Status , Prestige and social dominance.

THE EMERGENCE OF DOMINANCE HIERARCHIES- DOMINANCE AND STATUS IN NONHUMAN ANIMALS _An Evolutionary Theory of Sex Differences in Status Striving Status and Sexual Opportunity. Are Men Higher in Status Striving? Men and Women Express Their Dominance through Different Actions. Dominance Theory Denise Cummins (1998, 2005) proposed a dominance theory as a framework to account for many human cognitive capacities Selection will favor strategies that cause one to rise in dominance but also will favor the evolution of subordinate strategies to subvert the access of the dominant individual to key resources. These strategies include deception, guile, false subordination, friend- ship, and manipulation to gain access to the resources needed for survival and reproduction. two key propositions (Cummins, 1998). First, it proposes that humans have evolved domain-specific strategies for reasoning about social norms involving dominance hierarchies. Second, dominance theory proposes that these cognitive strategies will emerge prior to, and separate from, other types of reasoning strategies.

Social Attention-Holding Theory _ Paul Gilbert (1990, 2000a) _ Resource-holding potential (RHP) stemming from work conducted on nonhuman animals _ RHP refers to an evaluation that animals make about themselves relative to other animals regarding their relative strengths and weaknesses.

_ Losers of contests and those who determine before contests that they are inferior have low RHP. _ Winners of contests and those who determine that they are likely to win contests are superior in RHP. _ The behaviors that follow from these relative assessments give rise to dominance hierarchies.

Three types of behavior follow. _First, the animal might attack the other, especially if it perceives itself to be superior in RHP. _Second, the animal might flee, especially if it perceives itself to be inferior in RHP. _Third, the animal might submit relinquishing critical resources to those higher in RHP.

_ Gilbert (1990), humans have coopted RHP for another mode: social attentionholding potential (SAHP). _ SAHP refers to the quality and quantity of attention others pay to a particular person. _ humans compete with each other to be attended to, and valued by, others in the group. _ When group members bestow a lot of high-quality attention on an individual, that individual rises in status. Ignored individuals are banished to low status. Differences in rank, according to this theory, stem not from differences in threat or coercion, but from differences in attention conferred by others. _Determinants of Dominance _Verbal and Nonverbal Indicators of Dominance. _Size and Dominance.

_Testosterone and Dominance. _Serotonin and Dominance.

_Self-Esteem as a Status-Tracking Mechanism _Strategies of Submissiveness Sex Differences in Submissive Strategies. Deceiving Down. The Downfall of "Tall Poppies."