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Nature of Gravity: Gravity in general, is the attractive force of any object which tends to pull all objects around it towards its center. - is the force which acts on all objects at or near the surface of the earth. Gravitational Force the force of attraction which all objects in the universe exert on each other. Other related terms: * Force of Gravity refer to the attractive force of any object on the other object * Centripetal force the force which tends to pull a whirling body towards its center of rotation. * Centrifugal force the force which tends to throw a whirling body away from its center of rotation. * Total Gravitational Force the sum of the centripetal force and the gravitational force that act on a revolving body. Fg = Fc + Fg 2. Aristotle's and Galileo's Ideas on Falling Objects: ARISTOTLE'S THEORY 1. The fall of any object toward the center of the earth is a natural motion because the object is just returning to its natural place. 2. Heavy objects fall faster than lighter ones because the rate of motion is proportional to its weight. 3. Objects fall faster in air than in water because the rate of motion is proportional to the resisting force of the medium. 4. Objects sometimes move away from its natural place due to outside forces. This is called violent motion. GALILEO'S THEORY 1. All objects will fall towards the earth because it is acted upon by its attractive force. 2. Two objects (light and heavy), dropped simultaneously fell and struck the earth at the same time. 3. All objects on earth, in the absence of air resistance will fall at the same rate and increases its displacement as time increases. 4. The attractive force of the earth on any object is constant.

Aristotle's theory of motion survived for two thousand years because: 1. The theory was consistent with common sense and observation. 2. No other theories about motion were known during that time. 3. The quantitative method of observation to prove the validity of the theory was not yet developed. 3. Freely Falling Bodies: any object that falls toward the center of the earth as it is acted upon by its gravity. - any object that falls towards the earth which is acted by no other forces except the gravitational force of the earth and air resistance. * When an object is thrown upward or dropped, the object starts from rest and gains speed as it falls. This gain in speed indicates that the object accelerates as it fall because of gravity, . * The first to measure "g was Christian Huygens in 1656 using the swing of the pendulum and a time piece. The magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity "g" decreases as altitude increased: m m In equator it is equivalent to 9.7804 2 ; at the poles (north and south) it is 9.8321 2 . However, s s

the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (Bureau of Standards) has adopted 9.80665 m as the standard value. Thus, for computation purposes, we use the value of "g" as s2 m cm ft m 9.80 2 or 980 2 and 32 2 . For practical purposes the value of "g" is 10 2 . s s s s Let us analyze the motion of an object as it is thrown upward:

Vf = 0

Vi = 0

t=t t g t

Vi

Vf = Vi

Based on the findings of Galileo, a freely falling body undergoes a uniformly accelerated motion. Thus, to resolve falling bodies, we apply the formulas used in determining the motion of an object with uniform acceleration. However, the acceleration is the acceleration due to gravity with its standard value as given above. Since it is acting downward, it always takes a negative (-) sign. Moreover, for convenience in its resolution, we adapt the following signs for "g". If it is going upward, it takes a negative (-) sign since the object is decelerating as it goes up as we see in its motion and positive (+) when it goes down since it is accelerating as it moves down: Thus the equations for freely falling bodies are as follows: VVi VV 0V 0 Vi = 0
Vf Vi g= t
Vf Vi g

Vi 0 0
g=
t =

V t
V g

t =

Vf = Vi + gt

Vf = gt

Vf

= Vi 2 + 2 gdy

Vf

= 2 gdy

dy = Vit +

1 2 gt 2 t

dy =

1 2 gt 2 Vf t 2

dy =

Vi + Vf 2
Vf
2

dy =

dy =

Vi 2 2g

dy =

Vf 2 2g

Examples: 1. A stone is dropped from the top of a 250 m high tower. a. How long does it take the stone to reach the ground? b. What is its speed upon hitting the ground?

2. A stone is thrown vertically upward with a velocity of 49 m/s. a. How high will it travel before it starts to fall? b. How many seconds will it take the stone to reach the highest point?

3. Erika dropped a stone a stone from her bedroom window. What is its velocity after 1.00 second? How far from the window has it fallen after 1 sec? How far has it fallen during the 2nd second?

4. Paula threw a ball vertically upward from the ground. The ball returned to the ground in 4.00 sec. a. How high did the ball rise? b. With what velocity was it thrown?

