Grammatical English Learning

Al-Qodiri Islamic Boarding School
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BUKU INI KAMI PERSEMBAHKAN KEPADA:
Guru kami tercinta: KH. Achmad Muzakki Syah Nyai Hj. Siti Halimah Orang tua kami: H. Achmad Fadlil Abu Sadin Siti Muzayyanah Saudara kami: Kakak, Achmad Bawafi Husain Adik, Siti Nur Halimah As-sadiyah, dan Teman-teman kami, seluruh santriwan/wati PP.Al-Qodiri 1 Jember
Grammatical English Learning For Beginners

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KATA PENGANTAR
Puji syukur kepada Allah Subhanahu Wa taala yang senantiasa memberikan rahmat dan hidayah-Nya kepada kami sehingga kami bisa menyelesaikan buku yang sederhana ini dengan baik. Dalam menghadapi Era Globalisasi ini, kita dituntut untuk bisa dalam segala hal, apalagi ketika bahasa komunikasi yang dipakai adalah Bahasa Inggris. Oleh karena itu, kita dituntut untuk bisa memahami bahkan menguasai Bahasa Inggris secara intensive baik lisan maupun tulisan. Buku yang anda pegang GRAMMATICAL ENGLISH LEARNING FOR BEGINNERS (Book 1) adalah buku yang disusun khusus untuk membantu para pelajar Bahasa Inggris yang benar-benar ingin menguasai Bahasa Inggris secara tertulis dari dasar. Kurangnya mengetahui dasar pokok masalah merupakan kendala utama dalam menguasai Bahasa Inggris. Oleh karena itu, sesuai dengan judul buku ini lebih menonjolkan materi dasar dan latihan-latihan dari pada materi yang sudah dibahas di dalamnya. Harapan kami semoga buku ini bermanfaat bagi siapa saja yang berminat belajar Bahasa Inggris dan dapat memberikan sumbangsih dalam proses pencerdasan anak bangsa. Saran dan kritik yang membangun sangat kami tunggu dari para pembaca karena kita diciptakan untuk saling melengkapi.
Jember, 27 Desember 2011 Penyusun,
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Abi Luthfi Al-Hakim
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Contents:
Language components ..........................................................................................01 Parts of speech .........................................................................................................09
Noun .............................................................................................................................. 09 Pronoun ..........................................................................................................................10 Verb ............................................................................................................................... 12 Adjective ........................................................................................................................13 Adverb ...........................................................................................................................13 Conjunction ...................................................................................................................15 Preposition .....................................................................................................................15 Interjection .....................................................................................................................16
Tenses
Simple present tense ......................................................................................................17 Present continuous tense ................................................................................................ 23 Present perfect tense ......................................................................................................24 Present perfect continuous tense....................................................................................26 Simple past tense ...........................................................................................................27 Past continuous tense .....................................................................................................29 Past perfect tense ...........................................................................................................30 Past perfect continuous tense .........................................................................................31 Simple future tense ........................................................................................................31 Future continuous tanse .................................................................................................37 Future perfect tense .......................................................................................................38 Future perfect continuous tense .....................................................................................39 Past future tense .............................................................................................................40 Past future continuous tense ..........................................................................................41 Past future perfect tense .................................................................................................42 Past future perfect continuous tense ..............................................................................43 Questions ...................................................................................................................44 Used to and be used to ..........................................................................................48 Enough with adjective,adverb and noun .......................................................49 Exercisses ...................................................................................................................50
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Language Components
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<(( LANGUAGE COMPONENTS ))> (bagian-bagian bahasa) Dalam belajar Bahasa Inggris, mengetahui Language components (bagian-bagian bahasa) sangatlah penting karena untuk memudahkan bagi orang yang belajar dalam menganalisa sebuah kalimat dan untuk membantu para pelajar dalam menerjemah. Letter (huruf) : written or printed sign representing a sound.
simbol yang ditulis atau dicetak yang menunjukkan suara

Ex : a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, etc. Root of a word and affix (kata dasar dan imbuhan). There are two kinds of affix : Prefix (awalan) Ex : impossible, amoral, unlike, disobey, etc. Suffix (akhiran) Ex : working, useful, studied, etc. Word (kata) : written or spoken unit of language.
satuan bahasa yang bisa ditulis ataupun diucapkan.

Kinds of words : o Noun (kata benda) : wood, bag, love, land, glass, etc. o Pronoun (kata ganti) : he, they, her, me, our, etc. o Verb (kata kerja) : sing, sign, walk, put, etc. o Adjective (kata sifat) : handsome, naughty, silent, sleepy, etc. o Preposition (kata depan) : in, on, at, from, up, down, etc. o Conjucntion (kata sambung) : if, and, but, although, etc. o Interjection (kata seru) : wow !, watch out !, etc.
Phrase (frase) : group of words without a verb that form part of a sentence.

Language Components
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sekelompok kata yang bentuknya menyerupai kalimat tetapi tidak terdapat sebuah kata kerja.
Kinds of phrases : 1) Noun phrase (frase yang head-nya ada pada noun). Form : Pre.M H Post.M
adj noun adv
Note: : yang dijelaskan Head (H) : yang menjelaskan Modifier (M) Cara punyusunan noun phrase: Limiting adjective [LA] :
(adjective
yang
membatasi
atau
mempersempit makna noun) :

Article (kata sandang) : the, a, and an. Demonstrative adjective (kata tunjuk) : that, this, those, these. Possessive (kepemilikan) : my, your, our, etc. Infinite quality (jumlah yang belum jelas) : some, much, little, several, etc. Numeral (bilangan) : Cardinal (bilangan biasa) : one, two, three, etc. Ordinal (bilangan bertingkat): first, second, third, etc. Describtive adjective [DA] : (adjective yang bersifat menggambarkan
makna noun) :
Quality Size (ukuran) Age (umur) : good, kind, expensive, rich, etc. : big, small, little, large, nerrow, etc. : old, new, young, adult, etc.
Temperature (suhu) : hot, cold, warm, fresh, etc.

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Participle : Present part ( V-ing ) : boring, surprising, etc. Past part ( V-3 ) Shape (bentuk) Colour (warna) : bored, surprised, etc. : square, triangle, round, oval, etc. : red, white, yellow, black, etc.
Nationality ( kebangsaan) : Indonesian, American, Italian, Indian, etc.
The form of noun-phrase making: -LA + DA + Noun Example : Istri keduannya Steve
(Staves second wife)

Dua mobil bagus yang warnanya merah
(two good red cars)

Ayahnya temanku
(my fathers friend)

Anak-anaknya John
(Johns childrern)
Lima buku yang bagus dan tebal miliknya Andy
(Andys five good thick books)
2) Verb phrase (frase yang head-nya ada pada verb). Form : Pre.M H Post.M
adv verb adv
Example : I always come late. She works hard everyday. That car run fast.
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They often forget to lock the door. 3) Adjective phrase (frase yang head-nya ada pada adjective). Form : Pre.M H Post.M
adv adj adv
Example : She is very beautiful. He is clever enough. Carly is so polite. Jane was very diligent. 4) Adverbial phrase (frase yang head-nya ada pada adverb). Form : Pre.M H Post.M
adv adv adv
Example : He can run fast enough. She rode motor cycle very slowly. They are so kind. We always get up too late.
5) Prepositional phrase (frase yang diikuti oleh preposition). Form : Prep + Noun / Pronoun / Noun Phrase / Gerund / Noun Clause. Example : She is cooking in the kitchen. He goes to Surabaya. They put their wallets in their pocket.
6) Participle phrase (frase yang modifier-nya berupa participle). Example : Im surprised after hearing some surprising news.

Language Components
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1
yang
(Aku
terkejut
setelah
mendengar
beberapa
berita
mengejutkan). The trapped miners, hoping to be rescued soon, were not hopeless to keep up their morale. (para penambang yang terperangkap yang berharap untuk segera ditolong, tidak putus asa untuk meneruskan semangat juang mereka).
7) To Infinitive phrase (frase yang head-nya ada pada to Infinitive). Example : I come here to study English. I want to do this job by myself. Im lazy to go to somewhere by myself.
8) Gerund phrase (frase yang head-nya ada pada gerund). Example : Studying English is important. Playing football is my hobby. Walking in the morning makes our body heathty. 9) Exclamatory phrase (frase yang yang mengawali exclamation sentence). Form : -what + a/an + (adj) + Noun + S + V ! atau -how + adj/adv + S + V ! Example : What a pity you are! How fast he drives! How beautifully she paints! How beautiful she was! What a beautil girl she is!
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Clause (klausa) : group of words that contains a subject and a verb.
sekelompok kata yang terdiri dari sebuah subjek dan kata kerja.
There are two kinds of clauses : Dependent / Sub Clause (klausa yang tidak berpotentensi untuk
membentuk sentence):
Form : conj + S + V Example : After I eat While he watches TV Dependent / sub-clause ditinjau dari fungsinya : - Adjective clause Ex: The man who is sitting there is my friend. - Noun clause Ex: I dont know what I have to do now. - Adverbial clause Ex: Maria has made many friends since she came here Independent / Main Clause (klausa yang berpotensi untuk membentuk
sentence):
Form : S + V Example : After I eat, I drink. I read a book while he watches TV. Sentence (kalimat) : an arragement of words that makes a complete sense.
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susunan kata-kata yang memberikan pahan atau pengertian yang sempurna.

Based on its type (berdasarkan bentuknya): 1) Declarative sentence / statement (pernyataan). Ex: She kisses her child, I dont know her, etc. 2) Interrogative sentence / question (pertanyaan). Ex: does she kiss her child?, do you know her?, etc. 3) Imperative sentence / command / request (perintah). Ex: kiss her child!, dont kiss her child!, etc. 4) Exclamatory sentence / exclamation (kalimat seru). Example : -Im surprised what a fast bird It flies! atau -Im surprised how fast the bird flies!, etc. Based on its verb (berdasarkan kata kerja-nya): 1) Verbal sentence (kalimat yang kata kerjanya selain be.) Example : Marcia studies English hard. The cost of living is escalating, etc. 2) Nominal sentence (kalimat yang kata kerjanya berupa be.) Example : Anny is a teacher. This area is safe, etc. Based on the number and kind of clauses (berdasarkan jumlah dan bentuk klausanya): 1) Simple sentence Sentences which have only one full predication in the form of an independent/main clause. (kalimat-kalimat yang hanya mempunyai satu predikat sempurna dalam bentuk independent/main clause.) Example : ~The man stole the jewelry. ~They are typing a letter.
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~He commissioned him as his deputy. ~Hakim is going to candidate a president next year. 2) Compound sentence Sentences which have two or more full predications in the form of independent / main clause. (kalimat-kalimat yang mempunyai dua atau lebih predikat sempurna; dalam bentuk independent/main clause.) Example : ~The man stole the jewelry and he hid it in his home. [orang laki-laki mencuri perhiasan dan menyembunyikannya di rumahnya]. ~My old brother is fishing in the sea while Im reading an English book. [kakakku sedang memancing di laut sedangkan saya sedang membaca buku bahasa Inggris]. ~She could not attend the corcert for She had no money. [dia tidak bias dating ke konser karena dia tidak punya uang]. 3) Complex sentence Sentences which have two or more full predications. One of these is an independent/main clause that is similar to the form of the simple sentence. And one or more of these are dependent/sub clauses. (kalimat-kalimat yang mempunyai dua atau lebih predikat sempurna; salah satu predikat-predikat itu berupa independent/main clause yang bentuknya mirip dengan simple sentence. Dan satu atau lebih dari kalimat-kalimat itu berupa dependent/sub clause.) Example : ~The man who stole the jewelry hid it in his home.

