India

India
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to 29 Mar 1858 Moghul Empire
20 Oct 1774 - 22 Jul 1947 British India
c.1885 - 1947 Flag of Governor-general
11 Nov 1928 - 22 Jul 1947 Unofficial
Adopted 22 Jul 1947
Map of India Capital: New Delhi (Delhi 1192-1327, 1344-1501, 1648-1858; Daulatabad 1327-1344; Agra 1501- 1540, 1599-1613, 1616-1648; Fatehpur Sikri 1570-1585; Lahore 1585-1599; Ajmer 1613-1616) (British India: New Delhi from 1911; Calcutta 1774-12 Dec 1911; Summer capital: Simla 1911-1947) GDP: $3.26 trillion (2008)
Hear National Anthem "Jana-Gana-Mana" (Thou Art the Ruler of the Minds of All People)
Text of National Anthem Adopted 24 Jan 1950
Constitution (26 Jan 1950)
Currency: Indian Rupee (INR)
National Holiday: 26 Jan (1950) Republic Day
Population: 1,147,995,904 (2008)
Exports: $175.7 billion (2008) Imports: $287.5 billion (2008)
Ethnic groups: Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, Mongoloid and other 3% (2000) Religions: Hindu 72.04%, Muslim 12.26% (of which Sunni 8.06%, Shi'i 4.20%), Christian 6.81% (Protestant 1.74%, Roman Catholic 1.62%, Orthodox 0.22%, other Christian 3.22%), traditional beliefs 3.83%, Sikh 1.87%, Buddhist 0.67%, Jain 0.51%, Baha'i 0.17%, Parsi (Zoroastrian) 0.02%,
Total Active Armed Forces: 1,325,000 (2006) Declared Nuclear Power (1998): est. 40-95 weapons (2005) Merchant marine : 501 ships (2008)
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non-religious 1.22%, atheist 0.17%, other 0.43% (2005) International Organizations/Treaties: ACS (observer), AfDB (nonregional), ADB, AL (observer), ANT, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIMSTEC, BIS, BTWC, C, CERN (observer), CICA, CP, EAS, ENMOD, FAO, G- 6, G-15, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, IOC, IOM, Interpol, Intersputnik, IPU, IRENA, ISA, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, KP, MIGA, NAM, NTBT, OAS (observer), OPCW, PCA, PIF (partner), SAARC, SACEP, SCO (observer), UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO India Index Indian States (since 1947) Princely states A- J - K - Z British India Provinces Free India in Exile (1943-1945) 3300 BC - 1700 BC 1700 Bc - 1300 BC 1500 BC - 500 Bc 1200 BC - 316 BC 700 BC - 321 BC 684 BC - 321 BC 321 Bc - 85 BC c.240 - 550 AD 848 - 1279 1000 - 1346 1210 - 19 Apr 1526 1347 - 1518 1336 - 23 Jan 1565 27 May 1526
Chronology
Indus Valley Civilization. Late Harappan Culture. Vedic Civilization. Kuru dynasty. Maha Janapadas Madadha Empire Mauryan Empire Gupta Empire Chola Empire (in the south). Hoysala Empire (in the south). Delhi Sultanate (in the north). Bahmani Sultanate (in the south). Vijayanagara Empire (in the south). Babur founds the Empire of Hind (usually referred to by historians as the Mughal [Moghul] Empire). The Mughal rulers are expelled and superseded by the Afghan Suri dynasty. Empire of Hind under the Mughal rulers restored. Bombay ceded to England by Portugal. Calcutta founded by England. British take over administration of Bengal (under British East India Company rule). Union of all East India Company settlements. The last Mughal ruler is deposed. British Act of Parliament annexes the East India, areas creating British India (effective 1 Nov 1858) By proclamation, the Queen of United Kingdom takes the style "Empress of India" (proclaimed in India on 1 Jan 1877). Japanese occupy Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Provisional Government of Free India proclaimed (Arzi Hukumate-e-Azad Hind) at Singapore (administering the Andaman and Nicobar Islands only Dec 1943-Aug 1945). India granted limited self rule. British India, together with acceded states, is partitioned into Dominion of India and Dominion of Pakistan; style "Emperor of India" is abandoned (retroactive proclamation that is dated 22 Jun 1948). Jammu and Kashmir accede to India. Hyderabad annexed by India. Republic of India, styled "India, that
British East India Company (1783-1858)
17 May 1540 23 Jul 1555 18 Feb 1665 c.1690 12 Aug 1765 20 Oct 1774 29 Mar 1858 2 Aug 1858 28 Apr 1876
Jammu & Kashmir Jammu Ladakh
Danish India (1620-1845) Dutch India (1608-1825) French India (1673-1954) Ostend Company (1719-1744)
Mar 1942 - Aug 1945 21 Oct 1943 - 18 Aug 1945
25 Aug 1946 15 Aug 1947
Portuguese India (1505-1962) Sikkim (1642-1975) 27 Oct 1947 17 Sep 1948 26 Jan 1950
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Map of British India (1934-1947)
1 Nov 1954 26 Jan 1957 16 Mar 1962 21 Nov 1962 26 Apr 1975
Historical Maps of India
is Bharat." French India incorporated into India. The incorporation of Jammu and Kashmir is declared to be complete. Goa annexed by India. China occupies Aksai Chin region of Kashmir. Annexation of Sikkim.
