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Force exerted on the piston: Infinitesimal work done by system Work done in a finite volume change
F=pA dW=Fdx=pAdx=pdV
W =
V final
Vinitial
pdV
Constant p W=p(V2-V1)
W= p1(V2-V1) +0
W=0+ p2(V2-V1)
W = pdV
V1
V2
Heat transfer depends on the initial & final states, also on the path.
Liu UCD Phy9B 07 6
U= Q-W
U is path-independent
For an isolated system, W=Q=0, U=0
Thus Cp > CV (opposite if volume reduces during heating) Cp = CV+R = Cp/ CV >1
Monatomic gas: Diatomic molecules near RT: CV=3R/2, = 5/3 CV=5R/2, = 7/5
Liu UCD Phy9B 07 9
= T2V2
or:
p1V1 = p 2V2
Since -1>0, Adiabatic expansion dV>0, dT<0, temperature drops Adiabatic compression, dV<0, dT>0, temperature rises Work W=nCV (T1-T2) = CV (p1V1-p2V2 )/R = (p1V1-p2V2 )/ (-1)
Liu UCD Phy9B 07 10
U
nCVT nCVT
Isobaric:
p(V2-V1)
Isothermal:
V2
V1
pdV
V2
V1
pdV
0 nCVT
Adiabatic:
Q=0
-nCVT
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Example
A cylinder with a piston contains 0.25 mol of O2 (treat as ideal gas) at 2.40 x 105 Pa and 355K. The gas first expands isobarically to twice its original volume. It is then compressed isothermally back to its original volume, and finally cooled isochorically to its original pressure. A) show the processes in a p-V diagram B) T during isothermal process? C) maximum pressure? D) total U during the cycle? E) total work done by the piston on the gas during the processes?
Liu UCD Phy9B 07 12
Example
A monatomic ideal gas initially at p=1.50 x105 Pa and V=0.0800 m3 is compressed adiabatically to a volume of 0.0400 m3. A) final pressure? B) Work done by the gas? C) Tfinal/Tinitial?
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