Language Components
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[orang laki-laki yang mencuri perhiasan menyembunyikannya di rumahnya]. ~She who was calling me is the girl who got me to help her sister. [dia yang sedang memanggilku adalah cewek yang menyuruhku untuk membantu saudaranya]. ~The house which was built which is located near my home is my friends. [rumah yang dibangun yang terletak di dekat rumahku adalah miliknya temanku].
4) Compuond-complex sentence Sentences that contain two or more independent / main clauses and one or more dependent clauses. (kalimat-kalimat yang terdapat dua atau lebih indpendent/main clause; dan terdapat satu atau lebih dependent clause.)
Example : ~The man stole the jewelry and he hid it in his home until he could safely get out of town. [orang laki-laki mencuri perhiasan dan menyembunyikannya di rumahnya sampai he bisa membawanya ke kota dengan aman]. ~The boy has educated from senior high school and he will continue his scholl to the higher grade so he can be a professor. [cowok itu sudah lulus dari SMA dan dia mau melanjutkan sekolahnya ke jenjang yang lebih tinggi sehingga dia bisa menjadi seorang profesor].

Language Components
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Parts Of Speech Part 1
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<(( PARTS OF SPEECH Part 1))> (jenis-jenis kata) Part of speech dalam bahasa Inggris sangat penting karena dalam setiap parts of speech memiliki fungsi masing-masing dalam membentuk fhrase (rangkaian kata) atau kalimat. Parts of speech adalah bagian utama dalam setiap bahasa manapun termasuk bahasa Indonesia. The parts of speech dalam bahasa Indonesia disebut dengan kelas kata, yaitu pengklasifikasian katakata untuk menunjukkan tugas dan fungsi dari setiap kata di dalam sebuah kalimat. Semua katakata dalam bahasa Inggris diklasifikasi ke dalam 8 golongan: -Noun (kata benda) -Pronoun (kata ganti) -Verb (kata kerja) -Adjective (kata sifat) -Adverb (kata keterangan) -Preposition (kata depan) -Conjunction (kata sambung) -Interjection (kata seru)
1) NOUN (kata benda) : A. Definition: Word that is the name of a thing, person, place, etc.
kata yang berfungsi untuk manamai sebuah benda, orang, tempat, dll.
B. Based on its quantity (Berdasarkan jumlahnya): Countable Noun : Noun that can be counted. : kata benda yang dapat dihitung. Ex: Cat, Book, Bag, etc. Uncountable Noun : Noun that cant be counted. : kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung. Ex: Oil, Water, Money, etc. C. Based on its name (Berdasarkan penamaannya): Common Noun (kata benda umum): Noun that is still usual and shows its type.
kata benda yang masih umum dan menunjukkan bentuknya.

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Ex: Flower, Boy, Fish, etc. Proper Noun (kata benda khusus): Noun that shows the name of common noun.
Kata benda yang menunjukkan nama dari common noun.

Ex: Rose, John, Dolpin, etc. Collective Noun (kata benda kumpulan): Noun that shows a group of thing and is considered a unit.
kata benda yang menunjukkan sekumpulan benda yang dianggap sebagai satu-kesatuan.
Ex: Family, Team, Group, etc. Material Noun (kata benda dasar): Noun that is raw material of which something is produced.
kata benda yang berupa bahan dasar untuk membuat sesuatu.

Ex: Iron, Sugar, salt, etc. D. Based on its form (Berdasarkan wujudnya): Concrete Noun : Noun that can be detected by the five senses.
(Noun yang bisa dideteksi dengan panca indra).

Example Abstract Noun : Iron, Air, Voice, etc. : Noun that cant be detected by the five senses.
(Noun yang tidak bisa dideteksi dengan panca indra).

Example : Love, Economics, Honesty, etc.
2) PRONOUN (kata ganti) : Word, eg: hers, or it, used instead of a noun.
Kata yang digunakan sebagai ganti dari sebuah kata benda (noun), seperti: hers atau it.
Example : Maria studies at Al-Qodiri. She is beautiful.
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Nasroh sits beside her. Kinds of pronouns : a) Personal pronoun : kata benda yang berfungsi menggantikan orang, hewan
dan benda yang jelas.

Possessive Adjective My..noun.. Your..noun.. Their..noun.. Our..noun.. Her..noun.. His..noun.. Its..noun.. Pronoun Mine Yours Theirs Ours Hers His -
Subject I You They We She He it
Object Me You Them Us Her Him It
Reflexive Myself Yourself Themselves Ourselves Herself Himself itself
NOTE :
Coba bandingkan : John pinches him. (him = another person). John pinches himself. (him = John). b) Reflexive pronoun : kata ganti yang merujuk kepada diri sendiri.
Pronoun ini biasanya mengikuti verb dan menunjukkan bahwa subectnya melakukan pekerjaan. Pronun ini menekankan pada 3 hal: Subject : Anderson himself invited you. Menjadi Object dari Subject yang sama : Anderson bites himself. Bermakna sendiri(an) yang ditambah by : Anderson goes here by
himself.
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c) Demonstrative pronoun : kata ganti yang berfungsi sebagai kata tunjuk. Singular : this and that. Ex : Susy has a cat. This is funny. Plural : these and those. Ex : I have three books. Those are expensive. d) Indefinite pronoun : kata ganti yang digunakan untuk menggantikan
person atau thing dan jumlah yang belum jelas.

EverySomeAnyNo-body Everybody Somebody Anybody Nobody -one Everyone Someone Anyone No one -thing Everything Something Anything Nothing
NOTE :
Semua Indefinite pronoun diaggap tunggal walaupun bermakna jamak. Example : Everything is ok. Somebody is helping me now. No one is perfect in this world. 3) VERB (kata kerja) : Word or phrase that shows what a person or thing does or is.
kata atau frase yang menunjukkan yang mana orang atau mahluk melukukan pekerjaan.
Berdasarkan bentuk : Present form : To Infinitive
: To wash, To eat, etc.

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Bare Infinitive Additional Infinitive Past form (V2) Past participle form (V3) Present participle form (V-ing)
: Wash, Eat, etc. :Washes, Eats, etc. : washed, Ate, etc. : Washed, Eaten, etc. : washing, Eating, etc.
Berdasarkan perubahan bentuk : Regular : Study Studied Studied. Irregular : Come Came Come. Berdasarkan kedudukannya : Ordinary : kata kerja utama (ordinary verb). Transitive : verb yang butuh adanya object.
Example : She studies English. My mom gives money to me, or My Mom gives me money. Thomson invited us to attend in his party. Intransitive: verb yang tidak butuh adanya object. Example : I go She is kind Auxiliary : kata kerja bantu (auxiliary verb). Primary auxiliary : auxiliary yang tidak memberikan makna secara lexical (kamus). Ex : He is here, I am a student, etc. Modal auxiliary : auxiliary yang memberikan makna secara lexical. Ex : He will visit you, I can take you up, etc.
4) ADJECTIVE (kata sifat) : Word that describes a noun.
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kata yang menjelaskan sebuah noun.

Kinds of adjectives : a) Possessive adjective (kata sifat yang bermakna milik). Ex : my book, his book, etc. b) Demonstrative adjective (kata sifat yang berupa kata tunjuk). Singular (tuggal) : that, this. Ex : that book, this book, etc. Plural (jamak) : those, these. Ex : those books, these books, etc. c) Numeral adjective (kata sifat yang berupa bilangan). Cardinal (bilangan biasa) : one, two, three, etc. Ex : one book, two boys, etc. Ordinal (bilangan bertingkat) : first, second, third, etc. Ex : first meeting, second love, fifth champion, etc.
5) ADVERB (kata keterangan) : Word that adds information to a verb, adjective, phrase, or another adverb.
kata yang menambahkan informasi pada verb, adjective, frase, atau adverb lainya.
Kinds of adverbs : Adverb of manner : bravely, fast, happily, hard, etc. Example: He drives a car fast. She is studying English hard. They walked in the dark bravely. Adverb of place : by, down, here, near, there, etc. Example:
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I go to Surabaya by bus. She lives near my house. He came here. Avderb of time : now, soon, still, yesterday, then, etc. Example: They are studying now. I apologized for my mistakes to her yesterday. Adverb of frequency : always, never,often, occasionally, etc. Example: I always get up in the morning. He often addresses all his friends when meeting them. They never do that. Sentence adverb : certainly, surely, luckily, finally, etc. Example: finally, He will come. Surely, I can do my test well. Adverb of degree : fairly, hardly, rather, too, very, etc. Example: The temparature was too hot. The cost of living in town is very high. He hardly come to school. Interrogative adverb : when?, where?, why?. Example: When do you come back? Where is she from? Why do you hate him? Relative adverb : when, where, why. Example: Sarah sits where John sits. I still remember the day when I was born. I dont know why she didnt come. 6) CONJUNCTION (kata sambung) : Word, eg: or, and or but, that joins words, phrases, or sentences.
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kata yang menggabungkan kata dengan kata, frase, atau kalimat, seperti: or, and, but.
Kinds of conjunctions : Compound conjunction : A conjunction used to join something equal such as : sentence+sentence, noun+noun, adjective+adjective, etc. (kata sambung yang digunakan untuk menyambungkan segala sesuatu yang setara, seperti : kalimat+kalimat, kata benda+kata benda, kata sifat+kata sifat, dll). Example : She is beautiful and humble. Tono and Tina are my friends. She nor I buy a book. Abi is kind, so everyone likes him. Sarapova is rich but careless. Complex conjunction : A conjunction used to join main clause and sub clause. (kata sambung yang diganakan untuk menghubungkan main clause dan sub clause). Example : Im eating when you came. Ive finished all of my duties before she comes here. Ronie was reading a book while his sister watched TV.
7) PREPOSITION (kata depan) : Word, eg: in, from, or to, often placed before a noun or pronoun to show place, direction etc.
kata yang sering terletak sebelum kata benda atau kata ganti untuk menunjukkan tempat, arah, dll, seperti: in, from, atau to.
The list of common prepositions :
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About (tentang) Beyond (di luar) Above (di atas) By (dengan)
Since (sejak) Through (melalui)
Besides (lagipula) Beside (disamping)
Across
Despite (meskipun)
Throughout (keseluruhan)
On (di, pada)
After (setelah) Against
Down (turun) During (selama)
Till (sampai) To (kepada)
Out Between antara) (di
Along (sepanjang) Among antara) Around sekeliling) At (di)
For (untuk/karena)
Toward(s) ke arah Over (di atas)
(di From (dari)
Under (di bawah)
Behind belakang)
(di
(di In (di)
Until (sampai)
Near (dekat)
Into (kepada)
Up
Before (sebelum)
Without (tanpa) Off Of
Beneath (di bawah) Below (di bawah) Like (seperti)
Within (dalam kurun With (dengan) waktu)
Upon (atas/ketika), etc.

Free preposition : kata depan yang tidak terikat dengan kata lain.
Example : I sit under the tree.