Emperors (title Padshah, sometimes Padshah-i Hind - emperor of India) 31 Jul 1658 - 2 Mar 1707 Mohyi ad-Din Abu'l Mozaffar (b. 1618 Mohammad Awrangzib Bahadur Àlamgir Padshah-e Ghazi 14 Mar 1707 - 27 Apr 1707 Qotb ad-Din Abu'l Fayaz (b. 1653 Mohammad A`zam Shah Padshah-e Ghazi (continues in rebellion to 18 Jun 1707) 27 Apr 1707 - 27 Feb 1712 Qotb ad-Din Abu'n Nasr Sayyed (b. 1643 Mohammad Shah Àlam I Bahadur Shah Padshah-e Ghazi (b. 1643 (retroactive to 23 Mar 1707) 27 Apr 1707 - 13 Jan 1709 Mohammad Kam Bakhsh-e Dinpanah ebn Awrangzib Àlamgir Padshah (b. 1666 (in rebellion) 29 Feb 1712 - 17 Mar 1712 Mohammad Àzim ash-Shan ebn Bahadur Shah Padshah (b. 16.. 29 Feb 1712 - 28 Mar 1712 Mohammad Rafi` ash-Shan ebn (b. 16.. Bahadur Shah Padshah (in rebellion) 29 Feb 1712 - 27 Mar 1712 Jahan Shah ebn Bahadur Shah (b. 16.. Padshah "Khojestan Akhtar" (in rebellion) 30 Mar 1712 - 11 Jan 1713 Moèzz ad-Din Abu'l Fath (b. 1661 Mohammad Jahandar Shah Padshah 11 Jan 1713 - 1 Mar 1719 Moìn ad-Din (or Jalal ad-Din) (b. 1687 Abu'l Mozaffar Mohammad Farrokhsiyar Padshah 1 Mar 1719 - 7 Jun 1719 Shams ad-Din Abu'l Barakat (b. c.1699 Soltan Mohammad Rafi` ad-Darjat Padshah-e Ghazi 30 Mar 1719 - 13 Aug 1719 Mohammad Shah Nikusiyar (in rebellion) 8 Jun 1719 - 6 Sep 1719 Mohammad Shah Jahan II Sani (b. c.1700 Padshah (Mohammad Rafi` ad-Dawla) 28 Sep 1719 - 26 Apr 1748 Naser ad-Din Abu'l Fath (b. 1702 (from 1722 Abu'l-Mozaffar) Mohammad Shah Padshah-e Ghazi "Rawshan Akhtar" 12 Oct 1720 - 19 Nov 1720 Zahir ad-Din Abu'l Fath Mohammad (d. 1720) Ebrahim Shah Padshah (in rebellion) 29 Apr 1748 - 3 Jun 1754 Mojahed ad-Din Abu'n Nasr Ahmad (b. 1725 Shah Bahadur Padshah-e Ghazi 3 Jun 1754 - 29 Nov 1759 Àziz ad-Din Abu'l-Àdl Mohammad (b. 1699 -
d. 1707)
d. 1707)
d. 1712) d. 1712)
d. 1709)
d. 1712) d. 1712)
d. 1712)
d. 1713) d. 1719)
- d. 1719)
- d. 1719) d. 1748)
d. 1775) d. 1759)
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Àlamgir Padhsh-e Ghazi Mohyi-e Millat (or Mohyi ad-Din) Shah Jahan III Sani ebn Mohyi-e Sannat Mohammad 25 Dec 1759 - 1 Aug 1788 Jalal ad-Din Abul Mozaffar Mohammad Shah Àlam II Padshah "Ham-e Din" (1st time) (b. 1728 - d. 1806) 1 Aug 1788 - 9 Oct 1788 Mohammad Bidarbakht ebn Ahmad Shah 16 Oct 1788 - 10 Nov 1806 Jalal ad-Din Abul Mozaffar Mohammad Shah Àlam II Padshah "Ham-e Din" (2nd time) (s.a.) 18 Nov 1806 - 28 Sep 1837 Moìn ad-Din Abun Nasr Mohammad (b. 1759 - d. 1837) Akbar Padshah Saheb Qiran-e Sani 29 Sep 1837 - 29 Mar 1858 Seraj ad-Din Abul Mozaffar (b. 1775 - d. 1862) Mohammad Bahadur Shah Padshah II (10 May 1857 - 22 Mar 1858, in in rebellion against British rule) Emperors (also monarchs of Great Britain) 1 Jan 1877 - 22 Jan 1901 Victoria -Empress (b. 1819 - d. 1901) 22 Jan 1901 - 6 May 1910 Edward VII (b. 1841 - d. 1910) 6 May 1910 - 20 Jan 1936 George V (b. 1865 - d. 1936) 20 Jan 1936 - 10 Dec 1936 Edward VIII (b. 1894 - d. 1972) 12 Dec 1936 - 22 Jun 1948 George VI (b. 1895 - d. 1952) Governors-general (of the British East India Company) 20 Oct 1774 - 1 Feb 1785 Warren Hastings (b. 1732 - d. 1818) 1 Feb 1785 - 12 Sep 1786 John Macpherson (acting) (b. 1745 - d. 1821) 12 Sep 1786 - 28 Oct 1793 Charles Mann Cornwallis, (b. 1738 - d. 1805) Earl of Cornwallis (1st time) 28 Oct 1793 - Mar 1798 Sir John Shore (b. 1751 - d. 1834) Mar 1798 - 18 May 1798 Sir Alured Clarke (acting) (b. 1745 - d. 1832) 18 May 1798 - 30 Jul 1805 Richard Colley Wellesley, (b. 1760 - d. 1842) Baron Wellesley (from 1799, Richard Colley Wellesley, Marquess Wellesley) 30 Jul 1805 - 5 Oct 1805 Charles Cornwallis, (s.a.) Marquess Cornwallis (2nd time) 10 Oct 1805 - 31 Jul 1807 Sir George Hilario Barlow (acting) (b. 1762 - d. 1846) 31 Jul 1807 - 4 Oct 1813 Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, Baron Minto (b. 1751 - d. 1814) 4 Oct 1813 - 9 Jan 1823 Francis Rawdon-Hastings, (b. 1754 - d. 1826) Earl of Moira (from 1817, Francis Rawdon-Hastings, Marquess of Hastings) 9 Jan 1823 - 1 Aug 1823 John Adam (acting) (b. 1779 - d. 1825) 1 Aug 1823 - 13 Mar 1828 William Pitt Amherst, (b. 1773 - d. 1857) Baron Amherst (from 1826, William Pitt Amherst, Earl Amherst) 13 Mar 1828 - 4 Jul 1828 William Butterworth Bayley (b. 1782 - d. 1860) (acting) 4 Jul 1828 - 20 Mar 1835 William Henry Cavendish-Bentinck, (b. 1774 - d. 1839) Lord Bentinck 20 Mar 1835 - 4 Mar 1836 Sir Charles Theophilus Metcalfe (b. 1785 - d. 1846) (acting) 4 Mar 1836 - 28 Feb 1842 George Eden, Baron Auckland (b. 1784 - d. 1849) (from 11 Dec 1839, George Eden, Earl of Auckland) 28 Feb 1842 - Jun 1844 Edward Law, Baron Ellenborough (b. 1790 - d. 1871) Jun 1844 - 23 Jul 1844 William Wilberforce Bird (acting) (b. 1784 - d. 1857) 11 Dec 1759 - 25 Dec 1759