Exercises: 1. A ball dropped from a window strikes the ground in 2 s. a. How high is the window? b. What is its final velocity? 2. A stone is projected vertically upward with a speed of 20 m/s. a. What is its velocity at the end of 2 s. b. What is the height reached after 2 s. 3. A boy throws a ball 20 m vertically into the air. a. How long does he have to wait to catch it on the way down? b. What was the initial velocity? 4. A chalk is dropped and reaches the ground in 5 s. a. From what height was it dropped? b. What is its final velocity? c. How far did if fall in the last 2 sec. of its descent? 5. The time a male bungee jumper is freely falling is 1.5 s. a. What is the velocity of the jumper at the end of 1.5 s.? b. How far does he fall? 6. A juggler tosses three balls alternately vertically upward. Each ball has an initial velocity of 10 m/s. a. How high does each ball rise? b. How long does each ball remain in the air? TERMINAL VELOCITY: Terminal velocity is the maximum velocity attained by an object falling through a fluid. It occurs when the drag force balances the gravitational force on the object. At this instance, the object has reached at its limiting velocity and can no longer accelerate. MASS AND WEIGHT: Mass = the amount of material found in the object - It is express in grams (g) or kilogram (kg). - It does not change as object moved from one place to another - It is also defined by Newton as the "inertia" of the object or the one responsible for the alteration of one's state of motion. Weight = the measure of the gravitational force that act on the mass. 4

- It is express in Newton (N). - It is obtained by multiplying the mass by the gravitational force (g) W = mg where: W = weight m = mass g =9.8 m/s - It changes as the object moves from one place to another. It states: "Every object in the universe attracts every other object with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses but inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers." where: Fg = force of attraction mm N m2 Fg = G 1 2 2 G = 6.67 X 10 -11 kg 2 d m1m2 = masses of objects d = distance between their centers - Using this law we can calculate the force of attraction between the earth and any object away from it, the mass of the earth since W = Fg and the acceleration due to gravity (g). Sample problems: 1. Determine the gravitational force between a 60 kg and a 70 kg person who are standing 2.0 m apart?

2. A 52 kg saleslady was demonstrating a product in front of interested clients. She exerts a gravitational force of approximately 7.45 x 10 8 N on a 58 kg woman who is sitting in front of her. How far apart are they?

3. a. Determine the force of attraction between the earth and the moon using the following data: mass of the earth (me ) = 5.98 x 10 24 kg mass of the moon (mm) = 7.38 x 10 22 kg distance between them = 364, 790 km b. What happen to Fg if the distance between them is reduced to one-half? c. What will happen if the mass of the moon is doubled?

4. Celine weighs 625 N on the earth's surface. At what height above the earths surface would she weigh 400 N? Radius of earth = 6.37 x 10 3 km.

PROJECTILES: A projectile is a body which has an initial velocity (velocity of projection) and is allowed to move under the sole influence of gravity. - The path of a projectile is called trajectory. - Projectile motion combines 2 motions: the horizontal motion (velocity of projection) and vertical motion (free fall) due to the action of gravity. It can be considered in two ways: a). Thrown horizontally as in bullets fired from a gun, an archer aiming his arrow at a distant target or when an object rolls down a table top and allowed to fall, etc. b). Thrown at an angle as in shooting a ball into the basket, artilleries, missiles, and in batting a ball with a bat or a club, etc. A. Thrown Horizontally: Let us analyze it motion: Vx = Vi Vx dy Vy

dx or R

dx (Range) = the maximum horizontal distance traveled by a projectile from the point of projection. The following are the equations used for resolving:
Vx = Vi
Vy = gt
V = Vx 2 +Vy 2

dx = Vxt 1 dy = gt 2 2 Vy Tan = Vx

Sample problems: 1. A stone is thrown horizontally with a velocity of 40 m/s from the top of a building. Find its velocities and displacements after 3 sec.

2. A stone is thrown with a velocity of 20.0 m/s from a bridge 30.0 m high into the water below. a. How long will the stone be in the air before it touches the water? b. Find the horizontal displacement of the stone from the bridge. c. With what velocity and angle did it strike the water?

3. Anton claims that he can throw a dart at a dartboard from a distance of 2.0 m and hit the 5.0 cm diameter bull's-eye if he throws the dart horizontally with a speed of 20 m/s. He starts the throw at the same height as the top of the bull's-eye. Will Anton hit the bull's-eye?

B. Thrown at an Angle: Vx

dy

dx / R

V=Vi

Let us analyze its motion: Formula for its resolution: Vx = cos V Vy = sin V t=
sin V g

or t = g
(Vy ) 2 2g

Vy

but t = t hence total time (T) =

(sin V ) 2 2g

2 sin V g

or

T=

2Vy g

dy/hmax =

or dy/hmax =

dx/R = Vx T

or dx/R = (cos V) T
V2 g

or

dx/R =

sin 2V 2 g
Rmax g

If the elevation angle is at 45, Rmax =

and the velocity of projection is V =

Vx 2 Vy 2

Velocity of projection can be obtained also using V = Sample Problems:

1.A long jumper leaves the ground at an angle of 30 to the horizontal at a speed of 12 m/s. How far does he jump?

2. A golf ball was hit and projected at an angle of 60 with the horizontal. If the initial velocity of the ball was 50 m/s. Calculate: a. the time the ball was in the air b. horizontal distance the ball traveled c. the maximum height the ball reached

3. A football is kicked at a certain angle above the horizontal. The vertical component of its velocity is 40 m/s and the horizontal component is 50 m/s. Determine: a. its time of flight b. the horizontal distance traveled c. its initial velocity

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