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I like a girl like you. She has been here since two hours. Bound preposition : kata depan yang terikat dengan kata lain. Example : Helen gave up working for the company. She is looking for her purse. He often calls on my home after school.
8) INTERJECTION (kata seru) : Word or phrase, eg: oh !, Good heavens!, used for showing surprise,anger etc.
kata atau frase yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan rasa kagum, kemarahan, dll, seperti: oh !, Good heavens !.
Example: - Oh .. shit! - Fuck you! - Amazing! - Etc. - Shut up! - My god! - Wow...!
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Tenses
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<(( TENSES ))> Pemahaman tentang tenses adalah bagian terpenting bagi siswa pemula yang ingin mempelajari Bahasa Inggris. Karena tenses ini selalu berhubungan dengan materi-materi yang lebih tinggi dalam pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris. Tidak hanya dalam dunia Grammar, dalam dunia Speakingpun pemahaman tenses ini sangat diperlukan karena dalam setiap kalimat pasti berhubungan dengan kejadian dan waktu, yang mana hal ini sesuai dengan pengertian tenses itu sendiri. Definition: Tense is verb form that shows the time of the action or event. tense adalah bentuk kata kerja yang menunjukkan waktu terjadinya suatu kejadian atau peristiwa. Tense based on its time: -Present (sekarang) -Past (lampau) -Future (akan datang) -Past future (belum terjadi di masa lampau) Tense based on its event: -Simple (biasa/sederhana) -Continuous (sedang berlangsung) -Perfect (telah selesai) -Perfect continuous (sudah terjadi tapi masih berlangsung) Kinds of tenses: 1. Simple present tense Form: VERBAL: (+) S + Vs/es + O + (Adv) (-) S + do/does + not + V-bi + O + (Adv) (?) Do/does + S + V-bi + O + (Adv)? Example: (+) She eats rice
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(-) (?)
She does not eat rice does She eat rice?
NOMINAL: (+) S + be (is/am/are) + ANA (-) S + be (is/am/are) + not + ANA (?) Be (is/am/are) + S + ANA? Example: (+) (-) (?) He is handsome He is not handsome Is He handsome?
NOTE :
ANA ( Adjective, Noun, Adverb). BE (untuk subject: I [am], you-they-we [are], he-she-it [is] ) Do (untuk subject: I, You, They, We, Noun Plural) Does (untuk subject: He, She, It, Noun Singular) V-bi ( kata kerja bare infinitive [asli/murni] ) V-s/es ( untuk subject: She, He It, Noun Singular) Apabila Verb diakhiri oleh huruf s, sh, ch, o, x, z maka verb-nya ditambah es. Example : Kiss - kisses Wash - washes Teach - teaches Apabila Verb diakhiri oleh huruf
Go - goes Box - boxes Buzz - buzzes y dan sebelumnya adalah huruf
consonan maka ubah y diubah menjadi i terlebih dahulu, lalu langsung tambahkan es. Ex: try-tries , study-studies , fly-flies, etc. Apabila Verb diakhiri oleh huruf y dan sebelumnya adalah huruf vocal maka cukup tambahkan s. Ex : play-plays, say-says, buy-buys, etc. Aturan umum langsung tambahkan s Ex : call-calls, bring-brings, write-writes, etc.
A. Time signal
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Adverb of frequency* Every......(setiap....) Once a week (satu kali seminggu) Generally (biasanya)
Habitually (biasanya) Occasionally (kadang-kadang) On and off (kadang-kadang) Now and then (kadang-kadang)
*Adverb of frequency Always (selalu) Usually (biasanya) Often (sering) Sometimes (kadang-kadang) B. Function 1. Habitual Action (kebiasaan) Example : John always sleeps in the class. Maher reads a book every night. He always plays football on Sunday morning. 2. General Truth (kebenaran umum) Example : A year has twelve months. The sun is bigger than the moon. The earth is round. 3. Headline Newspaper (judul utama surat kabar) Example : Susilo Bambang Yudoyono visits the victim of Lapindo in Sidoarjo. Police catch the teroris. 4. Future Condition/time ~Beberapa verb yang bisa bermakna future pada simple present tense:
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Seldom (jarang) Rarely (sangat jarang) Never (tidak pernah)

Tenses
BOOK
-leave : berangkat -finish : selesai -end : berakhir -start : mulai -close : tutup -come : datang -return : kembali -open : buka -arrive : tiba Example : The museum opens at ten tomorrow morning. Classes begin next week. Garys plane arrives at 06:05 p.m next Monday. 5. Pengganti present continuous untuk Verbs yang tidak bisa digunakan dalam tenses continuous. verbs itu sering disebut juga dengan non-progressive verbs.
~Non-progressive (a)Ali knows this grammar. (Ali tahu grammar ini).
Some verbs are non-progressive: they are not used in any of the progressive tenses. These verbs describe state (i.e.,conditions that exist); they dont describe activities that are in progress. In (a) Ali knows describes a mental state that exist. beberapa verb non-progressive: mereka tidak digunakan dalam semua tenses progressive. Verb ini menggambarkan keadaan (yaitu kondisi yang ada); mereka tidak menggambarkan aktifitas yang dalam proses. Di (a) Ali knows menggambarkan sebuah keadaan batin/mental yang ada.
~Progressive (b)Kim is reading about this grammar. (Kim sedang memebaca tentang grammar ini).
COMPARE: In (b): Kim is reading is an activity in progress. Progressive tenses can be used with the verb read but not with the verb know. BANDINGKAN:dalam (b): Kim is reading adalah sebuah aktifitas yang dalam proses. Progressive tenses bisa digunakan dengan verb read tapi tidak dengan verb know.
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Tenses
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COMMON NON-PROGRESSIVE VERBS (1) Mental State keadaan mental Know (tahu) Realize (menyadari) Understand (paham) Recognize (mengakui) Believe (percaya) Feel (merasa) Suppose (mengira) Think* (fikir/kira) (2) Emotional state keadaan emosi Love (suka) Like (suka) Appreciate (menghargai) Hate (benci) Dislike (benci) (3) Possession milik (4) Sense Perceptions taggapan panca indera Possess (mempunyai) Have* (mempunyai) Taste* (rasanya) Smell* (baunya) Hear (mendengar) (5) Other Existing State Seem (tampak) Look* (tampak) Appear* (tampak) Cost (berharga) Owe (berhutang) Be* Exist (ada) Consist of (terdiri dari) Contain (berisi) Include (termasuk) Own (mempunyai) Belong (kepunyaan) Feel* (merasa) See* (melihat) Imagine (mengira) Doubt (ragu) Remember (ingat) Forget (lupa) Want (ingin) Need (butuh) Prefer (lebih suka) Mean (bermaksud) Fear (takut) Envy (iri pada) Mind (menghiraukan) Care (peduli)
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Tenses
BOOK
Weigh* (beratnya) *verbs with an asterisk are also commonly used as progressive verbs, with a different in meaning, as in the following axamples: Think Non-progressive (existing state) I think he is kind man. (saya kira dia cowok yang baik) He has a car. (dia punya sebuah mobil) Progressive (activity in progress)
I am thinking about this grammar. (aku sedang memikirkan grammar ini) Im having trouble. She is having a good time. Have (aku sedang menghadapi masalah. Dia sedang senang-senang) This food testes good. The chef is testing the sause. Teste (makanan ini rasanya enak) (koki itu sedang mencicipi kuah) These flowers smell good. Don is smelling the roses. Smell (bunga-bunga ini baunya enak) (Don sedang mencium bunga mawar itu) I see a butterfly. Do you see it? The doctor is seeing the patient. (aku melihat seekor capung. Apakah kamu (dokter sedang memeriksa pasien-nya) See melihatnya?) The cats fur feels soft. Suzan is feeling the cats fur. Feel (bulu kucing itu terasa lembut) (Suzan sedang meraba bulunya kucing) She looks cold. Ill lend her my coat. Im looking out the window. (dia tampak kedinginan. Aku akan (aku sedang menengok keluar cendela) Look meminjami dia jaketku) He Appears to be asleep The actor is appearing on the stage. Appear (dia tampaknya ngantuk) (aktor sedang tampil di atas panggung ) A piano is heavy. It weighs a lot. The grocer is weighing the bananas. Weigh (piano itu berat. Itu berat banget ) (grosir sedang menimbang pisang) I am hugry. Tom is being foolish** Be (aku lapar) (Tom berlagak tolol) **COMPARE: (a) Bob is foolish = foolishness is one of Bobs usual characteristics. [Bob bodoh = kebodohan adalah salah satu sifat kebiasaannya Bob].
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Tenses
BOOK
(b) Bryan is being foolish = right now, at the moment of speaking, Bryan is doing something that the speaker considers foolish. [Bryan berpura-pura bodoh = sekarang, pada saat ngomong, Bryan sedang melakukan hal yang dianggap bodoh oleh pendengar].
~The verbs be (+ adjective) is used in the progressive to describe a temporary characteristic. Very few adjectives are used with be in the progressive; some of the common are: [kata kerja be (+ kata sifat) digunakan dalam progressive untuk menggambarkan sebuah karakter yang sifatnya sementara. Sangat jarang sekali kata sifat yang digunakan dengan be dalam progressive; beberapa kata itu yang umum adalah]: a) Bad (ill-behaved) : sakit b) Careful : hati-hati p) Cruel : cerewet q) Fair : adil r) Foolish : bodoh s) Funny : aneh t) Generous : dermawan u) Good (well-behaved) : sehat walafiat v) Illogical : tidak masuk akal w) Impolite : tidak sopan x) Irresponsible : tidak jawab y) Kind : baik hati z) Unfair : tidak adil
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o) Loud : keras (suara) p) Nice : manis q) Noisy : ribut r) Patient : sabar s) Pleasant : menyenangkan t) Polite : sopan u) Quiet : diam v) Responsible : tanggung jawab w) Rude : kasar x) Serious : sungguh-sungguh bertanggung y) Silly : tolol

