Indian inheritance law & Women in India if a childless widow dies intestate, everything that belongs to her goes

to her in laws, and that includes all the wealth she acquired in her lifetime through her own efforts. However, if a widower dies in a similar fashion, his property will go only to his parents and family; but, most definitely, not to his wife's parents. Why the double standard? Well, that is just how it is. This is just one of the many inbuilt illogical biases in property laws in India and many other countries. For instance, Tanzanian property laws do not allow married women to' transact property without their husbands' permission. Husbands, of course, are not required to seek spousal consent. Take almost any part of the world, any section of society or any population group, juggle statistics any which way you want, the conclusions are the same women are discriminated against when it comes to wealth and property. Women comprise more than 50 per cent of the world's population but they own less than 1 per cent of the world's wealth, says the United Nations. Women do two thirds of the world's work but earn only 10 per cent of the income. There is no dearth of figures to show the raw deal women get when it comes to ownership of property and wealth. And there is no dearth of platitudes and good intentions expressed by the world's tallest leaders and most influential international institutions and organisations. "Investing in women and girls has a multiplier effect on productivity and sustained economic growth. Investing in women is not only the right thing to do. It is the smart thing to do," Ban Ki Moon, the secretary-general of the United Nations, had said. The World Bank too calls investing in women "smart economics" because research shows economic growth for women has a valuable multiplier effect. Women are more likely to share their economic gains with their families and communities at large. Moreover, women's equal rights to land, housing and property are also human rights, recognized in various international human rights instruments. Yet, laws and social customs, and most crucially practices, continue to be skewed against women getting their fair share of wealth. In India, during the debate on the Hindu Code Bill in Parliament, a majority of the legislators, all men, took a stand against daughters inheriting property from their natal families. Thus, the Hindu Succession Act (HSA) of 1956 did not allow women the right to ancestral property. It was amended as late as 2005 to give daughters equal rights.

In India, there are three sources of land-ownership for women - land transferred from the government, from the market, and through family inheritance. However, inheritance is the most significant because 87 percent of land is privately owned and hence the amendment is of great importance. The HSA applies to Sikhs, Buddhists and Jains, but the Christians have their own code and the Muslims have theirs. Then there are the tribal communities of various states whose property rights are governed by their customs and norms. To complicate the issue even further states are allowed to enact their own succession laws. A woman's property rights vary depending on her religion, her marital status, the state she comes from and her tribal identity. All these variations mean that there is no single set of laws that governs the rights of an Indian woman to property. However what unifies all these various laws is their immunity from constitutional protection against bias and inequality. . "The amendment to give women equal rights in family property was significant especially as it covers over 80 per cent of the population. Many women have filed cases seeking their share under this amended law and such cases are being heard in courts across the country. However, the number is still small because most women hesitate to ask for their share in property they are afraid of spoiling their relationship with their families," says Kirti Singh, legal convenor of the All India Democratic Women's Association. The reality revealed by the 2000-01 agricultural census is that of almost 120 mil lion landholders, nearly 13 million, or a mere 11 percent, are women. This is a trend seen across the world. AIthough women farmers are responsible for 60-80 per cent of the food production in developing countries, they are barred from inheriting or owning those fields. It is widely accepted that landlessness is one of the best predictors for poverty around the world. Significantly, of the 1.4 billion people living on less than one dollar a day, 70 per cent are women and girls. Research and studies across the world have shown the benefits of women gaining secure rights to land and property: an increase in women's participation in household decisionmaking, an increase in net household income, a reduction in domestic violence, an in creased ability to prevent be ing infected by HIV and increased expenditures on food and

education for children. Closer home, in Kerala, 49 per cent of women with no property reported physical violence compared to the 7 per cent of women who did own property. This clearly demonstrates the empowerment that property ownership can bestow. In India, as in many parts of the world, the government has initiated several steps to promote property owner ship by women. But little has changed on the ground. For instance, about three decades ago, the Sixth Plan had recommended that states give joint titles to husband and wife in transfer of assets like land and house sites through government programmes. But there is hardly any effort to actually implement this. The government has also reduced the property registration fee for property owned by a woman, just 6 per cent, compared to the 8 per cent a man has to cough up. The idea was to en courage more registrations in the name of women: The amendment to the HSA too was meant to ensure that women and men became equal heirs to ancestral prop erty. Though these measure~ have encouraged some mar ginal difference in property ownership, the scenario re mains largely unchanged as women are yet to assert their rights. However, there is reason to be optimistic. In 1993, when 33 per cent of seats in panchayats were reserved for women through a constitutional amendment, people scoffed at the idea. Merely changing the law, they said, could never change conservative mindsets in rural areas. "Initially, we saw out right skepticism. Then there was the widely reported phenomenon of 'panchpati' where the actual woman pan chayat member's husband conducted business in her name. This still happens in many areas, out today in hundreds of villages, women sarpanch are taking charge. Even women contesting unreserved seats has become acceptable. Almost 17 years after the law came into force, it is becoming a resounding success in parts of India where you couldn't imagine a woman stepping out of her house let alone conducting the business of an entire village," says Sunder Lal of the Social Centre for Rural Initiative and Advancement (SCRIA) who works in Churu, Rajasthan. Will men eventually also come around to the idea of sharing family wealth? Per haps they will, but it could require a few more policy and law enforcement nudges' from the government to move women's property rights from paper to practice. The marumakkatayam system practised among the Nairs of Kerala, the aliya santana observed by the Bunts in Karnataka, and the marumakkal vazhi followed by the Pillais of

Tamil Nadu are some of the prominent matrilineal systems of inheriting property in India. Although the Hindu Succession Act of 1956 applies to all Hindus, section 17 of the Act makes some exceptions for these practices. Thus, when a woman who follows the matrilineal custom dies intestate, her property would first devolve upon the children and not the children as well as the husband. Further, heirs of the mother gain precedence over the heirs of the fathers who in turn are given precedence over the heirs of the husband, an order that is inverted in the case of other Hindus. It must be noted though that all matrilineal systems in India do not follow a standard template. Certain communities have their own practices of inheritance, which are also matrilineal. In the Khasi community of Meghalaya, only the youngest daughter or ka khadduh is eligible to inherit the ancestral property. If she dies without daughter surviving her, her next older sister inherit the ancestral property; and after her, the youngest daughter of that sister. Failing all daughters and their female issues, the property goes back to the mother's sister, mother's . sister's daughter and so on. Among the Garos of Meghalaya, property passes from mother to daughter. Although the sons belong to the mother's ma chong (family), they cannot inherit any portion of the maternal property. Indeed, males, cannot in theory hold any", property other than that acquired through their own exertions. Even this passes on to their children through their. wives (the children's mothers) after marriage. Variations of such practices can be found in other countries as well. For instance, the Minangkabau ethnic group of West Sumatra, which follows Islam is a matrilineal community. Among the Nakhis - an ethnic group in the Yunan and Sichuan provinces of China as the heads of the family; the women passed on the inheritance to their children, or to their nephews through their brothers.