CharanLangton,Editor

SIGNALPROCESSING&SIMULATIONNEWSLETTER

Baseband,PassbandSignalsandAmplitudeModulation Themostsalientfeatureofinformationsignalsisthattheyaregenerallylowfrequency.Sometimesthisisduetothenatureofdataitselfsuchashuman voicewhichhasfrequencycomponentsfrom300Hztoapp.20KHz.Othertimes,suchasdatafromadigitalcircuitinsideacomputer,thelowrates areduetohardwarelimitations. Duetotheirlowfrequencycontent,theinformationsignalshaveaspectrumsuchasthatinthefigurebelow.Therearealotoflowfrequency componentsandtheonesidedspectrumislocatednearthezerofrequency.

Figure1Thespectrumofaninformationsignalisusuallylimitedtolowfrequencies

Thehypotheticalsignalabovehasfoursinusoids,allofwhicharefairlyclosetozero.Thefrequencyrangeofthissignalextendsfromzerotoa maximumfrequencyoffm.Wesaythatthissignalhasabandwidthoffm. Inthetimedomainthis4componentsignalmaylooksasshowninFigure2.

Figure2Timedomainlowfrequencyinformationsignal

Nowletsmodulatethissignal,whichmeanswearegoingtotransferittoahigher(usuallymuchhigher)frequency.Justasinformationsignals arecharacterizedbytheirlowfrequency,thetransmissionmedium,orcarriersarecharacterizedbytheirhighfrequency. ThesimplesttypeofmodulatorfornearlyallmodulationschemesiscalledtheProductModulatorconsistingofamultiplieroramixeranda bandpassfilter.LetsmodulatetheabovesignalusingtheProductModulator,wherem(t)isthelowfrequencymessagesignalandc(t)isthehigh frequencycarriersignal.Themodulatortakesthesetwosignalsandmultipliesthem.


Figure3AProductModulator

ThefrequencydomainrepresentationofaProductModulatororamixerhasacuriousqualitythatinsteadofproducingtheproductsoftheinput frequencieswhichiswhatwereallywant,itproducessumsanddifferencesofthefrequenciesofthetwoinputsignalsinboththepositiveandnegative frequencydomains.Isthisaproblem?Theanswerdependsonwhatwewanttodowiththeoutput.Inmostcaseifnononlinearityispresent,wecan predictexactlywherethesecomponentswilllieandwecanfilteroutwhatwedonotwant. Whatifthecarrierfrequencysourceinaproductmodulatorisnotperfectlystable?Inthiscase,eachdeviationfrequencywillalsoproduceits ownsumanddifferencefrequencieswiththebasebandsignal.Thesearecalledspursandareinherenttothemixerprocess.Inadditionphase oscillationsofthecarrieralsoaffecttheoutput.Forthisreasonsimplemixermodulatorsanddemodulatorsdonotworkwellandfurthercomplexityin formofphaselockloopsetc.isintroducedintothereceiverdesign. InFigure4a,weseethetwosidedspectrumofthemessagesignal.Aftermixing,modulatingorheterodyning(allofthesetermsrefertothe samething),wegetaspectrumsuchasinFigure4b.Thespectrumisnowshifteduptothecarrierfrequencyandweseethatitisreplicatedonboth sidesoftheyaxis.

Figure4atheBasebandSpectrum

Figure4bthePassbandSpectrumofthesamesignal

Anotherwaytodescribetheprocessisthatmultiplicationbyasinusoid,shiftsonecopyofthespectrumtofcandananothertofc.Whydoes thishappen?ThereasonisexplainedbytheFourierTransformofthissignalwhichisaproductoftwosignals,oneofthemasinusoid. TheFouriertransformoff(t)isjusttheFourierTransformofthesignalm(t),halfofitshiftedupandhalfofitdown.

Half This isupshifted. halfisdown shifted. InFigure4bthetwosidedspectrumofthesignalisshifteduptotheplusandminuscarrierfrequency.Thenegativefrequencytwinontheother sideofyaxisisusuallynoproblemandcanbeeasilyfilteredoutbyarealpassbandfilter.Andnowwejustworkwithhalfofthespectrum,usuallythe positivehalfrecognizingthatithasonehalfthemagnitudeoftheactualsignal. Intimedomain,weseethatthissignalhasmuchhigherfrequency.ButitsenvelopeisstilltheoriginallowfrequencysignalofFigure2.