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23 Jul 1844 - 12 Jan 1848
Henry Hardinge, (from 21 Apr 1846) (b. 1785 Viscount Hardinge 12 Jan 1848 - 28 Feb 1856 James Andrew Broun Ramsay, (b. 1812 (from 4 Jun 1849, Marquess and) Earl of Dalhousie 28 Feb 1856 - 1 Nov 1858 Charles John Canning, (b. 1812 Viscount Canning Viceroys and Governors-general 1 Nov 1858 - 21 Mar 1862 Charles John Canning, (s.a.) Viscount Canning (from 12 May 1859, Charles John Canning, Earl Canning) 21 Mar 1862 - 20 Nov 1863 James Bruce, Earl of Elgin (b. 1811 21 Nov 1863 - 2 Dec 1863 Sir Robert Cornelis Napier (b. 1810 (acting) 2 Dec 1863 - 12 Jan 1864 Sir William Thomas Denison (b. 1804 (acting) 12 Jan 1864 - 12 Jan 1869 Sir John Laird Mair Lawrence (b. 1811 12 Jan 1869 - 8 Feb 1872 Richard Southwell Bourke, (b. 1822 Earl of Mayo 9 Feb 1872 - 23 Feb 1872 Sir John Strachey (acting) (b. 1823 24 Feb 1872 - 3 May 1872 Francis Napier, Baron of Ettrick (b. 1819 (acting) 3 May 1872 - 12 Apr 1876 Thomas George Baring, (b. 1826 Viscount Baring of Lee 12 Apr 1876 - 8 Jun 1880 Robert Bulwer-Lytton, Baron Lytton (b. 1831 8 Jun 1880 - 13 Dec 1884 George Frederick Samuel Robinson, (b. 1827 Marquess of Ripon 13 Dec 1884 - 10 Dec 1888 Frederick Temple Hamilton-Temple- (b. 1826 Blackwood, Earl of Dufferin 10 Dec 1888 - 11 Oct 1894 Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, (b. 1845 Marquess of Lansdowne 11 Oct 1894 - 6 Jan 1899 Victor Alexander Bruce, (b. 1849 Earl of Elgin 6 Jan 1899 - 18 Nov 1905 George Nathaniel Curzon (b. 1859 18 Nov 1905 - 23 Nov 1910 Gilbert John Elliot-Murray(b. 1845 Kynynmound, Earl of Minto 23 Nov 1910 - 4 Apr 1916 Charles Hardinge, Baron Hardinge (b. 1858 of Penshurst 4 Apr 1916 - 2 Apr 1921 Frederic John Napier Thesiger, (b. 1868 Baron Chelmsford 2 Apr 1921 - 3 Apr 1926 Rufus Daniel Isaacs, (b. 1860 Baron Reading of Erleigh 10 Apr 1925 - 8 Aug 1925 Victor Alexander George Robert (b. 1876 Bulwer-Lytton, Earl of Lytton (viceroy and acting governor-general) 3 Apr 1926 - 29 Jun 1929 Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, (b. 1881 Baron Irwin 29 Jun 1929 - 18 Apr 1931 George Joachim Goschen, (b. 1866 Viscount Goschen of Hawkhurst 18 Apr 1931 - 18 Apr 1936 George Freeman Freeman-Thomas, (b. 1866 Earl of Willingdon 18 Apr 1936 - 1 Oct 1943 Victor Alexander John Hope, (b. 1887 Marquess of Linlithgow 1 Oct 1943 - 21 Feb 1947 Archibald Percival Wavell, (b. 1883 Viscount Wavell
- d. 1856) - d. 1860)
- d. 1862)
- d. 1863) - d. 1890) - d. 1871) - d. 1879) - d. 1872) - d. 1907) - d. 1898) - d. 1904) - d. 1891) - d. 1909) - d. 1902) - d. 1927) - d. 1917) - d. 1925) - d. 1914) - d. 1944) - d. 1933) - d. 1935) - d. 1947)
- d. 1959) - d. 1952) - d. 1941) - d. 1952) - d. 1950)
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21 Feb 1947 - 15 Aug 1947
Louis Francis Mountbatten, (b. 1900 Viscount Mountbatten of Burma Governors-general (representing the British monarch as head of state) 15 Aug 1947 - 21 Jun 1948 Louis Francis Mountbatten, (s.a.) Earl Mountbatten of Burma 21 Jun 1948 - 26 Jan 1950 Chakravarti Rajagopalachari (b. 1878 Presidents 26 Jan 1950 - 13 May 1962 Rajendra Prasad (b. 1884 13 May 1962 - 13 May 1967 Sir Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (b. 1888 13 May 1967 - 3 May 1969 Zakir Husain (b. 1897 3 May 1969 - 20 Jul 1969 Varahagiri Venkata Giri (1st time) (b. 1894 (acting) 20 Jul 1969 - 24 Aug 1969 Muhammad Hidayatullah (acting) (b. 1905 24 Aug 1969 - 24 Aug 1974 Varahagiri Venkata Giri (2nd time) (s.a.) 24 Aug 1974 - 11 Feb 1977 Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed (b. 1905 11 Feb 1977 - 25 Jul 1977 Basappa Danappa Jatti (acting) (b. 1912 25 Jul 1977 - 25 Jul 1982 Neelam Sanjiva Reddy (b. 1913 25 Jul 1982 - 25 Jul 1987 Giani Zail Singh (b. 1916 25 Jul 1987 - 25 Jul 1992 Ramaswamy Venkataraman (b. 1910 25 Jul 1992 - 25 Jul 1997 Shankar Dayal Sharma (b. 1918 25 Jul 1997 - 25 Jul 2002 Kocheril Raman Narayanan (b. 1920 25 Jul 2002 - 25 Jul 2007 Aavul Pakkiri Jainulabidin (A.P.J.)(b. 1931) Abdul Kalam 25 Jul 2007 Pratibha Devisingh Patil (f) (b. 1934)
d. 1979)
d. 1972) d. d. d. d. 1963)INC/Non-party 1975) Non-party 1969) Non-party 1980) Non-party Non-party Non-party 1977)INC/Non-party 2002) Non-party 1996)INc/Non-party 1994)INC/Non-party 2009)INC/Non-party 1999)INC/Non-party 2005) Non-party Non-party INC/Non-party
d. 1992) d. d. d. d. d. d. d.