Tenses
BOOK
z) Lazy : malas aa) Logical : masuk akal
Z1) Unkind : tidak baik hati/kejam Z2) Unpleasant : tidak menyenangkan
2. Present continuous tense Form: (+) S + is/am/are + V-ing + O + (Adv) (-) S + is/am/are + not + V-ing + O + (Adv) (?) Is/am/are + S + V-ing + O + (Adv)? Example : (+) (-) (?) You are fishing the fish in the river. You are not fishing the fish in the river. Are You fishing the fish in the river?
NOTE :
(am) (are) ( is ) A. Time signal Now (sekarang) Right now (sekarang) At present (saat ini) At this moment/time (saat ini) Today (saat ini) B. Function 1. Menyatakan kejadian yang sedang berlangsung. Example : Mr. Jose is sitting beside me now. They are hearing the music today. With whom is your sister going to market right now? Look ! (dengarkanlah!) Listen ! (lihatlah!) This week (minggu ini) This......... I You, They, We, Noun Plural She, He, It, noun Singular
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Tenses
BOOK
2. Menyatakan perasaan jengkel / kagum, apabila ketambahan always, forever, constantly. Example : You are always/forever reading the book. You are always/constantly disturbing my honey. Mary is always leaving her dirty socks on the floor for me to pick up! ~who does she think I am? Her maid? 3. Menyatakan rencana di masa akan datang. Example: My sister is getting married next week. Zahro has already made her plans. She is leaving at noon tomorrow. Im having exam tomorrow morning. NOTE : kemungkinan terjadi lebih besar dari pada Simple Future 4. Digunakan setelah Imperative sentence. Example: Dont be noise ! we are studying. Listen ! our teacher is explaining the lesson.
3. Present perfecT tense Form: VERBAL: (+) S + have/has + V-3 + O + (Adv) (-) S + have/has + not + V-3 + O + (Adv) (?) Have/has + S + V-3 + O + (Adv)? Example: (+) (-) (?) You have done your homework You have not done your homework Have you done your homework?
NOMINAL: (+) S + have/has + been + ANA (-) S + have/has + not + been + ANA (?) Have/has + S + been + ANA? Example: (+) She has been there
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Tenses
BOOK
(-) (?)
She has not been there Has she been there?
NOTE :
Have ( untuk Subject: I, You, They, We, Noun Plural) Has ( untuk Subject: She, He It, Noun Singular) A. Time signal Just (baru saja) Already (sudah) Not ... yet (belum) * Never (tidak pernah) Ever since (sejak saat itu) Recently (baru-baru ini) Lately (akhir-akhir ini) Another option with the use of yet is sometimes possible. In this case, the verb is positive and the adverb yet does not appear at the end of the sentence. [kadang-kadang yet kemungkinan punya bentuk lain. Dalam hal ini kata kerja berupa positive dan adverb yet tidak berada di akhir kalimat]. So far (sampai saat ini) Until now (sampai saat ini) Up to now (sampai saat ini) Up to the present (sampai saat ini) All day (sepanjang hari) All.......
S + have/has + yet + to.inf Example: We havent decided what to do with the money yet = We have yet to decided what to do with the money.
B. Function
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Tenses
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1. Menyatakan kejadian yang sudah terjadi atau belum pernah terjadi saat ini dan keberadaan terjadinya peristiwa tidak penting untuk diketahui. Apabila waktunya jelas maka simple past tense yang digunakan. Example: Maria looks very fresh, She has just taken a shower. They have moved into a new apartment (present perfect) They moved into a new apartment last year (simple past) 2. Menyatakan perbuatan / kejadian yang dilakukan berulang-ulang di waktu lampau. Example: I love Bali very much, I have gone there 3 times. I have flown on an airplane many times. 3. Menyatakan pekerjaan yang dimulai di waktu lampau, namun masih tetap berlangsung hingga sekarang (dengan penekanan pada time duration). -Since + a particular time (waktu yang khusus). -For + a duration of time (lamanya waktu). Example: I have lived here since last year. We have been here for two weeks.
4. Present perfect continuous tense Form: (+) S + have/has + been + V-ing + O + (Adv) (-) S + have/has + not + been + V-ing + O + (Adv) (?) Have/has + S + been + V-ing + O + (Adv)? Example : (+) (-) (?) They have been visiting her They have not been visiting her Have they been visiting her?
A. Time signal All morning All day
So far Up to now
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Tenses
BOOK
All..... Recently Lately
For Since Ever since
B. Function 1. Menyatakan pekerjaan yang dimulai di waktu lampau, namun masih tetap berlangsung hingga sekarang (dengan penekanan pada time duration). Example : We are discussing now. Weve been discussing since 07:00 oclock. Its 08:00 oclock now, so we have been discussing for an hour.
NOTE : Jadi antara Preent Perfect dan Present Perfect Continuous

mempunyai kesamaan fungsi apabila menggunakan Certain Verbs sebagai berikut:
Learn (mempelajari) Live (tinggal) Work (bekerja) Teach (mengajar) Study (belajar) Stay (tinggal) Snow (hujan salju) Example : -Pr.Pf -Pr.Pf.Cont
Rain (hujan) Expect (mengira/mengharapkan) Hope (berharap) Stand (berdiri: untuk bangunan) Play (bermain) Look for (mencari) Sit (duduk: untuk kedudukan)
James has worked in textil company for 5 years. James has been working in textil company for 5 years Same meaning Jane has eaten for an hour. (sudah selesai) Jane has been eating for an hour. (masih berlangsung)
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-Pr.Pf -Pr.Pf.Cont

Tenses
BOOK
Different meaning 5. Simple past tense Form: VERBAL: (+) S + V-2 + O + (Adv) (-) S + did + not + V-bi + O + (Adv) (?) Did + S + V-bi + O + (Adv)? Example: (+) We drank water (-) We did not drink water (?) Did We drink water? NOMINAL: (+) S + be (was/were) + ANA (-) S + be (was/were) + Not + ANA (?) Was/were + S + ANA? Example: (+) (-) (?) You were outside of the class You were not outside of the class Were You outside of the class?
NOTE :
Was Were A. Time signal Last night (tadi malam) Last.... (tadi.) Yesterday (kemarin) A week ago (seminggu yang lalu) (I, She, He, Noun Singular) (You, They, We, Noun Plural)
Two days ago (dua hari yang Two weeks ago (dua minggu yang lalu)
lalu)
...........ago (. Yang lalu) This morning (pagi tadi) B. Function
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Etc.

Tenses
BOOK
1. Menyatakan peristiwa yang dimulai dan berakhir di masa lampau. Example: I wacthed a good movie last night. She bought a new car three days ago. 2. Menyatakan kebiasaan di masa lampau. Ex: Robert dulu selalu merokok. Robert always smoked. NOTE : ~Kadang-kadang untuk menyatakan kebiasaan di masa lampau juga bisa menggunakan bentuk-bentuk yang lain: a) S + would + V-bi* Ex: Robert would smoke. b) S + used to + V-bi* Ex: Robert used to smoke. c) S + be used to + gerund* Ex: Robert is used to smoking. NOTE :*for further explanation will be discussed in the next chapter.
6. Past continuous tense Form: (+) S + was/were + V-ing + O + (Adv) (-) S + was/were + not + V-ing + O + (Adv) (?) Was/were + S + V-ing + O + (Adv)? Example: (+) (-) (?) He was reading a book He was not reading a book Was He reading a book?
A. Time signal At this time yesterday At 7 oclock yestarday On Sunday last week On 20th last month
In April last year S.Ps + while + Ps.C Ps.C + when + S.Ps
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Tenses
BOOK
B. Function 1. Menyatakan perbuatan / kejadian yang terjadi pada waktu tertentu di masa lampau. Example: They were studying here on Sunday last week. She was calling him at 4 oclock yesterday. 2. Menyatakan suatu kejadian yang sedang berlangsung ketika kejadian lain muncul. Example : Last week, Denilson was riding a bicycle when He saw a very beautiful girl. My girl friend came to my home while I was going out. While I was studying in one room of my apartment, my roommate was having a party in the other room. 3. Menyatakan kejengkelan yang terjadi pada masa lampau.
Example: I didnt like having Yuriko for my roommate last year. She was always leaving her dirty clothes on the floor.
7. Past perfect tense Form: VERBAL: (+) S + had + V-3 + O + (Adv) (-) S + had + not + V-3 + O + (Adv) (?) Had + S + V-3 + O + (Adv)? Example: (+) (-) (?) My Mom had given you money My Mom had not given you money Had My Mom given you money?
NOMINAL: (+) S + had + been + ANA (-) S + had + not + been + ANA (?) Had + S + been + ANA?
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Tenses
BOOK
Example:
(+) (-) (?)
That boy had been here That boy had not been here Had that boy been here?
A. Time signal Just (baru saja) Already (sudah) Never (tidak pernah) Not....yet (belum) After (setelah) Before (sebelum) For (selama) Since (sejak) Ps.Pf + before + S.ps S.Ps + after + Ps.Pf
B. Function 1. Menerangkan pekerjaan / kejadian yang sudah sempurna di masa lampau. Example: Maria was full. She had already eaten. Hakim has graduated from senior high school. 2. Menerangkan suatu kejadian yang sempurna yang terjadi sebelum kejadian lain muncul. Example: After I had taken a bath, I left my house to go to school. I went to bed after the guests had left. I had alredy do all my duties before I watched TV.
8. Past perfect continuous tense Form: (+) S + had + been + V-ing + O + (Adv) (-) S + had + not + been + V-ing + O + (Adv) (?) Had + S + been + V-ing + O + (Adv)? Example: (+) My sister had been writing a letter (-) My sister had not been writing a letter (?) Had My sister been writing a letter?
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Tenses
BOOK
A. Time signal Since For
Ps.Pf.Cont + when + S.Ps S.Ps + while + Ps.Pf.Cont
B. Function 1. Menerangkan kejadian yang sedang berlangsung (dengan disertai time duration) ketika ada kejadian lain muncul. Example: I had been wacthing TV for an hour when Rani came. The police had been looking for the criminal for two years before they caught him. 9. Simple future tense Form: VERBAL: (+) S + will/shall + V-bi + O + (Adv) (-) S + will/shall + not + V-bi + O + (Adv) (?) Will/shall + S + V-bi + O + (Adv)? Example: (+) (-) (?) He will love you everytime He will not love you everytime Will he love you everytime?
NOMINAL: (+) S + will/shall + be + ANA (-) S + will/shall + not + be + ANA (?) Will/shall + S + be + ANA? Example: (+) She will be a kind girl (-) She will not be a kind girl (?) Will she be a kind girl?
NOTE :
America ( semua Subject menggunakan Will) British (semua Subject menggunakan Will kecuali [[I dan She] [uncommon]] ) A. Time signal
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Tenses
BOOK
Tomorrow (besok) Tonight (malam ini) This weekend (akhir pekan ini)
Soon (segera) Later (nanti ) Next week (minggu depan)
B. Function 1. Menyatakan kejadian yang terjadi di masa yang akan datang. Example : They will be in my house next week. Ill phone my Mom tonight. She will join beauty contest next year.
NOTE :
~kadang-kadang untuk menyatakan kejadian/perbuatan yang terjadi di masa datang juga bisa menggunakan bentuk rumus lain yaitu: (+) S + be going to + V-bi + O + (Adv) (-) S + be + not + going to + V-bi + O + (Adv) (?) Be + S + going to + V-bi + O + (Adv)? `
Example: (+) He is going to go to Surabaya. (-) He is not going to go to Surabaya. (?) Is he going to go to Surabaya?
Introduction: Simple Future will and be going to a) He will finish his work tomorrow. dia akan menyelesaikan pekerjaannya besok. b) He is going to finish his work tomorrow. Will or be going to is used to express future time.* Will atau be going to digunakan untuk menunjukkan waktu yang akan datang
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Tenses
BOOK
dia akan menyelesaikan pekerjaannya besok.
In speech, going to is often pronounced gonna dalam percakapan, going to sering dilafalkan gonna. Will VS Be Going To
To express a prediction either WILL or BE GOING TO is used: a) According to the weather report, it will When the speaker is making a prediction (a be cloudy tomorrow. statement about something s/he thinks will be menurut laporan cuaca, besok true or will occur in the future), either will or be going to is possible. akan mendung.
ketika seseorang sedang membuat
prediksi (pernyataan tentang sesuatu

b) According to the weather report, it is yang dia fikir akan benar atau akan going to be cloudy tomorrow. Menurut laporan cuaca, besok terjadi pada waktu yang akan datang), akan mendung.
kemungkinannya kalau bukan will berarti be going to.
c) Be careful! Youll hurt yourself! hati-hati! Kamu akan terluka!
~There is no difference in meaning between (a) and (b).
d) Watch out! Youre going to hurt tidak ada perbedaan makna antara (a) yourself! dan (b). awas! Kamu akan terluka! ~There is no difference in meaning between (c) and (d). tidak ada perbedaan makna antara (c) dan (d).
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Tenses
BOOK
To express a prior plan only BE GOING TO is used: e) A: why did you buy this paint? kenapa kamu beli cat ini? B: Im going to paint my bedroom tomorrow. aku akan mengecat kamarku besok. When the speaker is expressing a prior plan (something the speaker intends to do in the future because in the past s/he has made a plan or decision to do it), only be going to is used.*
ketika seseorang sedang menyatakan sebuah rencana sebelumnya (sesuatu hal yang seseorang itu berniat untuk melakukannya pada masa yang akan datang karena pada waktu yang lampau dia sudah membuat rencana atau memutuskan untuk melakukannya), maka hanya be going to yang digunakan.
In (e): speaker B has made a prior plan. She f) I talked to Steve yesterday. He is tired decided to paint her bedroom last week. She of taking the bus to work. Hes going to intends to paint her bedroom tomorrow. buy a car. Thats what he told me. dalam (e) :orang B sudah membuat aku berbincang-bincang dengan Steve kemarin. Dia capek naik bus dalam berangkat kerja. Dia akan membeli mobil. Itu yang dia
rencana terlebih dahulu. Dia memutuskan untuk mengecat kamarnya minggu kemarin. Dia merniat untuk mengecat kamarnya besok.
In (f): the speaker knows Steves intention to buy a car. Steve made the decision in the past and he intends to act on this decision in the future. Will is not appropriate in (e) and (f).
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ceritakan padaku.

