CICE 2010 - The 5th International Conference on FRP Composites in Civil Engineering September 27-29, 2010, Beijing, China

Confinement Behaviour of Eccentrically Loaded RCC Columns Using FRP Sheets

Anupam Chakrabarti (anupam1965@yahoo.co.uk) Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Roorkee, Roorkee, India: 247667

ABSTRACT The use of Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) confined reinforced concrete columns are increasing rapidly for new construction as well as rebuilding of concrete structures. Design of these FRP confined concrete columns requires an accurate estimate of the performance enhancement due to the confinement mechanism. Therefore, key issue is to develop a confinement model, which relates the confined concrete strength with the unconfined concrete strength. In the present study, a 3-D finite element model of FRP confined reinforced concrete column under axial and eccentric loading has been developed. The finite element model was developed using the finite element software, ANSYS. Different important parameters have been studied in the present paper: namely, unconfined concrete strength, thickness, orthotropic properties and orientation of FRP layers. The present study has focused on some interesting aspects of these parameters on the confinement effectiveness and has also generated many new results for future reference. KEY WORDS

INTRODUCTION

The effectiveness of FRP wrapping on concrete elements such as columns has been proven by several researchers. It is clear that there is a need to investigate the behavior of columns under eccentric loads, as most of the columns in buildings especially those at the edges and corner are subjected to uniaxial or biaxial bending. The present study aims at adding new database for the proper understanding of FRP applications in eccentrically loaded Reinforced concrete columns. A nonlinear FE analysis has been used to evaluate the effects of different parameters on the confinement effectiveness of FRP in circular reinforced concrete columns using the FE software ANSYS (Ref. 1).

model, the embedded model, and the smeared model. Fanning (2001) modeled the response of the reinforcement using the discrete model and the smeared model for reinforced concrete beams. It was found that the best option is to use the discrete model and this has been adopted in the present work.

3 MATERIALS AND MODELLING

3.1 FRP composites In the present study, thickness of one layer was 1.2 mm and it is kept constant for all the cases and up to three numbers of layers have been considered with different fiber orientations. 3.2 Concrete The SOLID65 element used which requires linear isotropic and multi-linear isotropic material properties to model the von-Misses failure criterion along with the William and Warnke (1975) model to define the failure of the concrete. 3.3 Steel The LINK8 element is used for all the steel reinforcement (bilinear isotropic) in the column. Elastic modulus equal to 200000 MPa and Poissons ratio of 0.3 has been used. Tensile strengths of 500 MPa and 250 MPa are used for longitudinal and tie bars respectively. The columns have tie bars with diameter of 10 mm at a spacing of 80 mm and six longitudinal steels with diameter of 12 mm. 3.4 Meshing Concrete was modeled first as a volume then changed to

2 FINITE ELEMENT MODELLING

Feng et al. (2002) analyzed square concrete columns confined by FRP sheets under uni-axial compression using FEA package ANSYS (Ref. 1). They used William-Warnke (1975) model with five parameters to model the failure criterion of concrete. Li et al. (2003) used ANSYS to simulate the behavior of FRP confined concrete columns. In the present FE model, FRP wrapped RC column with diameter 205 mm and height 1000 mm is considered. Due to symmetry in cross-section of the column and loading only one half of the column was modeled. The SOLID65, SOLID46, LINK8 and SOLID45 elements are used to model the concrete, FRP, steel and stiff loading plate respectively. Tavarez (2001) discussed three techniques to model steel reinforcement in FE modeling of reinforced concrete: the discrete

L. Ye et al. (eds.), Advances in FRP Composites in Civil Engineering Tsinghua University Press, Beijing and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011

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Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on FRP Composites in Civil Engineering

a FE model by a controlled (mapped ) meshing followed by elemental modeling of the steel (both longitudinal and tie bars). Finally the FRP was modeled as a volume then changed to finite element model by mapped meshing followed by modeling of the loading stiff solid which is 150 mm long placed and merged to the top of the concrete model. In the present work, the number of elements used for each of the element types for a FRP wrapped (one layer) RC column are shown in Table 1.
Table 1 Number of elements used for different types of elements Element Type No. of element SOLID65 SOLID46 7500 490 LINK8 1000 SOLID45 1200

add significantly to the confinement of eccentrically loaded columns.

Table 2 Material properties used in the models Material Comp. Strength (MPa) 25 40 60 Longbar Strength (MPa) 500 Elastic Modulus (MPa) Ex=96032 Ey=5400 Ez=5400 Tensile Strength (MPa) 3.114 3.939 4.824 Tiebar Strength (MPa) 250 Poissons Ratio xy= 0.29 yz= 0.43 zx= .016 Elastic Modulus (MPa) 23665 29934 36668 Elastic Modulus (MPa) 2.0x105 Shear Modulus (MPa) Gxy=2001 Gyz=1882 Gzx=2001 Poissons ratio 0.2 0.2 0.2 Poissons ratio 0.3 Ult.Tensile Strength (MPa) 1353

Concrete

Bars

3.5

Boundary conditions and loadings

FRP composite t = 1.2 mm

In the present model, the Y-axis of the coordinate system coincides with the axis of the column. The boundary conditions are: 1) One end of the surface was fixed; 2) As the concentrated forces cause stress concentration at around point of application of the load, they are applied as an equivalent compressive pressure. 3.6 Simulation A nonlinear FE analysis was performed to include the nonlinear material behavior of concrete and FRP. In the present analysis automatic load stepping feature has been activated and the analysis is force controlled. In the present study the pressures are incrementally applied till the columns reached their collapse state which corresponds to breaking state.