Figure5Outputsignalofaproductmodulator,theenvelopeofwhichistheinformationsignal(seealsoFigure2)

Nowwedefinesomenewterms.

Figure6BasebandbecomesPassbandbytranslationtohigherfrequency Thepositivefrequencyspectrumbecomestheuppersidebandandthenegativefrequencyspectrumbecomethelowersideband.

BasebandSignalTheinformationsignaliscalledthebasebandsignal.Thebandwidthisalwaysapositivequantitysothebandwidthofthis signalisfm. PassbandSignalThemultiplicationofthissignalwithasinusoidcarriersignaltranslatesthewholethinguptofc.Thissignalisnowcalled thepassbandsignal.Thissignalextendsinrangefrom(fcfm)to(fc+fm.).Thenewsignalhasdoubledinbandwidth.Thepassbandsignal bandwidthisdoublethatofthebasebandsignal. Thefactthatthesamesignalhasdoublethebandwidthinpassbandisoftenconfusing.Wethinkofbandwidthassomethingphysicalsohow canitjustdouble?Theanswerisimbeddedinthequestionitself.Inkeepingwithourconceptofbandwidthassomethingreal,wedonotallowitto crossfromthepositivetothenegativedomain.Itexistsasaseparatequantityoneachsideoftheyaxisanddoesnotcrossit.Thereisnofreelunch eveninsignalprocessing,soanothersimplisticwayofconsideringthisfactisthatthepassbandsignalcontainsnotjustthemessagesignalbutthe carrieraswell,sowouldntyouexpectittohavealargerbandwidth? Sidebands NownotethatinFigure6,thepassbandspectrumhastwoparts(oneachsideoffc)thatareidentical. Theupperpartofthepassbandspectrumabovethecarrieriscalledtheuppersidebandandtheonebelowiscalledthelowersideband. Wenoticethatsincethepassbandspectrumissymmetrical(notonlyabouttheyaxisbutalsoaboutthecarrierfrequency)theuppersidebandis themirrorimageofthelowersideband.Doweneedthewholespectrumtorecoverthebasebandsignal?Perhapswecangetbywithonlyhalf. Thisintuitiveobservationiscorrect.Wecanrecovertheoriginalinformationsignalfromjusttheupperbandorthelowerband.Wedonotneed bothhalves.

 Figure7Filterpassbandtofortheupperandlowersidebandasseparatesignals.

Socanwejusttransmitonlyhalfofthesignal?Canwefigureoutsomewayoftransmittingananothersignalintherejectedhalf?Thenwecan transmittwosignalsforthepriceofone! Thisrealizationleadstothesingleanddoublesidebandmodulationtechniques.Indoublesideband,weusethewholespectrumjustaswe showabove.Bothhalvesareused.Insinglesidebandmodulation,wefilteroutthelowerortheupperbandtoseparateoutthesesignalsasiftheywere twoindependentsignals.Eachhalfisenoughtorecoverthesignal. Filter1andFilter2inFigure7dojustthatandshowhowwecouldtransmittwosignalsintheplaceofone.UseF1beforetransmitting,and yougetonlythelowersideband,anduseF2andyougetonlytheuppersideband.Wegettwochannelsinplaceofone.Whereeverbandwidth limitationsexist,SSBisused.Mostnotableapplicationisintelephony.TelephonysignalshaveidealcharacteristicsfortheuseofSSB.Thereisvery littlesignalcontentbelow300HzsotheSSBsignaldoesnotsuffermuchdistortion.Alsotelephonesignalsarebandwidthlimited,andSSBmaximizes bandwidthusage.HAMradioandHFcommunicationsisoneareawheretheSingleSideBand(SSB)modulationisusedtothisadvantage. AmplitudeModulation WehavealreadydiscussedmuchofthebuildingblocksofAmplitudeModulationasSSBisaformofAmplitudeModulation.Thesimplest formofAmplitudeModulationistheDoubleSidebandModulation. DoubleSideBandModulation Letstaketheinformationsignalm(t).Theoutputofthemixergivesus nowweaddtothissignalthecarrier(thesecondterm). Nowinsteadoftransmittingjustthesignaltimesthecarrier,weaddthecarriertothetotheproduct.Theblockdiagramofthis,calledtheAM productmodulator,wouldlooklikethis.

