2. TOUCH AND STEP VOLTAGE CRITERIA 2.1) Input Data : (i) (ii) (iii) (iv.1) (iv.2) (iv.

3) (v) (vi) (vii.3) System Voltage, Vs System fault Current, If Fault Duration, t(as per Specification) Length of Earth grid Width of Earth grid Area of Earth grid, A Conductor Size for main grid Depth of burial w.r.t. ground level, h Additional GI length considered (for interconnecting existing earth grids) Spacing for Earthing Mat below building,D Length of Buried conductor, L c Total no. of ground rods(3 m long) No. of GT/Generators No. of Transformers No. of structures for Lightning Protection Total ground rod length, L R Effective Buried Length for mesh voltage, L M Effective Buried Length for step voltage, L S Soil Resistivity, Surface Resistivity, s (Average value considered) = = = = = = = = = = = 33 50 1 300 200 66400 kV KA sec metre metre sq.metre

1500.00 sq.mm 0.6 500 metre metre

(xi) (vii.4) (viii.1)

= =

50 4294

metre metre

4 13 36 = = =

22 82 36 420 metre

(viii.2) (viii.3) (viii.4) (ix) (x)

4949.26 metre 3577.50 metre 36.89 5000 -metre -metre

(xii) (xiii) (xvi) (xvii) (xviii) (xix) (xx)

Corrective weighting factor, K ii Reference Depth of grid, h 0 Thickness of tiles/Gravel/concrete etc, h s Tolerable Etouch Attainable Etouch Tolerable Estep Attainable Estep

= = = = = = =

1 1 0.15 786.71 346.16 2798.85 82.72 SAFE SAFE metre metre

2.2) Calculation of Tolerable Etouch & Estep Voltage : a) Tolerable Etouch50 : From Eq.33 of IEEE Std 80-2000 Tolerable Etouch50= [(1000 + 1.5CS S) 0.116/ tS ] Where, Cs = Reduction factor for derating the nominal value of surface layer resistivity. Cs = 1 - 0.09 [(1-/s)/(2hs + 0.09)] Cs ( From eq.27 of IEEE Std 80-2000 )

= 0.7709 tS = Duration of shock current in seconds = Fault duaration, t = 1 sec ( from clause 16.2.2 of IEEE Std 80-2000 ) Substituting the above values, Tolerable Etouch50 = 786.71 Volts

b) Tolerable Estep50 Substituting the values, Tolerable Estep50

[(1000 + 6CS S) 0.116/ tS ] (from eq.29 of IEEE Std 80-2000)

2798.85 Volts

2.3) Calculation of Grid Resistance, R g : As per Eq.53 of IEEE Std 80-2000, R1 R2 - Rm2 The total system resistance, Rg Where, R1 R2 Rm = R1 + R2 - 2Rm = = = Ground resistance of grid conductors in Ground resistance of of all ground rods in Mutual ground resistance between the group of grid conductors, R1 and group of ground rods, R2 in

Ground resistance of the grid, R 1 R1 = Lc Where, Lc a' 2a A k1 k2 R1 = = = = = = = = Soil resistivity in -m Total length of all connected grid conductors in m a . 2h for conductors buried at depth h in m Diameter of conductor in m Area covered by conductors in m 2 Coefficient from fig 25(a) of IEEE Std 80-2000 (curve-A) Coefficient from fig 25(b) of IEEE Std 80-2000 (curve-A) 0.0756 36.89 4294 0.1619 0.0437 66400 1.350 5.725 ohm-m m m m m2 ln a' 2 Lc + A k1 Lc - k2 From eq.54 of IEEE Std 80-2000

Ground resistance of the rod bed, R 2 From eq.55 of IEEE Std 80-2000 4 LR R2 = ln 2 nRLR Where, Lr 2b nR R2 = = = = b

2 k 1 . Lr -1 + A ( nR - 1 )2

length of each rod in m diameter of rod in m number of rods placed in area A 0.005

