages so if you look at pictures like these what do they, what do they say.

What, what's the sort of the, the underlying emotion that's, that's given by the picture. What kind of information is given by the picture. Even the style of drawing that we're using here in these slides has a, a certain kind of language. There's a certain kind of way that it, it is conveying information to you. So I'll think about that. The insufficientcy of vocabulary so people have insufficient vocabularies, they do not have enough words, they do not have enough ways to expressing things, sometimes there's a problem of buzz words that people uses buzz words and[UNKNOWN] Let's get to the bottom line or, those kind of terms really don't say very much, there's cliches, you know, they made feel you the same, they make you important by saying them but you're really not communicating. We're not communicating something deep and articulate in that way And so, you know, that's the problem. We have this. People say, you know, we're going to profit from this. Well, what do you mean by profit, profit has very, very, very many different meanings and meaning that we're going to want to explore. Well, for example, if you're an engineer and you're working on some structural features there is a words for example where its apron or, or, or. Can R-order/g words, like a flange. These kind of words are, they have very specific meaning. And for engineers talking to each other, mechanical engineers who are building a structure, this is very important kinds of information for them. That they can actually communicate much more quickly and articulately. Around using these kinds of words. And then here's some more too for fastening. I was taken once by a good friend of mine who's a math professor here at Vanderbelt, and he came over one day, he knows that I, I enjoy Legos and that I had done some work with for the Lego company and he brought me this magazine that's which was the It's the, Mathematicians, the Math-, the Socie-, Society of Mathematicians journal, and there was a special issue on, on Lego. And this issue was about topologists, the

people who study the top-, topology mathematically and how they were using Lego to sort of think through some of their problems. And it's kind of interesting, because It, it's a little bit hard for them to, to admit that they're using shapes. So if I'm looking at a 4 and 5 and 6 dimensional shape, and from mathematically, that's easy to do. But in terms of building it in legos, very difficult to do. So, they're helping themselves think through by actually expressing their ideas using the legos. I thought that was a very interesting thing for mathematicians to, sort of, acknowledge that they're using these tools to try to visualize or try to understand what it is about these mathematical equations, and how it is that they would look. The, the last one of these I want to talk about is communication errors. That is when we try and talk to people, but we, we're run into errors. We have problems with that. So one kind of error we have is consensus. Well, actually it's not an error, it's actually one that works. Consensus is. When I have a certain idea, I use a certain terminology to express that idea. You understand that terminology, and you're able to translate that back into the idea. So we have consensus. Correspondence is a, is a problem where we have a, a, a, disconnect there where we're using the same word but we mean different things by that. And so we have an idea And then we have an idea and we're using the same word and that's problematic. We may have conflict. That is where we're using different words and I have, we have the same idea and we're just thinking of them in different ways. We might call that when people are in violent agreement that becomes a problem. Then we have contrast where people just cannot communicate where they have ideas. And they have language but those languages do not translate across. But when we're talking to people and we're thinking about expressing our ideas, we might think about these things. Are we, how is it that we achieve consensus?

What kind of language are we using? Are we going to, are we in danger of getting correspondence, or conflict, or even contrast by not thinking through how we're going to express our ideas to other people. So these expression constraints, lack of idea expression language, limited vocabulary, these problems of miscommunication, I think they're ones that we can actually overcome, so after the, the quiz, we're going to talk about, how to overcome these constraints. Overcoming expression constraints, here's some things we're going to do, remember the constraints are lack of idea expression language, limited vocabulary, miscommunication . What can you do? Hopefully its pretty obvious as some of these things we can do. We can actually become very good at drawing. So here is a drawing by Leonardo da Vinci of a vitruvian man. In this drawing Leonardo made the implicit claim that the human body grows, but the body ratios have a Fibonacci sequence. You can do a little bit more research on that if you are interested. Basically he was saying that the ratio of human body parts goes as a very, very specific structure. It's a very hard idea to refute if you can't draw as well as Leonardo, because when you look at it and you look at those measures on there, it looks pretty good. It looks like a person. It looks like the ratios are right, and so I sort of have to believe it. And so if you think about it, Leonardo probably didn't work in a vacuum. In fact, he would have all kinds of secret ways of writing because he don't want people stealing his ideas. And so we found notebooks and things where he writes backwards or writes in mirrors, he has these secret codes, so he didn't want other people stealing his ideas, so there are other people around who are having ideas, maybe similar to his The problem is that those other people, they couldn't draw. And they couldn't express their ideas as well as he could. And so, you know, hundreds of years later, so, you know, hundreds of years later it's Leonardo's stuff we're looking at. Not the other people's stuff, because he was able to express his ideas in a very

articulate way. We want to develop new ways of talking. Again, get rid of the cliches. Don't talk completely in cliches. Try to be articulate. So, just challenge yourself to not say you know the net, net or, or profit or words like that, even in your own language what those words are when you hear business people talking they're just using the words to use them. They're not really expressing something. If I truly communicate, like get down to really what you're actually trying to say. And don't be afraid to say, wait I don't understand that, can you please say that differently And that will force people sometimes to take away, take the cliche out of it, they ask to say something differently and then maybe get to a better place of explaining to you what it is they are trying to convey. Another thing is learn to draw. Learning to draw is actually very easy... Then the goal here is not to be another Leonardo, you don't have to be a Leonardo. What you need to though, be though, is a competent visual communicator. You want to be able to visually communicate your ideas to other people. So if you're standing at a board in your office and you're drawing things up there you want to people to understand that because you want people to understand your ideas, and if they reject your ideas you want them to reject them because they're not Appropriate ideas. You do not want them to reject them because you couldn't explain them very well. And that would be a shame, right? That would be bad. That would be suboptimal. And a really big one here, and this I think is probably, if you don't take anything else from this course, take this one, that you have to sell your ideas. Remember the obligation is on you. It is not on the people who you want to change. Those people who, who are out there and whose idea, who you think need to behave differently, there's no obligation for them to do that, just because you had an idea. If you have the idea, you have to explain to them. You have to sell them. You have to make sure that they want your idea, that they want to change their lives

around your idea. And so that's when, when products are successful, when changes are successful, when social ideas are successful, is when people look at them and say wow, that makes sense to me, that's something that would make me better, that's something that would make my life easier, that's something that would be, make the world a better place. And so again, you got to sell your ideas because you can't just push them on. Having an idea, even if you think that it's a good idea, even if it a good idea creates no obligation of people to accept that. To change your life around that idea. >> Remember, your ideas represent risk. Anyone who accepts your risk without understanding it, is a fool. So you don't want to be that fool either. Work doggedly hard, work really hard on presentations. When you're presenting again there's hopefully there's a theme. Theme emerging here that you understand, that we really have to work hard on presenting our ideas to other people. Because if we want them to understand them, if you want them to test them, if you want them to change their lives around ideas, we have to work hard on getting those ideas across. And working hard on our presentations, thinking about, well, I know I have this, calculated these numbers in a spreadsheet. That doesn't mean you should put a spreadsheet up on the wall. You know, if you're trying to explain something, maybe it has to be explained with a picture. Maybe it has to be explained with a drawing. And always, sometimes if you took a photograph of something, maybe that needs to be explained in words. Really think through, what it people need to understand this idea? What's the best way of communicating this idea? And then work towards that. Don't just open PowerPoint and start typing in there in that way. So, individual constraints, perception constraints bring information in. Intellection constraints, how we think things through. Expression constraints is getting our ideas back out. And those are the basic ones.

Well, actually there's two more that I want to talk about, just briefly.