Figure8AbasicAMmodulator,itsoutputcontainsthemodulatedsignalandthecarrier

WhatistheFourierTransformofthissignal? ] Spectrumonthepositive
xaxis

Spectrumonthenegative
xaxis

(WeareusingpropertiesoftheFourierTransformherethefirsttermcomesfromthefactthattheFTofasignal,multipliedbyacosineisjustthesame

spectrumshifted,andthesecondtermisjustadeltafunctiontimestheamplitudeoftheoriginalcarrier.FourierAnalysisistheabsolutefundamentalof allsignalprocessingandIsuggestreadingtutorials6and7soyouareclearonthemainconcepts.Youarewelcometoemailmeyourquestions.)

Hereisthespectrumofthissignal. TheCarrier

Figure9DoubleSideBandModulationSpectrumofreceivedSignal (Noteonlythepositivesideofthespectrumisshown.)

Nowyouseethecarriersignalpopupinthemiddleofthespectrum.Wecanputafilteraroundthissignalandrecoverthecarrieratthe receiver.Thisisthenfedtothedemodulationcircuitrylater. ThismodulationiscalledDoubleSideBand(DSB)modulation.ItisthemostbasicformoftheAMmodulation.Fromhereon,wecandoa varietyofthingssuchassuppressthecarrier,useonebandortheotheretc..AllofthesearevariationsoftheDoubleSideBand(DSB)Amplitude Modulation. Wecanrearrangetermstowritetheamplitudemodulationequationas Byvaryingtheamplitudeofthecarriervs.theamplitudeoftheinformationsignal,wecancreatedifferentlookingwaveforms.Aslongas certainparametersarenotexceeded,theenvelopeofthissignalwouldlookliketheinformationsignalandusinganEnvelopeDetector(demodulation) wecanrecoverthissignal. Inaboveequation,quantityAcrepresentsthepowerofthemodulatedsignal.Boththecarrierandthemessagesignalareassumedtohave normalizedamplitude.Thequantity iscalledthemodulationindexofthesignal.Theindexeffectshowthereceivedsignallooks.Modulation indexlargerthat100%distortsthesignalsoanenvelopedetectorcannotbeusedtodemodulateitanylonger. Thefollowingfigureshowshowwemightcreatethissignal.

ThefollowingtwofiguresshowtheeffectofthemodulationindexonthereceivedAMsignal.

Figure10aDSBModulatedsignalwithModulationIndex=100% Notethattheenvelopeofthissignalisthesameasthebasebandsignal.

Figure10bDSBModulatedsignalwithModulationIndex=120% Notethattheenvelopeofthissignalisnotthesameasthebasebandsignal.

Aslongasthemodulationindexislessthan100%,theenvelopeofthesignalcanbeusedtoremovetheinformationsignal.Forindexgreater than100%asshowninfigureabove,theenvelopedetectorwillnolongerbeabletocorrectlydetectthesignal.Weseethattheenvelopeinthelower figureisnolongeracopyoftheoriginalsignalinFigure2. StandardDSBModulationisusedinAMRadiobroadcasting.ItofferstheadvantageofusingasimplereceiverbasedonaEnvelopeDetector. DoubleSideBandSuppressedCarrier Wejustaddedthecarrier,butnowwerealizethatitactuallytakesalotofpowertoincludethecarrierandperhapsitmakesnosensetodothat afterall.Butwewanttosomehowincludethecarrierinformationbutwithoutactuallydoingso.Andwewanttousetheenvelopedetectorasthe receiver.Howcanwedothat? Werelyonthesymmetryofthesignalspectrumnow.ConsideramodulationschemecalledtheDoubleSideBandSuppressedcarrier,or DSBSCmodulation,everythingissameasDSBexceptthatnocarrierinincluded.DSBSCsignalsarecreatedbyamodulatorcalledtheBalanced Modulator.ThefollowingfigureshowsthebasicblockdiagramofaBalancedModulator.