Table 3 Summary of analyses results for varying grade of concrete Concrete Eccentricity grade (mm) M25 M40 M60 M25 M40 M60 0 0 0 50 50 50 Pcurc (kN) (RC) 1234.08 1741.31 2363.67 845.16 1193.93 1578.43 Pcc, (kN) (FRP wrapped Pcurc/Pcc RC) 2490.00 2287.00 2836.40 972.40 1351.03 1767.89 2.02 1.31 1.20 1.15 1.13 1.12

4 PARAMETRIC STUDY
For axially loaded FRP wrapped RC circular columns, the results obtained by using the present finite element model are compared with those of Chakrabarti et al. (2008) and found to be perfectly matching. There is scarcity of sufficient data for comparison in case of eccentrically loaded FRP wrapped RC columns. As such in this section, independent results are presented to show the effects of different parameters on the behaviour of eccentrically loaded columns. 4.1 Effect of unconfined compressive strength FRP wrapped RC column with diameter 205 mm and height 1000 mm is considered here. The material properties used for the models are given in Table 2. Analyses results for the models are presented in Table 3. The load deflection curve of the models with M 25, M 40 and M 60 grade of concrete, under eccentric loadings are shown in Figure 1. It can be seen from Table 3 that FRP is most effective in confining the reinforced concrete columns having lower grade of concrete for both axially and eccentrically loaded columns. The results in Table 3 show that the FRP oriented in the hoop direction do not

Figure 1 Effect of grade of concrete on load deflection curve (e = 50mm)

4.2

Effect of fiber orientation of FRP sheets

Six circular specimens 205 mm 1000 mm having same grade of concrete (25MPa) and FRP composite material (Efrp = 96032 MPa) but varying FRP fiber orientation have been analyzed. Fiber orientations of 0, 45 and 90 degrees respectively have been tried in the analyses. Table 4 summarizes the analysis results for varying fiber

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orientation of FRP composite wrapped columns under pure axial and eccentric loading (e = 50mm). Figure 2 shows when these models are subjected to eccentric loading, 90 degrees fiber orientation has been observed to enhance the load carrying capacity the most. Figure 3 shows the variation of confinement effectiveness with the variation in fiber orientation.
Table 4 Summary of analyses results for variation in fiber orientation Pcc (kN) Fiber Eccentricity Pcurc (kN) orientation (FRP wrapped Pcc /Pcurc (RC) (mm) RC) (deg) 0 45 90 0 45 90 0 0 0 50 50 50 1234.08 1234.08 1234.08 845.16 845.16 845.16 2490.00 1261.71 1257.64 971.93 1039.55 1183.22 2.02 1.02 1.01 1.15 1.23 1.40

z

z

Zero degree fiber orientation has been observed to be the most effective for models under pure axial load and 90 degrees fiber orientation was the most effective for eccentric loading. External confinement with FRP composites significantly increases the strength of concrete column. However, when the eccentric load is introduced the strength loss is obvious and to a greater extent.

NOMENCLATURE
Pcurc Ultimate load of reinforced concrete model (without FRP) Pcc Ultimate load of FRP wrapped reinforced concrete CRE50M25 FRP wrapped RC column (M25) under eccentric loading CRE5 0M40 FRP wrapped RC column (M40) under eccentric loading CRE50M60 FRP wrapped RC column (M60) under eccentric loading CRE50FO0 FRP wrapped (0 degree) RC column under eccentric loading CRE50FO45 FRP wrapped (45 degrees) RC column under eccentric loading. CRE50FO90 FRP wrapped (90 degrees) RC column under eccentric Loading.

REFERENCES
ANSYS Users Manual, Release 10.0, ANSYS, Inc., 2005. Chakrabarti, A., Chandra A. & Bhargava P. 2008. Finite Element Analysis of Concrete Columns confined with FRP sheets. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 27 (12): 1349-1373. Fanning, P. 2001. Nonlinear Models of Reinforced and Post-t ensioned Concrete Beams. Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering, University College Dublin, Earlsfort Terrace, Dublin 2, Ireland, 12 September. Feng, P., Lu, X.Z. & Ye, L.P. 2002. Experimental research and FE analysis of square columns confined by FRP sheets under uniaxial compression. Proc. 17th Australasian Conference on the Mechanics of Structures and Materials. Gold Coast, Australia: 71-76. Li, G., Hedlund, S., Pang, S., Alaywan W., Eggers, J. & Abadie, C. 2003. Repair of damaged RC columns using fast curing FRP composites. Composite Part B: Engineering 34: 261-271. Tavarez, F.A. 2001. Simulation of Behavior of Composite Grid Reinforced Concrete Beams Using Explicit Finite Element Methods. Masters Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin. William, K. J. & Warnke, E. P. 1975. Constitutive Model for the Triaxial Behavior of Concrete. Proceedings of International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering 19, ISMES, Bergamo, Italy.

Figure 2 Effect of fiber orientation on load deflection curve (e=50mm)

Figure 3 Effect of variation in FRP fiber orientation on confinement effectiveness

5 CONCLUSIONS
The following conclusions can be made for the analysis results investigated in this work: z The confinement effectiveness is found to be smaller with increase in grade of concrete.