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Learning Objectives:
At the end of this topic you will be able to;
draw the circuit diagram for a non-inverting amplifier;
select and use the formula G 1
RF
to calculate the gain of a non
R1
inverting amplifier;
draw the circuit diagram for an inverting amplifier;
select and use the formula G
RF
to calculate the gain of an
R IN
inverting amplifier;
in each case, use the gain formulae to select resistors to produce
the given gain;
interpret and produce graphs showing input and output signals.
GCSE Electronics.
Unit E2 : Applications of Electronics
2.4.2
All of the amplifier circuits we are going to consider in this topic are built
around the operational amplifier or Op-Amp for short.
The circuit symbol for an operational amplifier (or Op-amp) is shown below:
+V
Inverting input
Non-inverting input
VOUT
-V
v.
Two commonly used op-amps are the LM741 and the much better TLO81. Both
have the same pinout as the industry standard op-amp, the 741. The op-amp is
usually packaged in an 8-pin DIL package as shown below
+V
+
-V
VIN
VOUT
R1
0V
VOUT
R
1 F
V IN
R1
Voltage gain can be determined if either VOUT and VIN are known or if
RF and R1 are known.
The gain is positive so at any instant, if the input voltage is positive,
the output will be also be positive, and vice versa.
If you are designing an amplifier of this type then all resistors
chosen must be greater than 1k, to reduce power dissipation.
GCSE Electronics.
Unit E2 : Applications of Electronics
Example 1:
A non-inverting amplifier is required to act as a preamplifier for a
microphone. The amplifier requires a voltage gain of +100.
(a)
+V
+
-V
VIN
VOUT
R1
0V
(b)
RF
R1
100 1
RF
R1
100 1
RF
R1
R F 99 R1
R F 99 1k 99k
RF = 47k
+10V
+
-10V
VIN
R1= 1k
VOUT
0V
(a)
(b)
RF
R1
Gain 1
47
48
1
VOUT
VIN
VOUT
100
48 100 4800mV 4.8V
48
VOUT
GCSE Electronics.
Unit E2 : Applications of Electronics
(c)
The graph below shows the 100mV AC signal applied to VIN. On the
axes below sketch the graph of VOUT.
VIN/mV
100
75
50
25
0
-25
-50
-75
-100
VOUT/V
4.8
3.6
2.4
1.2
0
-1.2
-2.4
-3.6
-4.8
Frequency remains the same
200
155
100
50
0
-50
-100
-150
-200
Output graph not inverted - i.e.
positive i/p gives positive o/p etc.
VOUT/V
9.6
7.2
4.8
2.4
0
-2.4
-4.8
-7.2
-9.6
Frequency remains the same
GCSE Electronics.
Unit E2 : Applications of Electronics
Exercise 1:
1.
+V
+
-V
VIN
R1= 2k
VOUT
0V
(a)
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(b)
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
The graph below shows the AC signal applied to VIN. On the axes
below sketch the graph of VOUT. Add a suitable scale to the VOUT
axis.
VIN/mV
100
75
50
25
0
-25
-50
-75
-100
Vout/mV
GCSE Electronics.
Unit E2 : Applications of Electronics
2.
(b)
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
10
+V
RIN
VIN
+
-V
VOUT
0V
VOUT
R
F
VIN
R IN
iii.
Voltage gain can be determined if either VOUT and VIN are known or if
RF and RIN are known.
The - sign in the formula indicates the inverting action of this
amplifier, so at any moment if the input voltage is positive, the
output will be negative, and vice versa.
If you are designing an amplifier of this type then all resistors
chosen must be greater than 1k, to reduce power dissipation.
11
GCSE Electronics.
Unit E2 : Applications of Electronics
Example 3: An inverting amplifier is required with a voltage gain of -20.
(a)
RIN
+
VIN
VOUT
0V
(b)
RF
R IN
RF
10
R F 20 10
20
R F 200k
12
VOUT/mV
800
600
400
200
0
-200
-400
-600
-800
13
GCSE Electronics.
Unit E2 : Applications of Electronics
(a)
VOUT 600 mV
60
VIN
10 mV
Either:
Gain
RF
R IN
RF
2 k
R
60 F
2 k
R F 60 2k 120k
Or:
60
14
R F R IN 60
2k 60
120k
13k
VIN
+
VOUT
0V
(a)
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
15
GCSE Electronics.
Unit E2 : Applications of Electronics
16
(b)
(c)
(b)
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
17
GCSE Electronics.
Unit E2 : Applications of Electronics
Solutions to Student Exercises
Exercise 1:
1.
(a)
Gain 1
RF
R1
Gain 1
78
40
2
(b)
Gain
VOUT
75
40 75 3000mV 3V
40
Vout
(c)
VOUT/V
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
18
VOUT
VIN
(a)
RF
+V
+
-V
VIN
VOUT
R1
0V
(b)
In the question we are told that the voltage gain needs to be 35,
so applying the gain formula;
Gain 1
RF
R1
35 1
68
R1
35 1
68
R1
68 34 R 1
R1
68
2 k
34
68
2k
34
19
GCSE Electronics.