Figure11AbalancedModulatorresultsinsuppressionofthecarrier

Thisbalancedmodulatorisbasicallytwoproductmodulatorsaddedtogether.Theinputtooneisanegativeinformationsignalandanegative carrier.Theproductofthismodulatorwhenaddedtoitspositivecounterpartresultsincancelingthecarrieraswecanseeintheoutput.(Themath aboveisquitestraightforwardandworthcheckingforthatwonderfulfeelingthatcomeswhenyoureallyunderstandsomething.) EnvelopedetectorcannotbeusedwithDSBSCcarrierbecausetheenvelopeoftheDSBSCsignalisnotthesameasthebasebandsignal.A moresophisticatedmodulatorisneededwiththissignal. TheDSBSCmodulationisidenticaltoBPSK,whichwewilldiscusslater. GeneratingSingleSideBand(SSB)signals InessencetheSSBtransmissionthatwediscussedbeforeisabandwidthconservingtechnique.ThemostnotablepointofSSBisthattheSSB passbandsignalandthebasebandsignaloccupythesamebandwidth,socuttingspectrumneedsinhalf. HowdowecreateaSSBsignal?TherearetwomainwaysthatSSBsignalscanbegenerated. 1.Filteringtheunwantedsideband 2.PhasingMethod ThesimplestsolutionwouldbetojusttaketheDSBSCsignalandfiltertheunwantedbandbeforetransmissionsothattheunwantedsideisnot sentatallasshowninthefigurebelow.Bykeepingonlythepartshown,wehavegottenridofalltheotherimages,allofthenegativecomponentsand theuppersideband.


Figure12ApassbandfilterafterDSBSCmodulationresultsingettingridallbutoneband.

Problemwiththismethodisthatitishardtobuildpracticalfilterswithsteepenoughcutoffsathighfrequencies.Suchafilterendsupdistorting thedesiredsignalaswellasincludingsomeoftheunwantedsidebandanyway. ThesecondmethodinvolvestheuseofHilbertTransformandtheAnalyticsignalwetalkedaboutinthelastTutorial.Asawayofreview,the figurebelowshowsthebasebandspectrumofoursignal.ThesecondpartshowstheHilbertTransformofthesamesignal.(RecallthattheHilbert Transformrotatesthepositivefrequencycomponents.)

Figure13a.Basebandspectrum(symmetricabouttheyaxis)b.Hilberttransformofthesamesignal(antisymmetricabouttheyaxis)

Nowletstakethissignalandmodulateitup,weget NowletstaketheHilberttransformofthissignalandmodulateitbyasinewave,soweget Nowwecreateacarrierwhichisthesumofthesetwoparts.

Figure14SSBModulatorusingthePhasingmethod

TheSSBsignalcreatedinthiswayisessentiallytwosignalsinquadrature.ThecombinationgivesustheequationfortheSSBsignal.By changingthesignoftheanalyticsignal,wecancreateeithertheuppersidebandorthelower.

 NowletstaketheFourierTransformofeachpart.TheFourierTransformofthefirstpartis TheFourierTransformofthesecondpartis (thepresenceofjisduetotheHilberttransform,seeTutorial7) Figurebelowshowsthetwospectrumsandweseeatoncethataddingthesetworepresentationsgiveusanicecleansignalwithonlyoneside band,upperorloweraswedesire. ThankstoDr.Hilbertandhisanalyticsignalthereisnothingtofilter,justacleansingleband. AnotherinterestingfactisthatthesumofthetwosidebandsgiveustheDSBSCwaveform.

Figure15a.Spectrumofpartone,b.spectrumofparttwo,d.thesumofthesetwogivesusthelowersideband,thedifferencewouldgivetheuppersideband.

AMModulationandVideobroadcasting VestigialSidebandModulation AvariationofDSBisusedforbroadcastTV.UndertheFCCrequirements,thestandardvideosignaloccupiesabandwidthof4.5MHz.Thesound signalisseparateandistransmittedattheupperedgeofthissignal.Whencarrierisshiftedtobandpass,thisonesidedbandwidthbecomes9MHz.This isnearlytentimesaslargeasthetotalbandwidthoccupiedbyallthechannelsoftheAMradio.UseofSSBmodulationwouldcutthisinhalfbutSSB isnotusedforvideosignalsbecauseofthecomplexityoftheSSBreceivers.TVmanufacturersparticularlyAmericancompanieswereinstrumentalin settingthesestandardsliketokeepthecostoftheTVsaslowaspossiblesoSSBreceiversarenotused. AmodulationtechniqueusedforcommercialvideobroadcastingwhichliessomewhereinthemiddleofSSBandDSBiscalledtheVestigial sidebandModulation(VSB). Infigurebelowweshowahypotheticalbandpassvideosignal.Thesoundsignalwhichissentseparatelyisattheupperedgeofthespectrum.