Tenses
BOOK
dalam (f) : pembicara mengetahui niatnya Steve untuk membeli mobil. Steve membuat keputusan pada waktu lampau dan dia berniat untuk melakukan keputusan ini pada waktu esok. Will tidak dipakai dalam (e) dan (f).
To express willingness only WILL is used: g) A: The phones ringing. telfonnya sedang berdering. B: Ill get it. aku akan mengangkatnya. In (g): the speaker B is saying: Im willing, Im happy to get the phone. He is not making a prediction. He has made no prior plan to answer the phone. He is, instead, volunteering to answer the phone and uses will to show his willingness.
dalam (g) : orang B sedang berkata: saya mau mengangkat telfon karena aku senang mengangkatnya. Dia tidak
h) A): I dont understand this problem. ini. B): ask your teacher about it. She will help you. tanyakan pada gurumu masalah ini. Dia akan membantumu.
sedang membuat prediksi. Dia tidak menjawab telfon itu. Tapi sebaliknya dia suka rela untuk menjawab telfon itu dan menggunakan will untuk menunjukkan kemauannya.
In (h): speaker B feels sure about the teachers willingness to help.
aku tidak mengerti masalah mempunyai rencana sebelumnya untuk
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Tenses
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dalam (h): orang B merasa yakin dengan kesanggupan gurunya untuk membantu.
Be going to is not appropriate in (g) and (h).
be going to tidak terpakai dalam (g) dan (h).
*COMPARE: Situation 1 : A: are busy this evening? Apakah kamu sibuk sore ini? B: yes, Im going to meet jack at seven. Were going to study together. ya, aku akan bertemu Jack jam 7. Kita akan belajar bersama. In situation 1, only be going to is possible. The speaker has a prior plan, so he uses be going to. Dalam situasi 1, hanya be going to yang mungkin. Pembicara mempunyai rencana sebelumnya, jadi dia menggunakan bbe going to. Situation 2 : A: are you busy this evening? Apakah kamu sibuk sore ini? B: well, I really havent made any plans. Ill eat/Im going to eat dinner, of course. And then Ill probably watch/Im going to watch TV for a little while. aku tidak punya rencana apapun. Yang pasti, aku akan makan malam dan kemudian aku mungkin akan nonton TV sesekali.
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Tenses
BOOK
In situation 2, either will or be going to is possible. Speaker B has not planned his evening. He is predicting his evening, so he may use either will or be going to. dalam situasi 2, kalau tidak will berarti be going to kemungkinannya. Orang B tidak punya rencana pada sore hari. Dia sedang memprediksi pada sore hari jadi dia mungkin kalau tidak menggunakan will berarti be going to. USING THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS AND THE SIMPLE PRESENT TO EXPRESS FUTURE TIME PRESENT CONTINUOUS 1) My wife has an appointment with a doctor. She is seeing Dr. Abi next Monday. 2) Hakim has already made his plans. He is leaving at noon tomorrow. 3) A: What are you going to do this afternoon? B: After lunch I am meeting a friend of mine. We are going shopping. Would you like to come along? The present continuous may be used to express future time when the idea of the sentence concerns a planned event or definite intention.
(present continous boleh digunakan untuk menyatakan waktu yang akan datang ketika maksud dari kalimat itu mengenai sebuah peristiwa yang direncanakan atau tujuan yang tertentu.)
(COMPARE: a verb such as rain is not used in the present continuous to indicate future time because rain is not a planned event).
(BANDINGKAN: sebuah kata kerja seperti rain tidak digunakan dalam present continuous Untuk menunjukkan future time karena rain bukanlah peristiwa yang direncanakan.)
A future meaning for the present continuous

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Tenses
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tense is indicated either by future time words in the sentence or by the context.
(sebuah arti future untuk present cont. Di tunjukkan kalau tidak dengan kata-kata future time dalam kalimat berarti dengan melihat konteks-nya.)
SIMPLE PRESENT 4) The museum opens at ten tomorrow morning. Museum akan buka besok jam 10 pagi 5) Classes begin next week. Pelajaran aktif akan dimulai minggu depan 6) Sholihahs plane arrives at 06:05 P.M next Monday. Pesawatnya Slolihah akan tiba jam 06:05 senin depan
The simple present can also be used to express future time in a sentence concerning events that are on a definite schedule or timetable. These sentences usually contain future time words. Only a few verbs are used in this way: e.g., open, close, begin, end, start, finish, arrive, leave, come, return.
(simple present juga bisa digunakan untuk menyatakan future time dalam sebuah kalimat yang mengenai peristiwa-peristiwa yang ada pada sebuah jadwal yang jelas atau terjadwal. Kalimat-kalimat ini biasanya mengandung kata-kata future time. Hanya sedikit sekali kata kerja yang digunakan dalam hal ini: seperti, buka, tutup, mulai, berakhir, mulai, selesai, tiba, beranggat, datang, kembali.)
10.
Future continuous tense

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Tenses
BOOK
Form: (+) S + will/shall + be + V-ing + O + (Adv) (-) S + will/shall + not + be + V-ing + O + (Adv) (?) Will/shall + S + be + V-ing + O + (Adv)? Example: (+) His Dad will be picking you up (-) His Dad will not be picking you up (?) Will his Dad be picking you up? A. Time signal At 7 oclock tomorrow (besok jam 7) At this time next week (seperti saat ini minggu depan) Tomorrow morning (besok pagi) Tomorrow........ B . Function 1. Menyatakan perbuatan / kejadian yang berlangsung pada waktu tertentu di masa yang akan datang. Example: Rose will be celebrating her seventeenth birthday party in January next year. Dont call me at 9 A.M because I wont be at home. I m going to be studying at the library.
NOTE :
USING OF SIMPLE FUTURE AND FUTURE CONTINUOUS: a) I will begin to study at seven. You will come at eight. I will be studying when you come. b) Right now Im sitting in class. At this same time tomorrow, I will be sitting in class. The future continuous express an activity that will be in progress at a time in the future.
(future continuous menyatakan sebuah aktifitas yang akan berlangsung di masa yang akan datang.)
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Tenses
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c) Dont call me at 9 A.M because I wont be at home. I m going to be studying at the library. d) Dont get impatient. She will be coming soon.
The continuous form of be going to: Be going to + be + -ing Sometimes there is little or no difference between the future continuous and the simple future, Jangan tergesa-gesa. Dia akan especially when the future event segera datang. will occur at an indefinite time in e) Dont get impatient. She will come soon. the future, as in (d) and (e) Jangan tergesa-gesa. Dia akan segera datang.
(kadang-kadang ada sedikit atau bahkan tidak ada perbedaan antara future continuous dan simple future, khususnya ketika peristiwa future akan terjadi pada waktu yang tertentu di masa yang akan datang, seperti dalam contoh [d] dan [e].)
11.
Future perfect Form: VERBAL: (+) S + will/shall + have + V-3 + O + (Adv) (-) S + will/shall + not + have + V-3 + O + (Adv) (?) Will/shall + S + have + V-3 + O + (Adv)? Example: (+) (-) (?) He will have invited her He will not have invited her Will he have invited her?
NOMINAL:
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Tenses
BOOK
(+) S + will/shall + have + been + ANA (-) S + will/shall + not + have + been + ANA (?) Will/shall + S + have + been + ANA? Example: (+) (-) (?) They will have been cheerful They will not have been cheerful Will they have been cheerful
A. Time signal By the end of this week (menjelang akhir minggu ini) By the end of this ......... By next year (menjelang tahun depan) By tomorrow (menjelang besok) By midnight (menjelang tengah malam) By this weekend (menjelang akhir pekan ini) B. Function 1. Menyatakan kejadian yang selesai dimasa datang. Example : By tomorrow morning, Jusuf will have finished his duties. Were discussing now. We began studying at 7 oclock. Right now is at 8 oclock. A half of hour later We will finish discussing, by 8.30 oclock. We will have finished our discussing. I will have done the homework when you come in my house. I will graduate in June. I will see you in July. By the time I see you, I will have graduated.
12.
Future perfect continuous tense Form: (+) S + will/shall + have + been + V-ing + O + (Adv) (-) S + will/shall + not + have + been + V-ing + O + (Adv) (?) Will/shall + S + have + been + V-ing + O + (Adv)?
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Tenses
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Example :
(+) (-) (?)
They will have been waiting her They will not have been waiting her Will they have been waiting her?
A. Time signal By this weekend ............... for two months (menjelang akhir pekan ini ..... selama dua bulan) By next month .................... for two years By tomorrow ....................... for a week By ........................................ for ................ B. Function 1. Menyatakan pekerjaan/kejadian yang masih berlangsung di masa datang (penekanan pada time duration). Example : By the end of this week, Ill have been studying English for 2 years. Youre studying in ELCA now. Youve been studying since November. Now is December. Youve been in ELCA for a month, you finish your program in ELCA in march, by january, you will have been studying in ELCA for 2 months.
NOTE :
~Kadang-kadang future perfect dan future perfect continuous mempunyai fungsi yang sama: Example: When Prof. Han retires next month, he will have taught for 45 years. When Prof. Han retires next month, he will have been teaching for 45 years. same meaning 13. Past future tense Form: VERBAL: (+) S + would/should + V-bi + O + (Adv) (-) S + would/should + not + V-bi + O + (Adv) (?) Would/should + S + V-bi + O + (Adv)?
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Tenses
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Example :
(+) (-) (?)
He would visit you He would not visit you Would he visit you?
NOMINAL: (+) S + would/should + be + ANA (-) S + would/should + not + be + ANA (?) Would/should + S + be + ANA? Example : (+) They would be there (-) They would not be there (?) Would they be there? A. Time signal 1. Menggunakan time signal-nya S.Ps. B. Function 1. Menyatakan rencana yang gagal tapi harus ada kalimat penggagal (obstacle) yang bertenses Simple Past. Example: I would visit you yesterday, but I didnt have free time. I would try doing the duties of my teacher, but I didnt have chance. 2. Untuk membuat Conditional Sentence type II (khayalan). Example: If I had a car, I would take you up. She would help you if she hadnt been busy. 3. Digunakan dalam Bab Quoted-Reported speech (Direct-Indirect). Example: D: Tina said, I will take you up tonight. I: Tina said (that) She would take me up that night.
14.
Past future continuous tense Form: (+) S + would/should + be + V-ing + O + (Adv) (-) S + would/should + not + be + V-ing + O + (Adv)
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Tenses
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(?)
Would/should + S + be + V-ing + O + (Adv)? Example : (+) (-) (?) Mr. John would be typing a letter Mr. John would not be typing a letter Would Mr. John be typing a letter?
A. Function 1. Digunakan dalam Bab Quoted-Reported speech (Direct-Indirect). Example: D: Roni asked me, You would be visiting my Mom. I: Roni asked me (that) I would have been visiting his Mom.
15.
Past future perfect tense Form: VERBAL: (+) S + would/should + have + V-3 + O + (Adv) (-) S + would/should + not + have + V-3 + O + (Adv) (?) Would/should + S + have + V-3 + O + (Adv)? Example : (+) (-) (?) Carrick would have kicked him Carrick would not have kicked him Would Carrick have kicked him?
NOMINAL: (+) S + would/should + have + been + ANA (-) S + would/should + not + have + been + ANA (?) Would/should + S + have + been + ANA? Example : (+) (-) (?) Mark would have been a teacher Mark would not have been a teacher Would Mark have been a teacher?
A. Function 1. Menyatakan sesuatu yang seharusnya sudah terjadi masa lampau tetapi gagal karena ada yang menggagalkan.
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Tenses
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Example: I would have been a student of UGM, but I failed in UMPTN three years ago. She would have been Jakarta, but she had no money to go there. 2. Digunakan sebagai Main Clause dalam Conditional Sentence type III. Example: I would have attended in your party if I had been much free time. If he had had much money, he would have lent you some. 3. Digunakan dalam Bab Quoted-Reported Speech (Direct-Indirect). Example: D: Rose said to John, I would visit you I: Rose said to John (that) She would have visited him.
16.
Past future perfect continuous tense Form: (+) S + would/should + have + been + V-ing + O + (Adv) (-) S + would/should + not + have + been + V-ing + O + (Adv) (?) Would/should + S + have + been + V-ing + O + (Adv)? Example : (+) (-) (?) He would have been opening the program He would not have been opening the program Would he have been opening the program?
A. Function 1. Digunakan dalam Bab Quoted-Reported speech (Direct-Indirect). Example: D: Tina said, I would have been visiting my Mom. I: Tina said (that) She would have been visiting her Mom.
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Tenses
BOOK
48

