HASHEMITE UNIVERSITY Faculty of Engineering Mechanical Engineering Department

Student Name : Student Reg. No : Section No. : Lab. Day : Lab. Date :

Ahmed Hani Salem Al-Omari

431900 4 Wednesday 13 / 12 / 2006

Experiment # : Experiment Title:

10 ImpactTest

Submitted to Instructor: Engineer:

Dr. Ahmed Al-Shyyab Yousef Zakariya

Due Date:

20/ 12 / 2006

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Civil Engineering
: Objective:
We want from this experiment to: o

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To test selected specimens under conditions of shock loading at fixed temperature. and to measure the energy absorbed in breaking a notched specimens

: Theory:
o An external force applied to a structural is called an impact load if the time of application is less than one tired of the lowest natural period of vibration of the part or structure; otherwise it is called a static load. o Impact test provide a means for testing materials under conditions of shock loading at fixed temperature, thus impact tests are useful in measuring toughness of metals which depends on the strength and the ductility of the metal since toughness is the total strain energy per unit volume of a metal. o Tests for strength and ductility do not take into consideration the rate at which energy is absorbed which may influence the behavior of the metal, a difference measure of toughness may be obtained from impact loading than from a static loading and adds another measure of metal behavior. o Impact tests are not intended to simulate shock loading in service, but are used to indicate differences in metals that are not indicated by other tests. The tests are particularly sensitive to variations in the structure of the metal caused by the following: 1. Heat treatment. 2. Compression that cause brittleness. 3. Sulfur and phosphorous content. o Although there is no direct correlation between impact tests and shock loading in service, these tests are good for comparing materials and for supplying additional information regarding failure of structural members during earthquakes floods tornadoes and other disaster but they do not give quantities data that can be used directly in design.

o Theoretical background:
Of all types of impact tests, the notched bar tests are most expensively used. Tests are conducted on a pendulum-type impact testing machine. The specimen is placed on its supports or anvils so that the below of the striker is opposing the notch (Charpy test), or facing it (Izod test). As the specimen has been supported, a hammer is released from an elevated position, at which the hammer has potential energy Vg: Vg=mgh=T=0.5 mv2imax Where: - h: height of the hammer above the reference plane. - m: mass of the hammer. - g: earth gravitation. - vi max: velocity of the hammer when striking the specimen.

If the pendulum were allowed to swing through its arc freely, it would rise to a height depending upon the friction and air resistance. If a specimen is struck, the pendulum loses the amount of energy required to break the specimen and does not rise to full release height. A measurement of the energy absorbed by the specimen is the amount by which the pendulum fails to reach its original height: Vg=Vg1-Vg2=mg (H1-H2) This absorbed energy is sufficient to fracture the specimen when it is equal to the rapture-strain energy Ur(per unit volume):

= .d d UU = r r
The energy consumed in rupturing the specimen may be computed as follows: Initial energy= Vg1 =mg R (1-cos A) Final energy= Vg2 =mg R (1-cos B) Absorbed energy=Vg= Vg1-Vg2 =mg (H1-H2) =mg R (cos B-cos A) The notch in the specimen serves the purpose of concentrating the stresses so plastic flow is reduced to a minimum, thus all stress go into fracturing the specimen instead of loosing the stress in strain. Notches: The notch in the test specimen has two effects. Both can decrease the impact energy: First: - the stress concentration of the notch causes yielding or plastic deformation to occur at the notch. A plastic hinge can develop at the notch, which reduces the total amount of plastic deformation in the test specimen. This reduces the work done by plastic deformation before fracture. Second: - the constraint of deformation at the notch increases the tensile stress in the plastic zone. The degree of constraint depends on the severity of the notch (depth and sharpness). The increased tensile stress encourages fracture and reduces the work done by plastic deformation before fracture occurs. Types of Impact Test: Izod test: The izod machine is a cantilever type with the knife edge of the hammer striking the specimen at the horizontal at a point 22 mm above the plane of gripping. A possible disadvantage of this method is that each individual specimen must be clamped in the support, causing the testing time to be increased, which may be important at elevated or sub-zero temperature. Charpy test: A pendulum-type machine, unlike the izod machine, the specimen is simply supported, not clamped, and when testing is carried out at high or low temperatures, the Charpy is advantageous. The specimen can be brought to the required temperature, readily placed in position, and broken in a short time.

: Equipments:
o o o o o o o Support with light barrier and safety chain. Anvil block and dolly for notched bar impact specimens. Pedestal. Scale for 150Nm and 300Nm max. capacity for work with trailing pointer. Two-hand trigger for hammer. Brake lever for disc brake. Hammer with removable additional weights.

: Data Results & Analysis:

O With air resistance; the energy = 6 j /unit area
Material Notch Type (V,U) Absorbed Energy (N.m) Net Abs. Energy(N.m)

Mild Steel Brass Aluminum

V V V

292- 6 20 - 6 52- 6

286 14 46

o The impact energy absorb in Mild steel is greater than the energy absorbed in brass and aluminum and the energy absorb in brass more than aluminum because the mild steal more ductile brass and brass more ductile aluminum o Applications for impact test: 1. The compressor and ships made of steel. 2. Vehicle crash testing. 3. Determination of suitable metal to be used as cutting tools. o At case U-Notch specimen the impact absorbed energy would be greater than V-Notch specimen because the stress concentration is less, so we need more energy.

: Discussion & Conclusion:

o Impact test provides a means for testing materials under conditions of shock loading at fixed temperature. Thus, impact tests are in measuring the toughness depends primary on the strength and the ductility of the material metal. Since the toughness is the total strain energy per unit volume of a metal. o We see that the energy absorbed by the mild steel > Brass > Aluminum and that because of the ductility of the steel is higher than brass and both are higher than the aluminum. In addition to that the strength for the steel >brass>aluminum. Further more the modulus of elasticity of the Steel>Brass>Aluminum (210Gpa, 106Gpa, 71Gpa). o The apparatus has very high factor of safety , that we prevent the machine to load on if any body within he rang of the rotating the lever arm as a circle. o The Notch that we used is V notch not U and, so the U need more energy to cause fracture and that is because the V has higher stress concentration so it make easily to failure, and have to need less amount of energy and more than to less equipments needed.