Secretaries of State for India (and from 1937, for Burma)(in London) 2 Sep 1858 - 18 Jun 1859 Edward Henry Stanley, (b. 1826 Lord Stanley 18 Jun 1859 - 16 Feb 1866 Sir Charles Wood (b. 1800 16 Feb 1866 - 6 Jul 1866 George Frederick Samuel Robinson, Earl of Ripon 6 Jul 1866 - 8 Mar 1867 Robert Arthur Talbot (b. 1830 Gascoyne-Cecil, Viscount Cranborne (1st time) 8 Mar 1867 - 9 Dec 1868 Sir Stafford Henry Northcote (b. 1818 9 Dec 1868 - 21 Feb 1874 George Douglas Campbell, (b. 1823 Duke of Argyll 21 Feb 1874 - 2 Apr 1878 Robert Arthur Talbot (s.a.) Gascoyne-Cecil, Marquess of Salisbury (2nd time) 2 Apr 1878 - 28 Apr 1880 Gathorne Hardy, Viscount Cranbrook (b. 1814 28 Apr 1880 - 16 Dec 1882 Spencer Compton Cavendish, (b. 1833 Marquess of Hartington 16 Dec 1882 - 24 Jun 1885 John Woodhouse, Earl of Kimberley (b. 1826 (1st time) 24 Jun 1885 - 6 Feb 1886 Randolph Henry Spencher Churchill (b. 1849 6 Feb 1886 - 3 Aug 1886 John Woodhouse, Earl of Kimberley (s.a.) (2nd time) 3 Aug 1886 - 18 Aug 1892 Sir Richard Assheton, Viscount (b. 1823 Cross (from 18 Aug 1886, Richard Assheton Cross, Viscount Cross) 18 Aug 1892 - 10 Mar 1894 John Woodhouse, Earl of Kimberley (s.a.) (3rd time) 10 Mar 1894 - 4 Jul 1895 Henry Hartley Fowler (b. 1830
- d. 1893) - d. 1885)
- d. 1903)
- d. 1887) - d. 1900)
- d. 1906) - d. 1908) - d. 1902) - d. 1895)
- d. 1914)
- d. 1911)
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4 Jul 1895 - 9 Oct 1903 9 Oct 1903 - 11 Dec 1905 11 Dec 1905 - 3 Nov 1910 7 Nov 1910 - 27 May 1915
7 Mar 1911 - 25 May 1911 25 May 1915 - 17 Jul 1917 17 Jul 1917 - 10 Mar 1922 21 Mar 1922 - 23 Jan 1924 23 Jan 1924 7 Nov 1924
7 Nov 1924 - 22 Oct 1928 1 Nov 1928 7 Jun 1929
8 Jun 1929 - 26 Aug 1931 26 Aug 1931 - 7 Jun 1935 7 Jun 1935 - 15 May 1940 15 May 1940 3 Aug 1945
3 Aug 1945 - 23 Apr 1947 23 Apr 1947 - 15 Aug 1947 Prime ministers 25 Aug 1946 - 27 27 May 1964 - 9 9 Jun 1964 - 11 11 Jan 1966 - 19 19 Jan 1966 - 24
Lord George Francis Hamilton (b. 1845 William St.John Fremantle Brodrick (b. 1856 John Morley, (from 5 May 1908) (b. 1838 Viscount Morley of Blackburn Robert Crewe-Milnes, Earl of Crewe (b. 1858 (from 20 Jun 1911, Robert Crewe-Milnes, Marquess of Crewe) John Morley, Viscount Morley of Blackburn (acting for Crewe) (s.a.) Joseph Austen Chamberlain (b. 1863 Edwin Samuel Montagu (b. 1879 William Robert Wellesley Peel, (b. 1867 Viscount Peel (1st time) Sir Sydney Haldane Olivier, (b. 1859 (from 12 Feb 1924, Sydney Haldane Olivier, Baron Olivier) Frederick Edwin Smith, (b. 1872 Earl of Birkenhead William Robert Wellesley Peel, (s.a.) Viscount Peel (2nd time) William Wedgwood Benn (b. 1877 Sir Samuel John Gurney Hoare (b. 1880 Lawrence John Lumbey Dundas, (b. 1876 Marquess of Zetland Leopold Charles Maurice Stennett (b. 1873 Amery Frederick William Pethick-Lawrence,(b. 1871 Baron Pentick-Lawrence of Peaslake William Francis Hare, (b. 1906 Earl of Listowel (to 4 Jan 1948 for Burma) Jawaharlal Nehru Gulzarilal Nanda (1st time) Lal Bahadur Shastri Gulzarilal Nanda (2nd time) Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (f) (1st time) Morarji Ranchhodji Desai Choudhary Charan Singh Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (f) (2nd time) Rajiv Gandhi Vishwanath Pratap Singh Chandra Shekhar Pamulaparthi Venkata Narasimha Rao Atal Bihari Vajpayee (1st time) Haradanahalli Dodde Gowda Deve Gowda Inder Kumar Gujral Atal Bihari Vajpayee (2nd time) Manmohan Singh (b. 1889 (b. 1898 (b. 1904 (s.a.) (b. 1917
d. 1927) d. 1942) d. 1923) d. 1945)
d. 1937) d. 1924) d. 1937) d. 1943)
d. 1930)
d. 1966) d. 1958) d. 1961) d. 1955) d. 1961) d. 1967)
May Jun Jan Jan Mar
1964 1964 1966 1966 1977
- d. 1964) - d. 1998) - d. 1966) - d. 1984)
INC INC INC INC INC JP JP/BLD INC-I INC-I JD JD-S INC-I BJP JD-NF JD-NF BJP INC
24 Mar 1977 - 28 Jul 1979 28 Jul 1979 - 14 Jan 1980 14 Jan 1980 - 31 Oct 1984 31 2 10 21 16 1 Oct Dec Nov Jun May Jun 1984 1989 1990 1991 1996 1996 2 10 21 16 1 21 Dec Nov Jun May Jun Apr 1989 1990 1991 1996 1996 1997
(b. 1896 - d. 1995) (b. 1902 - d. 1987) (s.a.) (b. (b. (b. (b. (b. (b. 1944 1931 1927 1921 1924) 1933) d. d. d. d. 1991) 2008) 2007) 2004)
21 Apr 1997 - 19 Mar 1998 19 Mar 1998 - 22 May 2004 22 May 2004 -
(b. 1919) (s.a.) (b. 1932)
British Residents to the Mughal Empire (in Delhi) 1803 - 25 Jun 1806 David Ochterlony (1st time)
(b. 1758 - d. 1825)
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25 Jun 1806 - 1811 25 Feb 1811 - 1818 1818 1820 1823 1823 26 Aug 1820 1823 Oct 1825 1825 - 31 Jul 1827 1828 Nov 1830 1832 1835 May 1857
31 Jul 1827 1828 - 1829 18 Sep 1829 25 Nov 1830 1832 - 22 Mar 1835 - 1853 Nov 1853 - 11
Archibald Seton Charles Theophilus Metcalfe (1st time) Sir David Ochterlony (2nd time) Alexander Ross William Fraser (1st time)(acting) C. Elliott Sir Charles Theophilus Metcalfe (2nd time) Edward Colebrooke William Fraser (2nd time)(acting) Francis James Hawkins W.B. Martin William Fraser (3rd time) Sir Thomas Theophilus Metcalfe Simon Fraser
(b. 1758 - d. 1818) (s.a.) (s.a.) (b. 1777 - d. 18..) (b. 1784 - d. 1835) (s.a.)
(s.a.) (b. 1806 - d. 1860) (s.a.) (b. 1795 - d. 1853) (d. 1857)
Provisional Government of Free India
21 Oct 1943 - 18 Aug 1945
Hear National Anthem "Jana-Gana-Mana" (Thou Art the Ruler of the Minds of All People)
Provisional Capital: Port Blair (Nicobar Islands)
Indian National Army (1945) : 40,000 est.