Questions
BOOK
<(( QUESTIONS ))> (pertanyaan)
1. Yes / No Question Definition: a question that its answer is enough to say YES or NO.
sebuah pertanyaan yang mana jawabannya cukup menjawab Yes atau No

Ex: She reads a book Does She read a book? Yes, She does. or No, She does not.
2. Information Question Definition: a question that its answer is information.
sebuah pertanyaan yang mana jawabannya adalah sebuah informasi
<<O>> The group of Question Words <<O>> WHO (siapa) WHAT (apa) :Untuk menanyakan subject orang (person). :Untuk menanyakan subject selain orang (person). :Untuk menanyakan kata kerja (verb). :Untuk menanyakan object selain orang (non-person). What for (untuk apa) What kind of ... (..... macam apa) By what (dengan apa) WHOM (siapa) :Untuk menanyakan object orang (person). By whom (oleh siapa) With whom (dengan siapa) WHEN (kapan) :Untuk menanyakan waktu (time). WHERE (dimana) :Untuk menanyakan tempat (place).
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Questions
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WHY (kenapa) :Untuk menanyakan alasan (reason). noun WHOSE... .. (.... siapa/apa) :Untuk menanyakan kepemilikan (possession). noun WHICH.. .. (...yang mana) :Untuk menanyakan pilihan (choise). HOW (bagaimana) :Untuk menanyakan cara (way). plural noun HOW MANY... ... (berapa banyak....) : Untuk menanyakan jumlah benda yang dapat dihitung. HOW MUCH..uncount noun .. (berapa banyak....) : Untuk nenanyakan jumlah benda yang tidak dapat dihitung. HOW FAR (berapa jauh) :Untuk menanyakan jarak (distance). HOW MANY TIMES (berapa kali) :Untuk menanyakan jumlah keseringan. HOW OFTEN (seberapa sering) :Untuk menanyakan keseringan. HOW LONG (berapa lama) :Untuk menanyakan durasi waktu (time duration).
<<O>> How to make Information Question <<O>> A). Menanyakan Subject - Two boys were playing the game in my house yesterday morning
b a c d e f
1. Tulis ulang kalimatnya lalu subject-nya dihilangkan dan diganti dengan QW yang sesuai. Example : (a) two boys (who) were playing the game in my house yesterday morning? 2. Verb-nya mengikuti orang ke-3 tunggal, kecuali ada penggalan Subject yang mengidentifikasikan plural (jamak). Example : (a) who were (was) playing the game in my house yesterday morning? (b) Two (how many) boys were playing the game in my house yesterday morning? B). Menanyakan selain Subject 1) Letakkan QW yang sesuai dan yang ditanyakan dihilangkan. Example : (d) What Two boys were playing the game in my house yesterday morning? (e) Where Two boys were playing the game in my house yesterday morning? (f) When Two boys were playing the game in my house yesterday morning?
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Questions
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2) Setelah meletakkan QW ubah kalimat ke bentuk YES/NO question. Example : (d) What were Two boys playing the game in my house yesterday morning? (e) Where were Two boys playing the game in my house yesterday morning? (f) When were Two boys playing the game in my house yesterday morning?
NOTE : Untuk menanyakan verb, verb-nya diganti dengan do, done, doing tergantung
Tenses-nya dan Object-nya dibuang. Ex: (c) What were Two boys playing (doing) the game in my house yesterday morning?
3. Embedded Question* Definition: an embedded question is one which is included in a sentence or another question.
embedded question adalah pertanyaan yang masuk dalam sebuah kalimat atau pertanyaan lain.
Example : Q : whose book was on the desk? (bukunya siapa di atas meja itu?) E.Q : the teacher asked us whose book on the desk was. (guru bertanya pada kami buku siapa di atas meja) Q : where does she live? (dimana dia tinggal?) E.Q : I dont know where she lives. (aku tidak tahu dimana dia tinggal.) Q : where she was sitting? (dimana dia sedang duduk?) E.Q : he is sitting where she was sitting. (dia sedang duduk dimana dia sedang duduk.)
4.Taq Question* Definition: ~when question tags are used the speaker doesnt normally need information but merely expects agreement. These tags are therefore usually said with a falling intonation, as in statament.
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Questions
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(ketika question tag digunakan pada umumnya pembicara tidak membutuhkan informasi tapi pembicara hanya mengharapkan persrtujuan saja. Untuk itu biasanya tag-tag ini dinadakan dengan intonasi yang turun, seperti dalam statement.)
~sometimes, however, the speaker does want information. He is not quite sure that the statement is true, and want to be reassured. In this case the question tag is said with a rising intonation and the important word in the first sentence is stressed, usually with a rise of pitch.
(tapi, kadang-kadang pembicara benar-benar menginginkan informasi. Dia sangat tidak yakin bahwa statement-nya benar keberadaaannya, dan statementnya ingin diyakinkan. Question tag dalam masalah ini dinadakan dengan naiknya intonasi dan kata yang penting yang berada di awal kalimat di tarik, biasanya dengan suara/nada yang tinggi. )
Example : You have eaten, havent you? You love her, dont you? He took my money, didnt he? She doesnt lie to you, does she? NOTE : (*) for further explanation about Embedded Questions dan Taq Questionswill be discussed in the next book level, InsyaAllah !!!.
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Questions
BOOK
48

Used to and Be used to
BOOK
<((Used to and Be used to))> (dulu biasanya) a) Sarah used to live in Surabaya. ~In (a): at a time in the past, Sarah lived in Surabaya, but she does not live in Surabaya now. Used to express a habit, activity, or situation that existed in the past but which no longer exist.
(dalam contoh [a] pada waktu dulu Sarah tinggal di Surabaya), tapi sekarang dia tidak tinggal di sana lagi. used to menyatakan kebiasaan, aktifitas atau keadaan yang terjadi di masa lampau tapi kejadiaannya tidak begitu lama.)
b) Ahmad is used to cold weather. c) Ahmad is accustomed to cold weather. ~Be used to means be accustomed to. (b) and (c) have the same meaning : living in a cold climate is usual and normal to Ahmad. Cold weather, snow, and ice do not seem stranger to him.
(be used to bermakna be accustomed to. contoh [b] dan [c] mempunyai makna yang sama : living in a cold climate adalah biasa dan normal untuk Ahmad. Cuaca yang dingin, salju, dan ber-es tidak tampak aneh buat Ahmad.)
COMPARE: d) Sarah used to live in Surabaya. e) Ahmad is used to living in a cold climate. He is accustomed to live there. ~To express habitual past, used is followed by an infinitive, e.g., to live as in (d). (untuk menyatakan kebiasaan di waktu
lampau, used to diiukuti dengan

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Used to and Be used to
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infinitive, seperti ; to live dalam contoh [d].)
~Be used to and be accustomed to are followed by an -ing verb form (a gerund*), as in (e).
(be used to dan be accustomed to diikuti dengan bentuk kata kerja -ing [gerund].)
f) Hasan moved to Banyuwangi. after a while he got used to/got accustomed to living in a cold climate. ~In the expressions get used to and get accustomed to, get means become.
(dalam ekspresi-ekpresi get used to dan get accustomed to, get bermakna become[menjadi].)
*using Gerund as the Object of Preposition.
49

Enough with Adjectives, Adverbs and Nouns
BOOK
<((Enough with Adjectives, Adverbs, and Nouns))>
Enough changes positions depending on whether it is modifying a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. When modifying an adjective or an adverb, enough follows.
kata enough bisa pindah posisinya, tergantung apakah ia menjelaskan sebuah kata benda, keterangan atau sifat. Ketika menjelaskan kata sifat atau keterangan, maka enough mengikuti adjective atau adverb tersebut.
Adj / Adv + Enough Example : She speaks Spanish well enough to be interprenter. It is not cold enough to wear a heavy jacket. He spoke slowly enough for everyone to understand. He didnt jump high enough to win a prize. She is old enough to travel by herself. When modifying a noun, enough preceded the noun.
ketika menjelaskan sebuah kata benda, maka enough mendahului kata benda tersebut.
Enough + Noun Example : Do you have enough sugar for the cake? Jake bought enough red paint to finish the barn. He doesnt have enough money to attend the concert. We havent enough time to do it properly. He had enough sense to turn off the gas. NOTE : The noun that is modified by enough may sometimes be deleted with no change in meaning.
49

Enough with Adjectives, Adverbs and Nouns
BOOK
1
bisa
kata
benda
yang
dijelaskan
oleh
enough,
kadang-kadang
dihilangkan dengan tanpa mengubah maknanya.