Figure16aVideoSignalbandwidth

InFigureb,weshowapeculiarkindoffilteringofthisvideosignalthattakesplaceaftermodulationwithacarrierbutbeforetransmission.

Figure16bVestigialFilter

Thisfiltertakesinasmallpartoftheupperedgeofthelowersideband,startingfrom1.25MHz.Thesignalisattenuatedinthisrangefrom 1.25MHzto.75MHz.Fromhereonto4MHz,thesignalistransmittedfullstrength.At4MHzitisonceagainattenuateddownto4.5MHzsoas nottointerferewiththesoundcarrierwhichisdemodulatedseparately.Theshadedportioniswhatistransmitted. Thetermvestigialisusedsinceatinytracepartofthelowersidebandisalsoincludedinthetransmission.Thenetresultisthatinsteadof transmittinga9MHzsignal,wetransmitonly6MHz,thestandardvideosignaltoday. Unlikevoicesignalswhichhavenocomponentsnearthezerofrequency,Videosignalsareverysensitivetotheirlowfrequencycontent. Distortioninthesecomponentsdegradesthepicture.Soextracarehastobetakentomakesurethatallthelowfrequencycomponents(whichare locatedinthecenter)aretransmittedwithoutdistortion.VSBmodulationtransmitstheselowfrequenciesatthetwicelevel.Themotivationforfiltering thesignalinthiswayalsocomesfromthedesiretouseadiodedemodulatorwhichrequiresanexplicitcarrier.Buttorecoverthecarrierweneedtogo alittletotheothersideofthecarrierfrequencyandtakeinanattenuatedpartofthesignalbecauseofthelimitationsofpracticalfilters.The developmentofthisfilterwasafunctionofacompromisebetweenbandwidthandtheTVreceivercomplexity. ThenewHDTVstandardisalsobasedonVSB. AboutAmplitudeDemodulation ProductDemodulator AllAMsignalsdiscussedhere,DSB,DSBSC,SSBandVSBcanbedemodulatedusingaproductdemodulator.Inprincipleitisthereverseofthe modulationprocess.Wetaketheincomingsignal,whichnowalsoincludesnoiseandwemultiplyitbyaknowncarrier.Theproductobtainedisthen lowpassfilteredandwhatremainsthenistheinformationsignal. Themainproblemwiththeproductdemodulatoristhatthecarrierphaseisnotknown.Wedonotknowifthestartingphasewas30or45or 90orsomeothernumber.Forsomesignalsthisisnotsuchabigproblem.Anaudiosignalcanbedemodulatedincoherentlywhichmeansthatthe phaseofthecarrieratthereceivingendisnotsynchronizedwiththetransmitter.InradioAMbroadcastingwecangetawaywithignoringthephase becauseourearsarenotverysensitivetophasedeviationsofthesignals.Wecanhearandunderstandthesignaljustfine.Insuchcases,anincoherent productdemodulationmakessenseandwouldbethecheapestsolution. Nowifwearesendingdata,thisisindeedabigproblemandweneedtoexactlyrecoverthephaseofthetransmittedcarrier.Evenvideosignals arenotforgivingofphaseerrors.Phaseinformationfornearlyallsignalsexcept,telephoneandradiosignalsisconsideredveryimportant. Therearetwomethodsofmakingsurethatweknowthephaseoftheincomingsignal1.TheCostasloopand2.Thephaselockedloop.Both arevariationsofatechniquetofindandlockontothephase(wewilldiscusstheseinanothertutorialindetail.)Thisvariationoftheproduct demodulationwherewemakeaspecialefforttodeterminethephaseofthetransmittedcarrieriscalledcoherentdemodulation. SquareLawDemodulator Nonlinearityusuallyhasabadnameincommunications.Wedontlikeitbecauseitdistortsthesignalandproducesunwantedproducts.Buthereisa waynonlinearityisactuallyusedtoadvantageindemodulationofsomeAMsignals. Letstakeanonlineardevicewiththefollowingbehavior. Nowletstakeanamplitudemodulatedsignal Puttingthisthroughtheabovenonlienearity,aftersomemanipulationsandclevertrigonometricsubstitutions,weget