Head of State and Prime minister of Provisional Government of Free India 21 Oct 1943 - 18 Aug 1945 Subhas Chandra Bose (b. 1897 - d. 1945) AIFB (styled Netaji [the leader], recognized by Axis powers; in exile 21 Oct 1943 - 18 Aug 1945 [in Singapore to Nov 1943, Nov 1944 - 10 Jan 1945; Nov 1943 Nov 1944, Jan 1945 - 24 Apr 1945 in Rangoon, Burma; Apr - May 1945 in Bangkok, Thailand; Kuala Lumpur, Malaya May - 12 Aug 1945; then in Singapore])
Full style of the ruler: (a) 28 Apr 1876 - 22 Jan 1901: "By the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Queen, Defender of the Faith, Empress of India"; (b) 4 Nov 1901 - 13 May 1927: "By the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India"; (c) 13 May 1927 - 22 Jun 1948: "By the Grace of God of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India"; (d) 22 Jun 1948 - 26 Jan 1950: "By the Grace of God of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender of the Faith." the Provisional Government of Free India was eventually recognized by nine Axis powers: Germany, Japan, Italy (Mussolini), Croatia, China (Wang Jing Wei), Thailand, Burma (Ba Maw), Manchukuo, and The Philippines (Jos Laurel).
Territorial Disputes: since China and India launched a security and foreign policy dialogue in 2005, consolidated discussions related to the dispute over most of their rugged, militarized boundary, regional nuclear proliferation, Indian claims that China transferred missiles to Pakistan, and other matters continue; various talks and confidence-building measures have
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cautiously begun to defuse tensions over Kashmir, particularly since the Oct 2005 earthquake in the region; Kashmir nevertheless remains the site of the world's largest and most militarized territorial dispute with portions under the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas); India and Pakistan have maintained the 2004 cease fire in Kashmir and initiated discussions on defusing the armed stand-off in the Siachen glacier region; Pakistan protests India's fencing the highly militarized Line of Control and construction of the Baglihar Dam on the Chenab River in Jammu and Kashmir, which is part of the larger dispute on water sharing of the Indus River and its tributaries; UN Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) has maintained a small group of peacekeepers since 1949; India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964; to defuse tensions and prepare for discussions on a maritime boundary, India and Pakistan seek technical resolution of the disputed boundary in Sir Creek estuary at the mouth of the Rann of Kutch in the Arabian Sea; Pakistani maps continue to show its Junagadh claim in Indian Gujarat State; discussions with Bangladesh remain stalled to delimit a small section of river boundary, to exchange territory for 51 Bangladeshi exclaves in India and 111 Indian exclaves in Bangladesh, to allocate divided villages, and to stop illegal cross-border trade, migration, violence, and transit of terrorists through the porous border; Bangladesh protests India's attempts to fence off high-traffic sections of the border; dispute with Bangladesh over New Moore/South Talpatty/Purbasha Island in the Bay of Bengal deters maritime boundary delimitation; India seeks cooperation from Bhutan and Burma to keep Indian Nagaland and Assam separatists from hiding in remote areas along the borders; Joint Border Committee with Nepal continues to examine contested boundary sections, including the 400 square kilometer dispute over the source of the Kalapani River; India maintains a strict border regime to keep out Maoist insurgents and control illegal cross-border activities from Nepal.
Party abbreviations: BJP = Bharatiya Janata Party (Indian People's Party, extreme Hinduist); INC = Indian National Congress ("Congress Party", populist, socialist, est.1885); JD = Janata Dal (People's Party, social-democratic); JD-S = Janata Dal-Shekhar (People's Party-Chandra Shekhar faction, social-democratic, split from JD); NF = National Front (formerly National Front-Left Front, leftist coalition inludes CPI, CPI-M, DMK, JD, JKNC, Socialist Party, Telugu Desam, DMK, et.al.); - Former parties: AIFB = All India Forward Bloc (left-wing Indian nationalist, est.1939, bySubhas Chandra Bose [formerly of INC], pro-independence, pro-Japan); BLD = Bharatiya Lok Dal (Indian People's Party); INC-I = Congress Party-Indira (INC Indira Ghandi faction, personalist, populist, socialist, 1980s-1990s)
British East India Company
1707 - 1 Jan 1801 British East India Company flag
1 Jan 1801 - 2 Aug 1858 British East India Company flag
Chairmen Apr 1783 Nov 1783 Apr 1785 Apr 1786 Apr 1787 Apr 1788 Dec 1788 Apr 1790 Apr 1791 Apr 1792 Apr 1793 Apr 1795 Apr 1796 Apr 1797 Apr 1798 Apr 1799 Apr 1800
of the British East India Company (in London) - Nov 1783 Sir Henry Fletcher (1st time) - Apr 1785 Nathaniel Smith (1st time) - Apr 1786 William Devaynes (1st time) - Apr 1787 John Michie - Apr 1788 John Motteux - Dec 1788 Nathaniel Smith (2nd time) - Apr 1790 William Devaynes (2nd time) - Apr 1791 Stephen Lushington (1st time) - Apr 1792 John Smith Burgess - Apr 1793 Francis Baring - Apr 1795 William Devaynes (3rd time) - Apr 1796 Stephen Lushington (2nd time) - Apr 1797 David Scott (1st time) - Apr 1798 Hugh Inglis (1st time) - Apr 1799 Jacob Bosanquet (1st time) - Apr 1800 Stephen Lushington (3rd time) - Apr 1801 Hugh Inglis (2nd time)
(b. (b. (b. (d.
1727 - d. 1807) 1730 - d. 1794) 1730 - d. 1809) 1788)
(s.a.) (s.a.) (b. 1744 - d. 1804) (b. 1740 (s.a.) (s.a.) (b. 1746 (b. 1744 (b. 1758 (s.a.) (s.a.) - d. 1810)
- d. 1805) - d. 1822) - d. 1828)
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Apr Sep Apr Apr
1801 1801 1802 1803
Sep Apr Apr Apr
1801 1802 1803 1804
Apr 1804 - Apr 1805 Apr 1805 - Apr 1806 Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr 1806 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831
Apr 1827 - Apr Apr 1828 - Apr Apr 1829 - Apr Apr 1830 - Apr 1831 1832 1833 1833 1834 1835 1836 - 1838 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 - 1852 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858
David Scott (2nd time) Charles Mills John Roberts William Fullerton Elphinstone (1st time) Charles Grant (1st time) William Fullerton Elphinstone (2nd time) Edward Parry Charles Grant (2nd time) William Astell (1st time) Jacob Bosanquet (2nd time) Jacob Inglis (3rd time) Robert Thornton William Fullerton Elphinstone (3rd time) Charles Grant (3rd time) Thomas Reid (1st time) John Bebb James Pattison (1st time) Campbell Majoribanks (1st time) George Abercrombie Robinson (1st time) Thomas Reid (2nd time) James Pattison (2nd time) William Wigram William Astell (2nd time) Campbell Majoribanks (2nd time) George Abercrombie Robinson (2nd time) Hugh Lindsay William Astell (3rd time) John Loch William Astell (4th time) Robert Campbell John Goldsborough Ravenshaw Campbell Marjoribanks John Loch Henry St.George Tucker (1st time) William Stanley Clarke James Rivett Carnac James Law Lushington (1st time) Richard Jenkins William Butterworth Bayley George Lyall James Law Lushington John Cotton John Shepherd (1st time) Henry Willock James Weir Hogg (1st time) Henry St. George Tucker (2nd time) John Law Lushington (2nd time) Archibald Galloway John Shepherd (2nd time) James Weir Hogg (2nd time) Russell Ellice James Oliphant Elliot Macnaghten William Henry Sykes Ross Donnelly Mangles Sir Frederick Currie
(s.a.)