I forgot my money. Do you have enough? (we understand that the speaker means enough money)
50

Exercises
BOOK
EXERCISES
1.
Parts of speech Difine the parts of speech to the underline words!!! a. Rosa will go to Jakarta tonight. b. Tomson is a smart boy. c. I was cooking in the kitchen when she brushed up the lessons. d. My secret will not keep. e. They asked me to come to marrys party last week. f. We are used to goiong to the beach. g. The teacher is telling me a amazing story. h. All of my friends are friendly. i. Have you got the job? j. Will she go to abroad next year. k. I like football very much. l. Who is a boy with you yesterday morning? m. I always study everyday. n. Dont close the window! o. Where should I go? p. Whose bag is that? q. I often study in midnight when all of my friends sleep soundly. r. Jack told Tom that he couldnt go to game because he didnt have enough money for a ticket. s. Im getting good grades, but I have difficulty understanding lectures. t. Rahma doesnt feel good. She has a bad stomachache.
2. Tenses A. Move to positive/negative/interrogative sentences of the tenses!!! a. We stayed home. 1) simple future [(-) and (?)] 2) simple present [(+) and (?)] 3) future continuous [(-) and (?)] 4) present continuous [(-) and (?)] 5) simple past [(+) and (-)]
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Exercises
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b. Roberto will not be absent tomorrow. 1) past perfect [(-) and (?)] 2) present perfect continuous [(+) and (-)] 3) past future perfect [(+) and (?)] 4) simple future [(-) and (?)] 5) simple present [(+) and (?)] c. Does she like the rock music? 1) simple past [(+) and (?)] 2) past future perfect [(-) and (?)] 3) past perfect continuous [(-) and (?)] 4) simple present [(+) and (?)] 5) future continuous [(-) and (?)] d. Your plane has leaved at six. 1) simple future [(+) and (-)] 2) past continuous [(-) and (?)] 3) present perfect [(+) and (?)] 4) past perfect continuous [(+) and (-)] 5) past future perfect [(-) and (?)] e. That old house has overrun with mice. 1) past future [(-) and (?)] 2) simple past continuous [(+) and (-)] 3) present perfect [(+) and (-)] 4) past continuous [(+) and (?)] 5) simple future [(-) and (?)] f. A snake bit me behind your house. 1) simple present [(+) and (-)] 2) simple past [(-) and (?)] 3) simple future [(+) and (-)] 4) past future [(+) and (?)] 5) past perfect continuous [(-) and (?)] g. Does she not have good talent? 1) future perfect continuous [(+) and (?)] 2) present continuous [(-) and (?)] 3) simple future [(+) and (-)] 4) simple past [(+) and (?)] 5) past future perfect continuous [(+) and (-)]
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Exercises
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B. Translate into English!!! 1. Saya dulu adalah anak yang paling nakal dalam keluarga. 2. Sekarang aku ingin menjadi anak yang baik. 3. Tapi apa yang harus aku lakukan sekarang? 4. Aku sudah berusaha keras untuk mengubah kebiasaa burukku. 5. Apakah kamu punya solusi untukku? a) b) c) d) e) 1) 2) 3) 4) Tahun depan aku berencana pergi ke rumah nenek ku. Jadi mulai sekarang aku harus menabung. Karena rumah nenek ku sangat jauh sekali. Tentu saja menghabiskan banyak uang untuk pergi kesana. Rumahnya berada di sumatra barat.
Mr. Bond adalah seorang pemburu. Tapi dia mengalami masalah dengan penglihatannya. Karena dia sudah tua. Setelah beberapa menit dia hamper menembak orang yang disangkanya seekor beruang. 5) Jadi temannya selalu berhati-hati jika dia berburu dengnannya. C. Fill the blank by using suitable tenses of the verbs in parentheses!!! a) Please be quite. I (try) _________________ to consentrate. b) Right now I (look) _________________ at Zahro. She (look) _______________ angry. I wonder whats the matter. She (have) ________________ a frown on her face. She certainly (have, not) ____________ any fun right now. c) A: whats the matter? Your eyes are red and puffy. (you, cry) _______________________? B: No. I just finish peeling some onions. d) Im junior in college this year. After I (graduate) ________________ with a B.A. next year, I (intend) _________________ to enter graduate school and work an M.A. perhaps I (go) _______________ on for a Ph.D. after I (get) _______________ my masters degree. e) When I (get) _______________ up tomorrow morning, the son (shine) ___________________, the bird (sing) _________________, and my roommate (lie, still) _________________ in bed fast asleep.
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Exercises
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f) This morning I came to class at 9:00. Right now it is 10:00, and Im still in class. I (sit) ___________ at this desk for an hour. By 9:30, I (sit) __________________ here for a half an hour. By 11:00, I (sit) ___________________ here for two hours. g) A: close your eyes. Now listen carefully. What (I, do) __________________ ? B: you (rub) _______________ the top of your desk with your hand. A: close, but not exactly right. Try again. B: aha! You (rub) ___________________ your hands together. A: right. h) I (call) _________________ Rosa at nine last night, but she (be, not) ________________ at home. She (study) __________________ at the library. i) X: I (be, not) ___________________ able to reach Mr. Chang yet. So far he (respond, not) _______________ to any of my attempts to reach him. Y: Oh? X: I (start) __________________ trying to reach him three days ago. Since then, I (fax) ___________ him twice. I (phone) _________________ him four times. And I (send) ________________ at least six e-mails. Y: I guess modern communications dont mean much if theres no one at the other end. j) What (you, learn) ______________ since you (come) ___________________ here? And how many new friends (you, make) ___________________ ? k) The telephone (ring) ______________ four times in the lat hour, and each time it has been for my office mate. l) Millions of years ago, dinosaurs (roam) ________________ the earth, but they (become) ________________ extict by the time humankind first (appear) __________________ . 3. Questions A. Make a question by the underline word!!!! 1) Melly talked to me yesterday.
a b c d
2) They will do those duties next week.

a b c d e
3) She and he have gone there.

a b c
4) you should talk to your teacher.

53

Exercises
BOOK
a b c
5) shes sitting in class right now.

a b c
6) The chef is in the kitchen.

a b
7) She would not have come here if she had not had free time.
a b c
8) He will go to bed at 9 P.M

a b c
9) All plants need water.

a b
10) They have put my book in the desk of my table.

a b c e d
B. Translate into English!!! 1) Apakah kamu mengenal dia? 2) Kapan kamu akan pergi ke London? 3) Berapa harga buku itu? 4) Apa yang Mrs. Hansen lakukan sekarang? 5) Kenapa kamu melakukan ini padaku? 6) Siapa orang yang duduk di sampingmu kemarin? 7) Bagamana kamu bisa datang kesini? 8) Berapa banyak tamu yang diundang dalam pestamu besok? 9) Seberapa lama kamu diwawancarai olehnya? 10) Sebagus apa sih mobilnya? 11) Apa yang membutmu tertarik dengan dia? 12) Dengan apa kamu mengantarkan ibumu ke pasar tadi sore? 13) Apa yang sedang dia lakukan jam 15:00 kemarin? 14) Kenapa kamu akan pergi ke London besok? 15) Siapa yang akan menemanimu ke pesta itu? 16) Apa yang membuat dia kecewa? 17) Berapa harga sapu tangan yang kamu pakai kemarin? 18) Milik siapa mobil bagus yang berwarna merah itu? 19) Sudah berapa kali kamu mengunjungi pulau Bali? 20) Apakah Sidney itu kota yang sangat indah?
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Exercises
BOOK
4. Used to, be used to or be accustomed to a. Juan was born and raised in Jakarta. He __________ living in a big city. b. My hometown is Bandung city, but this year Im going to school in a town with a population of 10,000. I ___________ living in a small town. I ___________ living in a big city. c. I always get up around 6:00 A.M. I _______________ getting up early. I _________ sleeping late. d. You and I are from different cultures. You_________ having fish for breakfast. I __________ having cheese and bread for breakfast. e. A teacher __________ answering questions. Students, especially good students, always have a lot of questions. 5. Enough A. Right (R) or wrong (W)!!! 1. ( ) I did not have enough time to go to your home. 2. ( ) do you have money enough? 3. ( ) the weather is enough warm today. 4. ( ) he drove a car slowly enough. 5. ( ) she could run enough fast. 6. ( ) she is enough younger to do this. 7. ( ) my hometown, Banyuwangi, is enough a big city. 8. ( ) her voice is enough good to sing this songs. 9. ( ) he is friendly enough to everyone who meets him. 10. ( ) his English speaking is enough fluently. 11. ( ) do you have money enough? 12. ( ) they had not had chance enough to do it. 13. ( ) she looks beautiful enough today. 14. ( ) will he add sugar enough to his tea? 15. ( ) this room is not large enough to be placed some people.
B. Translate into English!!! 1. Dia (pr) cukup sabar dalam menghadapi masalahnya. 2. Apakah bukti ini cukup kuat untuk membuktikan bahwa dia tidak bersalah?
55

Exercises
BOOK
3. Dia cukup barani mengambil resiko itu. 4. Dia cukup tua untuk menjadi seorang guru. 5. Sudahkah kamu merasa cukup puas? 6. Dia cukup berpengalaman dalam memperbaiki mobil. 7. Ramdan cukup fasih dalam berbicara bahasa Inggris. 8. Siramlah pohon ini dengan air yang cukup setiap paginya! 9. Siapa yang cukup pintar akan diterima di perusahaan ini. 10. Adikku mempunyai kemampuan yang cukup dalam bermain sepak bola. 11. Dia cukup pandai untuk menipu seseorang. 12. Mereka cukup kencang larinya. 13. Apakah bukunya cukup tebal? 14. Apakah itu tidak cukup membahayakan keselamatan mereka? 15. Saya kira penampilannya cukup mengesankan. Reading practice THE DEBATE AMONG THE FIVE FINGERS oh dear brothers says the thumb to the other four fingers. Im glad that I have been chosen to be the most important necesarsary among us. Whenever something is said to be number one Im the one that is often used, dont I? Wow..!! you have misunderstood it, brother. Says the first finger. have you ever been used to point out anything? certainly not, i am the most used. Whatever is to be pointed out in speaking I can not in used. you are both blind says the middle finger. you see i am the tollest, the strongest and is placed in the middle between all of you to avoid your quarrel. So I am the most trustworthly, of course. The ring finger proudly speaks. you have been talking nonsense altogether. How can you be the most petted and liked, everyone of you has to work or to do something but I do nothing all the time and when the diamond ring comes, Im to use it. Can you deny that I am superior to you all? The little finger mockingly says, it has been usual that the big are proud of their bigness for they suppose that the small will always respect them. But they forget that the people will only respect those who are gentle and good hearted eventhough they are poor and humble. You all say that every one of you is superior to the other. All right, let me see whether you can do any better thing without me, this poor small. Try to eat rice by you four without me or try to beat anything with you four without me. Can you do it?
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The four fingers try to take rice by themselves but they cant. They try to grasp something, still they cant. At last they confess that without uniting with the small finger, they can not do anything. So is also the people in the world. When one supposes to be more superior to the other nothing to be succeded. When the man despises he will be despised too. Keep in your mind this proverb UNION IS STRENGTH. Do oyu believe it?
Speaking Practice I cant understand why my tongue is still very heavy speaking in English. How long have you studied English? I have studied it quite long already. I have known not less than one thousand words but I cant speak very well yet. Its lack of practice I think. If you really have learned the words by heard, Im sure that you must be able to speak very well. At home I can speak very well, but at scholl Im often hesitating when speaking with the teacher. Why is it? Being with you now for instance, you can hear how fluent I can speak. You speak quite all right now. I know why you are hesitating in speaking with the teacher. You are afraid of the mistakes, perhaps. You mustnt mind it because the teacher himself also knows that you are still in learning. And the second thing is that you must know that the English is not our language. Have you ended your study from the first course? I have. And now I am continuing it at the intermediate one. Here we are not allowed to speak Indonesia. If any of us speak in Indonesia the teacher will not answer us. That is not bad really because your teacher wants you to practice your English. If you often do it, Im sure within a short time you will be very fluent in speaking English. Do you learn everyday? Im also in learning now but I learn only three times a week. What subject do you learn in your advenced course? Do you also learn the double and multiple sentence? We will come to it by and by. We are now still busy with our cases of parts of speech, tenses, questions, difference between used to and be used to using and enough. What grammar book do you use in the class? We use Bettys books and some other authors books. Have you also been long learning the English? Well, I have
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The list of irregular verbs