3 0.065 32

m m

Mutual ground resistance between the grid and the rod bed, R m From eq.55 of IEEE Std 80-2000 Rm = Lc Rm = 0.0704 ln Lr 2 Lc + A k1 Lc - k2 + 1

Subtituting the above values, Rg = 0.0761

2.4) Calculation of Maximum Ground Potential Rise : Max. Ground potential above remote earth, GPR Where, If x Sf Ig = grid current = Sf = Fault current division factor Ig Substituting the values, Ground Potential Rise, GPR = 2852.53 Volts =

Ig x Rg

Volts

37.5 KA at Sf = 0.75

Since, GPR > Estep50 (as per Figure 33 of IEEE Std 80-2000),calculate E mesh and Attainable Estep voltages 2.5) Calculation of Emesh Voltage : From Eq.80 of IEEE Std 80-2000, for Grid rods in the periphery, Emesh = [ Km Ki IG / LM ] Lr L M = Lc + Where, Lr Lx Ly LR 1.55+1.22 L2x + L2y = = = = Length of each ground rod Maximum length of grid conductor in x-direction Maximum length of grid conductor in y-direction Total length of ground rods = = = = 3 300 200 420 m m m m LR From eq.91 of IEEE Std 80-2000

Subtituting the above values, LM = 4949.26 m

As per Eq.81 of IEEE Std 80-2000, the Spacing Factor for Mesh Voltage, 1 Km = 2 ln 16hd D2 + 8Dd (D + 2h)2 4d h + Kii ln Kh (2n-1) 8

Equ. Diameter of Earth conductor, d Kh = 1 + h / h0 Kh No. of Parallel Paths, n Where, From eq.85 to 88 of IEEE Std 80-2000 (2 Lc)/Lp na =

0.0437 metre

( From eq.83 of IEEE Std 80-2000 ) = = 1.26 n a nb nc nd Lp nb = 4 A L x Ly nc = A 0.7 A L x Ly nd = L2x + L2y = = 1000 50 m m Dm

Where, Lp Dm = = Peripheral length of the grid Maximum distance between any two points on the grid Substituting the above values, na nc n = = = 8.59 0.9244887 1.08 nb nd = = 0.985 0.14

As per Eq.89 of IEEE 80-2000, The corrective Factor, K i

= =

0.644 + ( 0.148 x n ) 0.80 1.5394 346.16 Volts

Substituting the values, Km Emesh Voltage 2.6) Calculation of Attainable Estep : From Eq.92 of IEEE Std 80-2000, Attainable Estep = [ Ks Ki IG / LS ] = =

As per Eq.94 of IEEE Std 80-2000, the Spacing Factor for Step Voltage, 1 Ks = 2h 1 + D+h 1 + D = 1.08 1 (1 - 0.5n-2)

No. of Parallel paths, n As per Eq.89 of IEEE 80-2000, The corrective Factor, K i Ki Ks As per Eq.93 of IEEE Std 80-2000, Ls Ls = = 0.75 Lc + 0.85 LR 3577.5 m

= = =

0.644 + ( 0.148 x n ) 0.80 0.2659

Substituting the values, Attainable Estep 3. CONCLUSION : Tolerable Etouch Attainable Etouch Tolerable Estep Attainable Estep =

82.72 Volts

786.71 Volts

346.16 Volts

SAFE

2798.85 Volts

82.72 Volts

SAFE

From the above results,it can be seen that the Attainable E mesh and Attainable Estep voltages are less than the Tolerable E touch and Tolerable E step voltages and hence SAFE Note: The above sizing calculation is done for plant power house block as per BHEL's Plot plan .The Transformer Yard housing 2 nos of Generator Transformers shall also be provided with underground Mat and same shall be comnnected to Main Eathing Mat by 2 nos of 75x10 GI Strips. Required nos of Treated Earth Pits shall also be provided for neutral and body earthing of the Generator Transformers.