(b. 1740 - d. 1834) (b. 1778 - d. 1866) (s.a.)
(s.a.) (b. 1774 - d. 1847) (s.a.) (s.a.) (s.a.) (s.a.)
(b. 1769 - d. 1840) (b. 1758 - d. 1832)
(s.a.) (s.a.) (s.a.) (b. 1765 - d. 1844) (s.a.) (b. 1781 - d. 1868) (s.a.) (d. 1858) (d. 1840) (d. 1840) (d. 1851) (d. 1844) (b. 1784 - d. 1846) (d. 1853) (d. 1860)
(d. 1860) (d. 1859) (d. 1876) (s.a.) (d. 1850) (s.a.) (s.a.)
(d. 1872) (d. 1877) (d. 1875)
Presidents of the Board of Control of the East India Company (in London) 3 Sep 1784 - 12 Mar 1790 Thomas Townshend, Baron Sydney (b. 1733 12 Mar 1790 - 28 Jun 1793 William Wyndham Grenville, (b. 1759 Baron Grenville of Wotton-under-Bernewood 28 Jun 1793 - 19 May 1801 Henry Dundas (b. 1742 19 May 1801 - 12 Jul 1802 George Legge, Earl of Dartmouth (b. 1755 12 Jul 1802 - 12 Feb 1806 Robert Stewart, Viscount (b. 1769 -
d. 1800) d. 1834)
d. 1811) d. 1810) d. 1822)
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12 16 1 6 17 13
Feb Jul Oct Apr Jul Nov
1806 1806 1806 1807 1809 1809
- 16 Jul 1806 - 1 Oct 1806 - 6 Apr 1807 - 17 Jul 1809 - 13 Nov 1809 - 7 Apr 1812
7 Apr 1812 - 20 Jun 1816 20 16 8 31 Jun Jan Feb Jul 1816 1821 1822 1828 - 16 Jan 1821 - 8 Feb 1822 - 31 Jul 1828 - 24 Sep 1828 1 Dec 1830
24 Sep 1828 -
1 Dec 1830 - 18 Dec 1834 18 Dec 1834 - 23 Apr 1835 23 Apr 1835 - 4 Sep 1841 4 Sep 1841 - 23 Oct 1841 23 Oct 1841 - 17 May 1843 17 May 1843 8 5 28 30 3 6 Jul Feb Feb Dec Mar Mar 1846 1852 1852 1852 1855 1858 8 Jul 1846
- 5 Feb 1852 - 28 Feb 1852 - 30 Dec 1852 - 3 Mar 1855 - 6 Mar 1858 - 5 Jun 1858 2 Sep 1858
5 Jun 1858 -
Castlereagh Gilbert Elliot Thomas Grenville George Tierney Robert Saunders-Dundas (1st time) Dudley Ryder, Earl of Harrowby Robert Saunders-Dundas, Viscount Melville (2nd time) Robert Hobart, Earl of Buckinghamshire George Canning Charles Bragge Bathurst Charles Watkin Williams Wynn Robert Saunders-Dundas, Viscount Melville (3rd time) Edward Law, Lord Ellenborough (1st time) Charles Grant Edward Law, Lord Ellenborough (2nd time) Sir John Cam Hobhouse (1st time) Edward Law, Lord Ellenborough (3rd time) William Vesey-FitzGerald, Lord Fitzgerald Frederick John Robinson, Earl of Ripon Sir John Cam Hobhouse (2nd time) Fox Maule-Ramsey, Baron Panmure John Charles Herries Sir Charles Wood Robert Vernon Smith Edward Law, Earl of Ellenborough (4th time) Edward Henry Stanley, Earl of Derby
(b. 1755 (b. 1761 (b. 1771 (b. 1762 (s.a.)
d. d. d. d.
1846) 1830) 1851) 1847)
(b. 1760 - d. 1816) (b. 1770 - d. 1827) (b. 1751 - d. 1831) (b. 1775 - d. 1850) (s.a.) (b. 1790 - d. 1871) (b. 1778 - d. 1866)
(b. 1786 - d. 1869) (s.a.) (b. 1783 - d. 1857) (b. 1782 - d. 1859) (s.a.) (b. 1801 - d. 1874) (b. 1778 - d. 1855) (b. 1800 - d. 1885) (s.a.) (b. 1826 - d. 1893)
Jammu and Kashmir
1846 - 1936
1846 - 1936 Maharaja's Flag
1936 - 1953
Adopted 1953
Map of Jammu and Kashmir
Capital: Srinagar (summer), Jammu (winter)
Currency: Indian Rupee (INR)
Population: 11,442,151 (2007) 4,021,600 (1941)
.... Early Middle Ages
Kingdom of Kashmir established in remote (legendary) antiquity. State of Jammu established.
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28 Jul 1589 May 1752 1816 5 Jul 1819 17 Jun 1822 15 Mar 1846 16 Mar 1846 - 15 Aug 1947 27 Oct 1947
26 Jan 1957 21 Nov 1962
Kashmir incorporated into (Mughal) Empire of Hind. Kashmir conquered by the newly founded Afghan kingdom. Jammu annexed to the Punjab. Kashmir annexed to the Punjab. Independence of Jammu restored. U.K. government cedes Kashmir to the ruler of Jammu, thus creating the state of Jammu and Kashmir. Jammu and Kashmir a British protectorate. The ruler of Jammu and Kashmir declares the accession of the state to India in the face of tribal invasion from Pakistan (Azad Kashmir annexed to Pakistan). The incorporation of Jammu and Kashmir into India is declared to be complete. China occupies Aksai Chin region of Ladakh.
