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La mthode de construction t publie dans le magazine QUADRATURE n52, p.4, avril 2004 Edit par EDP Sciences, 17 av. du Hoggar, PA de Courtabuf, 91944 Les ULIS, France http://www.edpsciences.org/quadrature/
Texte original : Trac des angles en degrs : 24 juillet 2003 [Mis jour : avril 2009] Complments : Trac des angles en radians et en grades : 18 mai 2009. Mesure d'un angle quelconque la rgle et au compas : 4 janvier 2010. Aot 2012
Traduction :
La figure jointe montre la construction la rgle et au compas d'un angle de 20 par exemple. En thorie, l'angle obtenu vaudrait 20,003... degrs. La diffrence de 0,003... est tout fait ngligeable par rapport aux imprcisions graphiques.
- On commencera par construire l'angle trs voisin de 32 selon la mthode indique prcdemment. - Si l'angle () donn est plus grand que celui trs voisin de 32, on devra construire les puissances de 2 successives (64, 128,) sans aller jusqu' un angle plus grand que (). - Par trac des bissectrices successives de l'angle trs voisin de 32, on construira la srie des angles trs voisins de (16, 8, 4, ) jusqu'au plus petit angle ncessaire pour obtenir la prcision souhaite pour la mesure. - En dduisant successivement de l'angle donn les angles convenables de cette srie, on obtiendra la mesure de ().
Il est clair que le processus est comparable celui qui permet de passer l'criture en base 2 d'un nombre donn : On soustrait au nombre la plus grande puissance de 2 telle que le reste soit positif. Et on rpte l'opration avec les restes successifs. La mthode n'a donc rien d'original. Son rappel ici n'a pour but que de faire le pendant la mthode de construction d'un angle quelconque qui a t dcrite dans les pages prcdentes. La figure suivante illustre le processus pour un exemple d'angle donn (on na pas poursuivi pour les fractions de degr, en raison de la rduction de lisibilit) :
The construction method was first published in the magazine QUADRATURE n52, p.4, April 2004 Edited by EDP Sciences, 17 av. du Hoggar, PA de Courtabuf, 91944 Les ULIS, France http://www.edpsciences.org/quadrature/
"Trac des angles en degrs " : July 24, 2003 [Updated : Avril 2009] "Trac des angles en radians et en grades" : May 18, 2009. "Mesure d'un angle quelconque la rgle et au compas" : January 4, 2010. August 2012
English translation:
The geometric constructions with "compass and straightedge" are of ancient origin. Indeed, it was the Greeks mathematicians of Euclids time who began to codify them. Only few angles can be drawn while respecting these conventions. Most angles cannot be drawn using compass and straightedge, as understood by the ancient Greeks. For instance, that is the case of the 20 degree angle (yet, which we will consider later on in example) which is demonstrated as impossible. In the same line of thinking, we know how to divide an arbitrary angle in two, by drawing its bisector. However, we do not know how to divide it in three: that is the famous angle trisection problem, the impossibility of which was proven by the modern theories. This could lead us very far away, to an area which fascinated number of mathematicians and in which the Galois theory is fundamental. Yet our aim is more modest: the measure of an angle being given by an integer or not, our goal is to draw this angle with high precision (as a matter of fact, better than 0.01) thanks to a simple and general method, using only compass and straightedge. This allows us not to be bound to the prescription of perfect accuracy which, in practice anyways, is hopeless due to the inevitable inherent deviations of the drawings. Whatever the measure of the angle we want to draw, we can always come down to an angle lower than 30, or even less, by subtracting values which we know classically how to obtain with accuracy (90, 60, 45, 30, etc.). Consequently, it is sufficient to describe a method applicable to any angle in the range of 0 to 30. In fact, a rather surprising coincidence is at the origin of this method: the angle, which tangent is worth 5/8, equals 32.005 degrees, thus outstandingly close to 32 .
- We shall start by drawing this angle very close to 32. To do so, we shall draw a right triangle with leg to 5 and 8 unit length. - Then, the successive divisions by two of the smallest angle of this triangle (by drawing the bisectors) give the series of the powers of two: 16, 8, 4, 2, 1, 1/2, 1/4 etc. - We know that any number can be reached by adding elements of this series (*). By adding the suitable angles we can obtain any wished angle.
(*) Notice the relation with the writing in binary base of the numerical value of the angle, expressed in degrees.
Under most likelihood, the small deviations in the drawing are more significant than the initial difference between 32.005 and the exact value of 32. In practice, we can expect a result just as good, or maybe even more so, than with the best of the protractors. Here is some news which should delight any absent-minded student, who would have forgotten his instrument!
The below figure shows, for example, the drawing with compass and straightedge of a 20 angle. In theory, the obtained angle would be worth 20.003 degrees. However, the deviation of 0.003 is of no significance considering the drawing inaccuracies.
the following coincidence: 6 3 arctg + arctg = 1, 000083.. 7 10 It is useless to comment on the following figure which derives from this observation:
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1 2 2 = 1, 000076.. arccos + arcsin 128 7 3 [en gradians] The following figure shows how to proceed:
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