Unit E2 : Applications of Electronics
Exercise 2:
1.
(a)
(b)
VOUT/V
600
400
200
0
-200
-400
-600
-800
20
RF
R IN
Gain
390
30
13
For a voltage gain of-30 the peak value of VOUT will be 30 times
larger than VIN and will also be inverted:
Graph 2
800
Gain
Graph 3
12
9
6
3
0
-3
-6
-9
-12
2.
RF
(a)
RIN
VIN
+
VOUT
0V
(b) Either:
(b) Or:
Gain
RF
R IN
50
75k
R IN
R IN
75k
1.5k
50
For an inverting op-amp with a gain of 50, RF is 50 times bigger than RIN so:
R F R IN 50
75k R IN 50
R IN
75k
1.5k
50
GCSE Electronics.
Unit E2 : Applications of Electronics
Examination Style Questions
1.
A voltage amplifier is needed which will produce the output waveform shown below, when the
input signal shown is applied to it.
(a)
(b)
Answer:
[1]
Complete the following circuit diagram for the amplifier you chose in part (a) based on an
op-amp.
[2]
(c)
The input voltage is increased to 1V.When testing the amplifier, it is found that the output
voltage never goes above +12V, or below 12V. Give an explanation for this finding.
....
[2]
22
(a)
(b)
................................................................................................................................................
[2]
An AC voltage of peak value 2V is applied to the input.
Complete the graph showing the corresponding output voltage.
[3]
23
GCSE Electronics.
Unit E2 : Applications of Electronics
3.
The graph shows the input signal applied to four different voltage amplifiers, A, B, C and D.
24
(b)
(c)
(d)
25
GCSE Electronics.
Unit E2 : Applications of Electronics
4.
(a)
(b)
Use the values for RF and R1 to calculate the gain of this amplifier.
................................................................................................................................................
(c)
................................................................................................................................................
[2]
The gain of the amplifier is changed to 100. Use the following frequency response graph to
determine the bandwidth of the amplifier.
Show clearly on the graph how you obtain your result.
Bandwidth = .............................
26
[2]
(a)
Draw a diagram showing how an op-amp and 2 resistors can be used to produce a noninverting amplifier
[3]
(b)
One undesirable effect which can occur in this amplifier is clipping of the output
waveform. Describe one cause of clipping.
..
(c)
..
[1]
The amplifier has a voltage gain of 100
The same voltage gain can be obtained by using two amplifiers each with a gain of 10.
Explain how this might be better than a single amplifier with a gain of 100.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
[2]
27
GCSE Electronics.
Unit E2 : Applications of Electronics
6.
(a)
(i)
....................
[1]
(ii)
(iii)
....................
[1]
28
(i)
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii)
[3]
(c)
The Gain-Bandwidth Product of the amplifier is 1.6MHz. Calculate the bandwidth of the
amplifier.
[1]
29
GCSE Electronics.
Unit E2 : Applications of Electronics
7.
(a)
Use the values for RF and R1 to calculate the gain of this amplifier.
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b)
(i)
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
[2]
30
31
GCSE Electronics.
Unit E2 : Applications of Electronics
8.
(a)
(i)
................................................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii)
(iii)
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
[2]
32
(i)
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii)
[3]
33
GCSE Electronics.
Unit E2 : Applications of Electronics
9.
(a)
Complete the following diagram to show an inverting amplifier by adding two resistors RIN
and RF and any necessary connections.
[3]
(b)
(c)
34
Use the graph to find the maximum value of the input voltage VIN in mV.
.................................................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii)
Calculate the maximum value of the corresponding output voltage VOUT in mV.
.................................................................................................................................................
[1]
(iii)
[3]
35
GCSE Electronics.
Unit E2 : Applications of Electronics
(d)
The power supply changes, and the amplifier is found to saturate at 7V.
Draw a graph of the new output voltage on the following grid.
[2]
36
[1]
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
37
GCSE Electronics.
Unit E2 : Applications of Electronics
(ii)
[2]
38
The amplitude of the test signal is increased to 80mV. Use the axes provided to sketch the
resulting output signal. [The time axis has the same scale.]
[2]
(c)
The amplifier (voltage gain 250) has a bandwidth of 25 kHz. Use the axes provided to
sketch the frequency response of this amplifier.
[2]
39
GCSE Electronics.
Unit E2 : Applications of Electronics
11.
40
41
GCSE Electronics.
Unit E2 : Applications of Electronics
Self Evaluation Review
My personal review of these objectives:
Learning Objectives
RF
R1
RF
to calculate the gain of an
R IN
inverting amplifier;
in each case, use the gain
formulae to select resistors to
produce the given gain;
interpret and produce graphs
showing input and output signals.
draw the circuit diagram for a noninverting amplifier;
Targets:
1.
2.
42