Jammu
Rajas 1675 - 1703 1703 - 1725 1725 - 4 Apr 1782 4 Apr 1782 - 1787 1787 - Jun 1797 1787 - Jun 1797 Jun 1797 - 1816 1816 - 1820 1820 - 4 May 1822 4 May 1822 - 15 Mar 1846 Gujai Dev Dhruv Dev Ranjit Dev Brij Raj Dev Sampuran Singh Mian Mota -Regent Jit Singh Interregnum Kishore Singh Gulab Singh (d. (d. (d. (d. (b. 1703) 1725) 1782) 1787) 1786 - d. 1797)
(d. 1816) (d. 1822) (b. 1792 - d. 1857)
Kashmir
Afghan Governors 1753 (5 months) 1753 1753 - 1762 1762 (3 months) 1762 - 1764 1764 - 1765 1765 - 1766 1766 1766 - 1767 1767 1767 - 1770 1770 - 1771 1771 (6 months) 1771 - 1776 1778 - 1783 1783 - 1785 1785 - 1786 1786 - 1788 1788 1788 - 1792 1792 - 1793 1793 - 1794 1794 1794 - 1795 1795 29 Sep 1795 - Dec 1795 1795 - 1801 1801 1801 - 1812 1812 (5 months) 1813 - 1819 Ishak Aqasi Abdullah Khan Kabuli Raja Sukh Jiwan Mal Nur-ud-din Khan Bamzai (1st time) Buland Khan Bamzai Nur-ud-din Khan Bamzai (2nd time) Jan Muhammad Khan Lal Khan Khatak (1st time) Khurram Khan Faqir Ullah Kanth Nur-ud-din Khan Bamzai (3rd time) Lal Khan Khatak (2nd time) Khurram Khan Amir Khan Jawansher Haji Karimdad Khan Azad Khan Madad Khan Mirdad Khan Mulla Ghafar Khan Juma Khan Alokzai Mirza Khan Mir Hazar Khan Rahmatullah Khan Kifayat Khan Muhammad Khan Jawansher Sher Muhammad Khan Abdullah Khan Alokzai (1st time) Vakil Khan Abdullah Khan Alokzai (2nd time) Sher Muhammad Khan Atta Muhammad Khan
(d. 1785)
Jammu and Kashmir
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Raja 15 Mar 1846 Maharajas 9 Nov 1846 20 Feb 1856 12 Sep 1885 17 Apr 1889
9 Nov 1846 20 Feb 1856 12 Sep 1885 17 Apr 1889 1898
Gulab Singh
(s.a.) (s.a.) (b. 1830 - d. 1885) (b. 1848 - d. 1925) (b. 1864 - d. 1909) (s.a.) 1905) (b. 1895 - d. 1961) (b. 1931) (s.a.) (s.a.) (b. 1905) (b. 1913 - d. 1988) (b. 1909 - d. 2001) (b. 1927) (b. 1923) (s.a.) (b. 1928) (s.a.) (s.a.) (b. 1926) (b. 1936)
Gulab Singh Ranbir Singh Pratap Singh (1st time) Amar Singh (chairman regency council) 1898 - 7 Sep 1925 Pratap Singh (2nd time) (chairman regency council to Oct 7 Sep 1925 - 17 Nov 1952 Hari Singh 20 Jun 1949 - 17 Nov 1952 Karan Singh -Regent Sadr-e Riyasat (roughly, "head of state") 17 Nov 1952 - 30 Mar 1965 Karan Singh Governors 30 Mar 1965 - 15 May 1967 Karan Singh 15 May 1967 - 3 Jul 1973 Bhagwan Sahay 3 Jul 1973 - 22 Feb 1981 Lakshmi Kant Jha 22 Feb 1981 - 26 Apr 1984 Braj Kumar Nehru 26 Apr 1984 - Jul 1989 Jagmohan (1st time) Jul 1989 - 19 Jan 1990 K.V. Krishna Rao (1st time) 19 Jan 1990 - 26 May 1990 Jagmohan (2nd time) 26 May 1990 - 12 Mar 1993 Girish Chandra Saxena (1st time) 12 Mar 1993 - 2 May 1998 K.V. Krishna Rao (2nd time) 2 May 1998 - 4 Jun 2003 Girish Chandra Saxena (2nd time) 4 Jun 2003 - 25 Jun 2008 S.K. Sinha 25 Jun 2008 Narinder Nath Vohra Chief ministers (Dewan) 1823 - 1836 1836 - 1865 1865 - 1875/76 1875/76 - c.1879 18.. - 1885 1885 - 1886 1886 - 1889 1889 - 1909 1909 - 1917 1917 - 1921 Mar 1921 - Apr 1922 1922 - 1926 1926 - 1927 1927 1927 - Mar 1929 1929 - 25 Jul 1931 1931 - 1933 Prime ministers 1933 - 1936 1936 1936 - Jul 1943 Jul 1943 - Feb 1944 Feb 1944 - 28 Jun 1945 28 Jun 1945 - 11 Aug 1947 11 Aug 1947 - 15 Oct 1947 15 Oct 1947 - 5 Mar 1948 30 Oct 1947 - 9 Aug 1953
Amir Chand (in Jammu) Jawala (Jwala) Sahai Kirpa Ram Wazir Punnu Anant Ram Gobind Sahai Lachman Das Raja Amar Singh Amar Nath Raja Daljit Singh Bishandas Raja Hari Singh Jagat Dev Singh Padam Deo Singh Sir Albion Banerjee G.E.C. Wakefield Sir Hari Kishan Kaul
(s.a.)
(s.a.) (b. 1903 - d. 1940) (b. 1871 - d. 1950) (b. 1883 - d. 1950) (b. 1881 - d. 1949) 1885 - d. 1871 - d. 1882 - d. Ayyangar) 1878 - d. 1887 - d. 1893 - d. 1950) 19..) 1953) 1953) 1953) 1983)
9 Aug 1953 - 12 12 Oct 1963 - 29 29 Feb 1964 - 30 Chief ministers 30 Mar 1965 - 12 12 Dec 1971 - 25 25 Feb 1975 - 26 26 Mar 1977 -
Oct 1963 Feb 1964 Mar 1965 Dec 1971 Feb 1975 Mar 1977
Elliot James Dowell Colvin (b. Sir Barjor J. Dalal (acting) (b. N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar (b. (from 1 Jan 1941, Sir N. Gopalaswami Kailas Narain Haksar (b. Sir Benegal Narsing Rau (b. Ram Chandra Kak (b. Janak Singh (acting) Mehr Chand Mahajan (b. Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah (b. "the Lion of Kashmir" (to 5 Mar 1948, head of the emergency Bakshi Ghulam Muhammad (b. Khwaja Shams-ud-Din (b. Ghulam Muhammad Sadiq (b. Ghulam Muhammad Sadiq Seyd Mir Qasim Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah (1st time) President's Rule
1889 - d. 1967) 1905 - d. 1982) administration) 1907 - d. 1972) 1922 - d. 1999) 1912 - d. 1971)
JKNC
JKNC INC INC INC INC JKNC
(s.a.) (b. 1921 - d. 2004) (s.a.)
