Variables & Data Types

Variable- are placeholders used to store values in Main memory The data types of variables determine how the bit representing these values are stored in the computer memory
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Naming a Variable No more than 255 characters

They may include only letters, numbers, and underscore (_)

The first character must be a letter You cannot use a reserved word (word needed by Visual Basic)
Must be unique within the same scope, which is the range from which the variable can be referenced a procedure, a form, and so on.
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Cont.. Data Types

Data Type Boolean Integer Long (Integer) Single (Floating) Double (Floating) Currency Date Object String Variant Suffix None % & ! # @ None None $ None

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Cont..

Data type

Description

Range

Byte
Integer

1-byte binary data

2-byte integer

0 to 255
32,768 to 32,767

Long

4-byte integer

2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647

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Cont..
Single

Single 4-byte floating-point number Range

Negative values
3.402823E38 to 1.401298E 45 Positive values

1.401298E 45 to 3.402823E38

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Cont..
Double

8-byte floating-point number Range Negative values 1.79769313486231E308 to 4.94065645841247E 324 Positive values 4.94065645841247E 324 to 1.79769313486231E308
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Cont..

Currency

8-byte number with fixed decimal point

Range 922,337,203,685,477.5808 to 22,337,203,685,477.5807

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Cont..
String String of characters characters Zero to approximately two billion

Variant , Date/time, floating-point number, integer, string, or object. 16 bytes, plus 1 byte for each character if a string value.

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Cont..

Boolean Date

2 bytes 8-byte

True or False date/time value January 1, 100 to December 31, 9999 Any Object reference

Object

4 bytes

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Cont..
Data Types

Constant a fixed value Eg PI as constant declaration

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Variable declaration

There are three ways for a variable to be declared Default Implicit Explicit

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Implicit Declaration
Visual Basic automatically creates a variable with that name, which you can use as if you had explicitly declared it. While this is convenient, it can lead to subtle errors in your code if you misspell a variable name. For example, suppose this was the function you wrote:

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Cont..
You don't have to declare a variable before using it.
Private Sub Command1_Click() Quantity = 20 SalesPrice = 200.00 Tax = 50 Total = Quantity * SalesPrice + Txa Print "Quantity", "SalesPrice", "Total Price" Print Quantity, SalesPrice, Total End Sub

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Explicit Declaration
There are many advantages to explicitly typing variables
we ensure all computations are properly done, mistyped variable names are easily spotted Visual Basic will take care of ensuring consistency in upper and lower case letters used in variable names. Because of these advantages,it is a good programming practice that declares all variables as explicit

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Cont..
To avoid the problem of misnaming variables, declared explicitly as a variable To explicitly declare variables Place this statement in the Declarations section of a class, form, or standard module: Option Explicit

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Cont..
From the Tools menu, choose Options, click the Editor tab and check the Require Variable Declaration option. This automatically inserts the Option Explicit statement in any new modules,
but not in modules already created; therefore, you must manually add Option Explicit to any existing modules within a project.

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Variable scope

To explicitly type a variable, you must first determine its scope. There are four levels of scope:
Procedure level Procedure level, static Form level module level

Local Level Global Level

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Within a procedure, variables are declared using the Dim statement:

Dim NoOfStudent as Integer Dim Salary as Double Dim StName, StCity as String

Note :- StName is taken as Variant type and StCity is taken as String

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Within a procedure, variables are declared using the Dim statement: Using Suffix Characters
Dim MyInt%
Dim MyDouble#

Dim MyString$, YourString$

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Private Sub Command1_Click(); Dim Quantity as Integer Dim Name as String

0
Quantity

?
Name

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Private Sub Command1_Click(); Dim Quantity as Integer Dim Name as String

Name =Saman

Quantity

Saman Name

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Private Sub Command1_Click(); Dim Quantity as Integer Dim Name as String

Name =Saman

Quantity

23

Saman Name

Quantity =23

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Private Sub Command1_Click(); Dim Quantity as Integer Dim Name as String