DCterm Informationsignal Signalat2wc

NowthrowawaytheDCterm,filteroutthetermsattwotimesthefrequencyandwhatwehaveleftis

Theterm isnotabigproblemifthemodulationindexissmall.Thistermdisappearsandforaudiobroadcastingthistermmakesno discernibledifference. Onebyproductofthismethodisthatifnocarrierisincluded,wecanstillrecoverthecarrier.Thistechniquecanalsobeusedtorecoverthe carrier.Takeasignal squaringitgives

Thesecondtermisthecarrierattwiceitsfrequencywhichwerecoverbyfilteringatthisfrequency.

Figure17Nonlinearityusedtorecoverthecarrier

EnvelopeDetector Theenvelopeofasignalisitsmaximumvalueoverasetsamplingperiod.AdiodecircuitusedmostoftentodetecttheenvelopeofAMsignalsisthe simplestandtheuniversalmethodofdemodulatingAMsignals.Theprerequisitefortheuseofthisdemodulationmethodisthepresenceofastrong carrierandhighSNR.Excessiveamountofnoisecausessevereenvelopefluctuationsandmakesthismethodlesseffective.WeallknowoftheAM radiosvulnerabilitytonoiseandotheratmosphericperturbations.

Figure18RCDiodeCircuitusedforEnvelopeDemodulation

TheenvelopedetectorisbasicallyaDiodeRCcircuitasshownabove.Thesignalisappliedtotheterminalsofthecircuit.TheDiodeconducts asthevoltage(amplitude)increasesandthecapacitorchargesup.Nowasthevoltagebeginstogodown,resistordischargesandthecapacitorletsgoof itscharge.Thecyclecontinuesandeachchargeofthecapacitorindicatesthemaximumvalueoverthatperiod.Infactthecapacitordischargesslightly betweencyclesasshowninthefigurebelowbutthiscanbecompensatedforeasily.

Figure19EnvelopeDetectionupclose

Summary

BasebandSignalThebasebandsignalisusuallythemessagesignal.IthasabandwidthofB.SeeFigure20. PassbandSignalThepassbandsignalisonethathasbeenmultipliedbyacarrier.Itiscenteredatthecarrierfrequencyandhasabandwidthof2B. DoubleSidebandWhenbothsidebandsandthecarrieristransmitted,thisiscalledtheAMorDSBmodulation.DSBsignalswhicharepassband signalshaveabandwidthof2B. DoubleSidebandSuppressedCarrierWhenweremovethecarriertoconservepower,theDSBsignaliscalledtheDSBSCsignal.Ithasa bandwidthof2B. SingleSidebandWheneitherbyfilteringorphasingonlyonebandistransmittedthesignaliscalledSSB.IthasabandwidthofB. VestigialSidebandVSBisusedforvideobroadcasting.VSBisacompromisebetweenSSBandDSBandhasabandwidthof.666B. AMdemodulatorsTherearethreemaintypesofAMdemodulatorsorreceivers.EnvelopeDetectoristhesimplestandsensesthemaximum amplitudeoftheincomingsignalwhichhappenstobethemessagesignal.TheProductDemodulatorisnextincomplexityandisusedfornearlyall AMsignals.CostasorPhaselockedloopsareusedwhenphaseisimportant.SquaringDemodulatorisoftenusedtorecoverthecarrieraswellasfor demodulationofDSBSCsignal. Figure20follows __________________________________ CharanLangton,Nov4,1998 PreviousTutorialsarekeptattheAdvancedSystemsWebsiteunderCAP. ThanksmuchtoEricArakakiandDaveWatsonfortheirinvaluablecommentsandedits.
Figure20AMWaveforms 1.MessageSignal SignalSpectrum

.3

fm=1 fm=1
2. CarrierSignal

.5

fc=8
3. DSBWaveform k=60%

fc=8

9,8,7

7 ,8,9

 4.DSBwaveformOvermodulatedk=150% Notetheenvelopeofthesignalisnolongersameasthebasebandsignaltrace,hencethereisnowaytodemodulateitfromtheenvelopeofthissignal.

9,8,7
5.SSBUppersideband

7 ,8,9

9
6.SSBLowerSideband

7
7.DSBSuppressedCarrier

9,8,7

7 ,8,9