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Hydromechanics VVR090
Total drag force is taken to be the sum of : drag in a two-dimensional flow (profile drag) drag produced by end effects (induced drag)
Induced drag is related to the lift force. No lift force no induced drag.
tip vortices
The location of separation points decisive for the magnitude of the pressure drag . Such locations are determined by: body shape body roughness flow conditions
Flow Separation
Boundary layer growth starts in the stagnation point. In the phase of acceleration the boundary layer is stable, whereas during deceleration an unfavorable pressure gradient develops that leads to separation.
streamlined body
cylindral body
Ideal fluid
Laminar conditions
Turbulent conditions
Trip wire
Cricket ball
D = 3Vo d
General formulation:
D = FD = CD
1 AVo2 2
George Stokes
Equivalence yields:
3Vo d = CD
1 AVo2 2
Cross-sectional area:
A=
d 2 4
CD =
24 24 = Vo d Re
Stokes equation valid for Re < 0.1. Re 10 weak separation Re 1000 fully developed separation zone
Vortex Shedding
Under certain conditions vortices are generated from the edges of a body in a flow. Von Karmans vortex street
If 6 < Re < 5000, regular vortex sheeding may occur at a frequency n determined by Strouhals number:
S=
nd Vo
Vincent Strouhal Periodic vortex shedding may lead to transversal forces on structures (e.g., pipes, chimneys, bridges) resulting in vibration and possible structural damages.
If is close to the natural frequency of the structure, large effects are expected.
30 m
wind 35 m/s
Three towers collapsed because (November 1965): underestmated wind design conditions interaction between towers not considered
Tacoma Bridge
Built 1940 Span: 2,800 ft (850 m) Plate-girder deck: 8 ft (2.4 m) Wind-induce vibrations caused oscillations of the deck with eventual collapse.
1 D = CD AVo2 2
CD obtained from empirical studies A is the projected area on a plane perpendicular to the flow direction
Dolphin drag
Lotus
19.69 18.40 0.66 0.65 7.09 6.99
1.830 1.709
0.380
1.709
18.40
0.65
6.99
Lotus
0.330 0.330
1.802 1.802
19.40 19.40
0.59 0.59
6.40 6.40
0.330
1.802
19.40
0.59
6.40
0.330
1.802
19.40
0.59
6.40
0.330
1.802
19.40
0.59
6.40
0.330
1.802
19.40
0.59
6.40
10
FD
Terminal speed of a person jumping with a parachute? Assumed data: M = 100 kg air = 1.2 kg/m3 D=7m
FG
11
Design the popcorn popper Heating coil Unpopped corn: 0.15 g/kernel 6 mm diameter Popped corn: 18 mm diameter Fan Allowable air speed produced by the fan?
12
Principles of Flight
FL = FG FD = FP
Lift force:
Gliding angle:
FL = CL
1 AVo2 2
tan =
CD CL
Lift Coefficient CL
CL for typical airfoil sections versus angele of attack
Stall speed
13
14
a
FG Wingspan: 10 m Chord length: 1.5 m Plane weight: 10 kN Two passengers at 800 N each
Magnus Effect
Net force occurs when a sphere or cylinder in a moving fluid is rotating
Top of cylinder: velocities of the moving fluid and the rotating ball enhance each other low pressure Bottom of cylinder: velocities of the moving fluid and the rotating ball counteract each other high pressure Pressure difference net force
15
Golf (hook, slice) Soccer (banana shoot) Table tennis and tennis (topspin, slice)
16
Ship Propulsion
Buckau Alcyone
17