Name =Saman

Quantity

23

Saman Name

Quantity =23 End sub

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Private Sub Command1_click(); Dim X as Integer

Dim Y as Integer
X=17 Y=5 X=X+2
END

Memory

17

Sub

Y
End Show

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Private Sub Command1_click(); Dim X as Integer

Dim Y as Integer
X=17 Y=5 X=X+2
END

Memory

19

Sub

Y
End Show

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Variable Scope To make a procedure level variable retain its value upon exiting the procedure, replace the Dim keyword with Static: Static MyInt as Integer Static MyDouble as Double
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Variable Scope
Form level variables retain their value and are available to all procedures within that form. Form level variables are declared in the declarations part of the general object in the form's code window. The Dim keyword is used:

Dim MyInt as Integer Dim MyDate as Date

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Variable Scope Global level variables

Global level variables retain their value and are available to all procedures within an application. Module level variables are declared in the declarations part of the general object of a module's code window. (It is advisable to keep all global variables in one module.) Use the Global keyword or Public Keyword:

Global MyInt as Integer Public MyDate as Date

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Operators
1. Arithmetic. Operators 2. String-Concatenate Operators

3. Comparison Operators
4. Logical Operators

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Arithmetic. Operators

Operator ^ */ \

Operation Exponentiation Multiplication and division Integer division (truncates)

Mod
+-

Modulus
Addition and subtraction

Parentheses around expressions can change precedence.

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Operator precedence
If an expression is written 16+20*4-18/3 how would it be evaluated? There is a set rule to be followed
1.All operations are carried out left to right. 2.All operators have associated hierarchies that determine the order of precedence in evaluating the expression.

Unary

High

*, /, MOD,
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lowest
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y=6*4 /3*2

Evaluated First y=6*4 /3*2 y = 24 / 3 * 2 Evaluated Second

y=8*2

Evaluated Third

y=16

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Print 8 ^ (2 / 3) Private Sub Command1_Click()

Print 21 + 2
Print 21 - 2 Print 21 / 2 Print 21 \ 2 Print 21 Mod 2

Print 2 ^ 2
Print 8 ^ 2 / 3

Print 8 ^ (2 / 3)
End Sub
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Write following expression in VB

1. x2+2x-5 2. 2x2-3x/(y-7) 3. 5x-2/(3x27)

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Comparison Operators
There are six comparison operators in Visual Basic: Operator Comparison > Greater than < Less than >= Greater than or equal to <= Less than or equal to = Equal to <> Not equal to The result of a comparison operation is a Boolean value (True or False).
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Private Sub Command1_Click() Print 3 = 4 Print 3 > 4 Print 3 < 4 Print 3 >= 3

False False True True True True

Print 3 <= 4
Print 3 <> 4 End Sub
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String-Concatenate Operators
String -Concatenate Operators To concatenate two strings, use the & symbol or the + symbol: lblTime.Caption = "The current time is" & Format(Now, hh:mm)

txtSample.Text = "Hook this + to this

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Logical Operators Cont. Three logical operators

Operator Not And Or Operation Logical not Logical and Logical or

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Logical Operators

Three logical operators

The Not operator simply negates an operand.
The And operator returns a True if both operands are True. Else, it returns a False. The Or operator returns a True if either of its operands is True, else it returns a False. Logical operators follow arithmetic operators in precedence
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Private Sub Command1_Click() Print 3 = 4 Or "A" = "B" False False

Print 3 = 4 And "A" = "B"

Print Not (3 = 4) End Sub

True

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Variable Scope Module1

*Example of Variable Scope:

Global X as Integer Form1 Form2

Dim Y as Integer Dim Z as Single

Sub Routine1()
Dim A as Double End Sub Sub Routine2() Static B as Double . . End Sub

Sub Routine3()
Dim C as Double

Procedure Routine1 has access to X, Y, and A (loses value upon termination)

Procedure Routine2 has access to X, Y, and B (retains value) Procedure Routine3 has access to X, Z, and C (loses value upon termination) End Show

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