1. V-1 V-2 V-3 : berbeda bentuknya
V-1 Arise Awake Be Bear Begin Bid Bite Blow Break Choose Do Draw Drink Drive Eat Fall Fly Forbid Foresee Forget Forgive Forgo Forsake Freeze Get
V-2 Arose Awoke Was/were Bore Began Bade Bit Blew Broke Chose Did Drew Drank Drove Ate Fell Flew Forbad Foresaw Forgot Forgave Forwent Forsook Froze Got
V-3 Arisen Awoken Been Borne Begun Bidden Bitten Blown Broken Chosen Done Drawn Drunk Driven Eaten Fallen Flown Forbidden Foreseen Forgotten Forgiven Forgone Forsaken Frozen Gotten
V-ing Arising Awaking Being Bearing Beginning Bidding Biting Blowing Breaking Choosing Doing Drawing Drinking Driving Eating Falling Flying Forbidding Foreseeing Forgetting Forgiving Forgoing Forsaking Freezing Getting
Meaning Bangun/timbul Membangunkan Melahirkan, memikul, menuju Memulai Meminta Menggigit Meniup, bernafas Merusak, pecah Memilih mengerjakan Menggambar, menarik Minum Mengendarai, mengantar Makan Jatuh Terbang Melarang Meramalkan Melupakan Memaafkan Tidak jadi untuk Mengabaikan Membeku Mendapatkan

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Give Go Grow Hide Know Lie Mistake Outdo Outgrow Overdo Override Oversee Overtake Overthrow Partake Ride Ring Rise See Sew Shake Sing Sink Slay Speak Spring Steal Stink Stride Strive Swear Swell Swim
Gave Went Grew Hid Knew Lay Mistook Outdid Outgrew Overdid Overrode Oversaw Overtook Overthrew Partook Rode Rang Rose Saw Sewed Shook Sang Sank Slew Spoke Sprang Stole Stank Strode Strove Swore Swelled Swam
Given Gone Grown Hidden Known Lain Mistaken Outdone Outgrown Overdone Overridden Overseen Overtaken Overthrown Partaken Ridden Rung Risen Seen Sewn Shaken Sung Sunk Slain Spoken Sprung Stolen Stunk Stridden Striven Sworn Swollen Swum
Giving Going Growing Hiding Knowing Lying Mistaking Outdoing Outgrowing Overdoing Overidding Overseeing Overtaking Overthrowing Partaking Riding Ringing Rising Seeing Sewing Shaking Singing Sinking Slaying Speaking Springing Stealing Stinking Striding Striving Swearing Swelling Swimming
Memberi Pergi Menanam, tumbuh, menjadi Menyembunyikan Mengetahui Berbohong Salah mengira Mengalahkan Menjadi lebih besar Melebih-lebihkan Mengesampingkan Mengatur Menyusul Merobohkan Ikut serta Menunggangi Membunyikan Bangun, terbit Melihat, menemui Menjahit Mengocok, menggigil Mernyanyikan Menenggelamkan Membunuh Berbicara Melompat Mencuri Berbau busuk Melangkahi Berjuang Bersumpah Mengembang Berenang
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Take Thrive Throw Tread Undergo Underlie Undertake Underwrite Undo Wake Wear Weave Withdraw Write
Took Throve Threw Trod Underwent Underlay Undertook Underwrote Undid Woke Wore Wove Withdrew Wrote
Taken Thriven Thrown Trodden Undergone Underlain Undertaken Underwritten Undone Woken Worn Woven Withdrawn Written
Taking Thriving Throwing Treading Undergoing Underlying Undertaking Underwritting Undoing Waking Wearing Weaving Withdrawing Writting
Mengambil Berkembang Membuang Menginjak Menjalani Mendasari Menjalankan Menanggung Melepaskan Bangun Memakai Menenun Menarik Menulis
2. V-2 - V-3 : bentuknya sama
V-1 Bend Beseech Bind Bleed Breed Bring Build Buy Catch Cling Creep Deal
V-2 Bent Besought Bound Bled Bred Brought Built Bought Caught Clung Crept Daelt
V-3 Bent Besought Bound Bled Bred Brought Built Bought Caught Clung Crept Dealt
V-ing Bending Beseeching Binding Bleeding Breeding Bringing Building Buying Catching Clinging Creeping Dealing
Meaning Melipat Memohon Mengikat, membalut Berdarah Memelihara Membawa Membangun Membeli Menangkap Melekat Merangkak Berurusan
C

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Dig Dream Dwell Feed Fell Fight Find Flee Fling Foretell Grind Hang Have Hold Keep Kneel Lay Lead Lean Leap Learn Leave Lend Light Lose Make Mean Meet Mislay Mislead Misspell Misunderstand
Dug Dreamt Dwelt Fed Felt Fought Found Fled Flung Foretold Ground Hung Had Held Kept Knelt Laid Led Leant Leapt Learnt left Lent Lit Lost Made Meant Met Mislaid Misled Misspelt Misunderstood
Dug Dreamt Dwelt Fed Felt Fought Found Fled Flung Foretold Ground Hung Had Held Kept Knelt Laid Led Leant Leapt Learnt Left Lent Lit Lost Made Meant Met Mislaid Misled Mispelt Misunderstood
Digging Dreaming Dwelling Feeding Feelling Fighting Finding Fleeing Flinging Foretelling Grinding Hanging Having Holding Keeping Kneeling Laying Leading Leaning Leaping Learning Leaving Lending Lighting Losing Making Meaning Meeting Mislaying Misleading Misspelling Misunderstsnding
Menggali Bermimpi Tinggal Memberi makan Merasa, meraba Berkelahi Menemukan Melrikan diri Melemparkan, menjeblokkan Meramalkan Menggiling, mengasah Menggantungkan Mempunyai, mengalami Menahan Menjaga, tetap Berlutut Berbaring Memimpin Bersandar Melompat Belajar Meninggalkan Meminjami Menerangi Kehilangan Membuat Bermaksud Bertemu Salah menaruh Salah memimpin Salah mengeja Salah mengerti
D

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Outshine Overhang Overhear Overshoot Oversleep Repay Rewind Say Seek Sell Send Shine Shit Shoe Shoot Sit Sleep Slide Sling Slink Smell Speed Spell Spend Spill Spin Spoil Stand Stave Stick Strike String
Outshone Overhung Overheard Overshot Overslept Repaid Rewound Said Sought Sold Sent Shone Shat Shod Shot Sat Slept Slid Slung Slunk Smelt Sped Spelt Spent Spilt Spun Spoilt Stood Stove Stuck Struck Strung
Outshone Overhung Overheard Overshot Overslept Repaid Rewound Said Sought Sold Sent Shone Shat Shod Shot Sat Slept Slid Slung Slunk Smelt Sped Spelt Spent Spilt Spun Spoilt Stood Stove Stuck Struck Strung
Outshining Overhanging Overhearing Overshooting Oversleeping Repaying Rewinding Saying Seeking Selling Sending Shining Shitting Shoeing Shooting Sitting Sleeping Sliding Slinging Slinking Smelling Speeding Spelling Spending Spilling Spinning Spoiling Standing Staving Sticking Striking Stringing
Lebih pintar Bergantung di atas Kebetulan mendengar Meleset Kesiangan Mengganti Memutar ulang Mengatakan Mencari Menjual Mengirim Bersinar Buang air besar Memakai sepatu Menembak Duduk Tidur Menyelipkan Menyandang Menyelinap Mencium, berbau Mempercepat Mengeja Menghabiskan Menumpahkan Memintal Merampas Berdiri Meremukkan Menikam Menabrak, mogok Mengikatkan
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Sweep Swing Teach Tell Think Understand Waylay Weep Win Wind Withhold Withstand Wring
Swept Swung Taught Told Thought Understood Waylaid Wept Won Wound Withheld Withstood Wrung
Swept Swung Taught Told Thought Understood Waylaid Wept Won Wound Withheld Withstood Wrung
Sweeping Swinging Teaching Telling Thinking Understanding Waylaying Weeping Winning Winding Withholding Withstanding Wringing
Menyapu Mengayunkan Mengajarkan Menceritakan Berfikir Memahami Menghadang Menangis Memenangkan Memutar Menyembunyikan Menahan Memeras
3. V-1 V-2 V-3 : sama bentuknya V-1 Beset Bet Burn Burst Cast Cost Cut Forecast Hit Hurt Knit Let Put Quit Beset Bet Burn Burst Cast Cost Cut Forecast Hit Hurt Knit Let Put Quit V-2 Beset Bet Burn Burst Cast Cost Cut Forecast Hit Hurt Knit Let Put Quit V-3 V-ing Beseting Betting Burning Bursting Casting Costing Cutting Forecasting Hitting Hurting Knitting Letting Putting Quiting Meaning Menimpa, mengepung Bertaruh Membakar, menyala Meledak Melemparkan, membuat Harganya Memotong Meramalkan Memukul Menyakiti Merajut Membiarkan Meletakkan Meninggalkan
F

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Read Rid Set Shed Shut Slit Split Spread Thrust Typecast
Read Rid Set Shed Shut Slit Split Spread Thrust Typecast
Read Rid set Shed Shut Slit Split Spread Thrust Typecast
Reading Ridding Setting Shedding Shutting Slitting Splitting Spreading Thrusting Typecasting
Undercut Upset
Undercut Upset
Undercut Upset
Undercutting Upsetting
Membaca Membersihkan memasang Menumpahkan (darah) Menetup Membelah Membelah, retak Membentangkan Mendorong, mendesakkan Menetapkan sebagai pemeran pembantu Memotong harga Merusak
4. V-1 V-3 V-1 Become Come Overcome Overrun Run
: sama bentuknya V-2 Became Came Overcame Overran Ran V-3 Become Come Overcome Overrun Run V-ing Becoming Coming Overcoming Overrunning Running Meaning Menjadi Datang Mengatasi Memenuhi Berlari

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REFERENCES
- Azar, Betty Scrampfer, 1993, Understanding and Using English Grammar (edisi terjemah Indonesia). 2nd Edition, Binarupa Aksara, Grogol, Jakarta Barat. - Frank, Marcella, 1972, Modern English, Practice Hall, Icn., New York. - Thomson, A. J. and Martinet, A. V., 1995, A Practice English Grammar, Oxford university press, New Jersey. - Azar, Betty Scrampfer, 1999, Understanding and Using English Grammar. 3th Edition, Practice Hall Regents, New Jersey. - Azar, Betty Scrampfer, 2003, Fundamentals of English Grammar. 3th Edition, Practice Hall Regents, New Jersey. - Mahasa Institute, GEC Handbook For Grammar 1, Pare Kediri. - Tri Lestari, Dian, Helping Program 01, Khasanah Ilmu Pengetahuan, Pare. - ____________, Helping Program 02, Khasanah Ilmu Pengetahuan, Pare. - Amin Mubarok, Ahmad, Helping Program 03, Khasanah Ilmu Pengetahuan, Pare. - Cliffs, Toefl Test Of English As Foreign Language, ____________ - M. Echols, John dan Shadily, Hassan, 2005, Kamus Inggris Indonesia, PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta. - ____________, Hassan, 2003, Kamus Indonesia Inggris, PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta. - 2004, Kamus Idiom Edisi Lengkap, Gitamedia Press, Jawa timur.

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