9 Jul 1977
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9 Jul 1977 8 2 6 7 19 9 18 2 2 10 5 Sep Jul Mar Nov Jan Oct Oct Nov Nov Jul Jan 1982 1984 1986 1986 1990 1996 2002 2002 2005 2008 2009
8 Sep 1982
- 2 Jul 1984 - 6 Mar 1986 - 7 Nov 1986 - 19 Jan 1990 - 9 Oct 1996 - 18 Oct 2002 - 2 Nov 2002 - 2 Nov 2005 - 10 Jul 2008 - 5 Jan 2009 -
Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah (2nd time) Farooq Abdullah (1st time) Ghulam Mohammad Shah President's Rule Farooq Abdullah (2nd time) President's Rule Farooq Abdullah (3rd time) President's Rule Mufti Mohammad Sayeed Ghulam Nabi Azad President's Rule Omar Abdullah
(s.a.) (b. 1936) (b. 1920 - d. 2009) (s.a.) (s.a.) (b. 1936) (b. 1949) (b. 1970)
JKNC JKNC ANC JKNC JKNC PDP CLP JKNC
British Residents (to 1885 in Hunza, then in Srinagar) 15 Mar 1846 - 1877 None 1877 - 1880 John Biddulph 1880 - 1883 Vacant 1883 - 1886 Sir Oliver Beauchamp Coventry St. John 1886 - Jan 1889 Trevor John Chichele Chichele-Plowden 1889 - 1892 Robert Parry Nisbet 1892 - 1894 David William Keith Barr 1894 - 1896 Hugh Shakespear Barnes 1896 - 1900 Sir Adelbert Cecil Talbot 1900 - 1901 Harold Arthur Deane 1901 - 1903 Louis William Dane 1903 - 1905 Elliot Graham Colvin 1906 - 1909 Sir Francis Edward Younghusband 1910 - 1911 John Ramsay 1911 - 1914 Stuart Mitford Fraser 1914 - 1915 Henry Venn Cobb 1916 - 1917 John Manners Smith 1917 - 1921 Arthur D'Arcy Gordon Bannerman 1921 - 1923 Charles Joseph Windham 1923 - 1927 Sir John Barry Wood 1927 - 1929 Evelyn Berkeley Howell 1929 - 1931 George Drummond Ogilvie 1931 - 1932 Courtenay Latimer Jul 1932 - 1935 Frederick Marshman Bailey 1925 - 1938 Lionel Edward Lang 1938 - 1941 Denholm Fraser 1941 - 1943 Leslie Eric Barton 1943 - 1945 James Glasgow Acheson 1945 - 1947 Wilfred Francis Webb
(b. 1840 - d. 1922) (b. 1837 - d. 1891) (b. 1846 - d. 1905) (b. (b. (b. (b. (b. (b. (b. (b. (b. (b. (b. (b. (b. (b. (b. (b. (b. (b. (b. (b. (b. (b. (b. (b. 1839 1846 1853 1845 1854 1856 1861 1863 1862 1864 1864 1864 1866 1867 1870 1877 1882 1880 1882 1885 1889 1889 1889 1897 d. d. d. d. d. d. d. d. d. d. d. d. d. d. d. d. d. d. d. d. d. d. d. d. 1916) 1916) 1940) 1920) 1908) 1946) 1940) 1942) 1942) 1963) 1949) 1920) 1955) 1941) 1933) 1971) 1966) 1944) 1967) 1956) 1956) 1952) 1973) 1973)
Party abbreviations: ANC = Jammu and Kashmir Awami National Conference; CLP = Congress Legislature Party; INC = Indian National Congress Party; JKNC = All Jammu and Kashmir National Conference (Kasmir unity, pro-autonomy, est.1939, formerly All All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference 1932-39); PDP = People's Democratic Party
Ladakh
Adopted 1995
Capital: Leh c.900
Population: 270,126 (2001) Mnga'-ris-skor-gsum (Ladakh) established by a
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1200's 1644 1690's 1783 17 Sep
- 1300's 1685 - 1700's 17 Sep 1842 1842
21 Nov 1962 28 Aug 1995
West-Tibetan branch of the Yar-lung dynasty. Under Mongol suzerainty. Tributary of the (Mughal) Empire of Hind. Vassal state of Kashmir. Tributary of Tibet (which itself is under suzerainty of China). Ladakh incorporated into the Jammu state, succeeded by Jammu and Kashmir (with some nominal autonomy). China occupies Aksai Chin region. Ladakh Hill Area Development Council established.
Kings (title Chos-rgyal-chen-po) 1694 - 1729 Nyi-ma rNam-rgyal 1729 - 20 Mar 1739 bDe-skyong rNam-rgyal 1739 - 1753 Phun-tshogs rNam-rgyal 1753 - 1782 Tshe-dbang rNam-rgyal II 1782 - 1802 Mi-jigs-tshe-brtan rNam-rgyal 1802 - 1837 Tshe-dpal-mi-'gyur-don-grub (d. 1840) rNam-rgyal (1st time) 1837 - 1839 dNgos-grub-bstan-'dzin -Regent (styled rGyal-tsab or sRid-skyong) 1839 - 1840 Tshe-dpal-mi-'gyur-don-grub (s.a.) rNam-rgyal (2nd time) Jun 1840 - Jul 1840 'Jigs-med rNam-rgyal (1st time) (b. 1833 - d. c.1873) 1840 - 1842 Kun-dga' rNam-rgyal II (b. c.1832 - d. ....) 1842 - 17 Sep 1842 'Jigs-med rNam-rgyal (2nd time) (s.a.) Chairmen and Chief Executive Councillors of the Ladakh Hill Area Development Council 3 Sep 1995 - 2003 Thupstan Chhewang (b. 1947) Non-party 2003 - 2005 Tsering Dorjay (1st time) LUTF (Chering Dorjey) 2005 - 2007 Rigzin Spalbar (1st time) INC 2007 - 2008 Tsering Dorjay (2nd time) LUTF Sep 2008 - 2010 Kacho Ahmad Ali Khan (b. 1947) Non-party 2010 Rigzin Spalbar (2nd time) INC
From 1683 every ruler also used the name Aqibat Mahmud Khan.
Party abbreviations: INC = Indian National Congress ("Congress Party", populist, socialist); LUTF = Ladakh Union Territory Front (pro-Ladakh as separate Union Territory, est.2002)
Danish India
19 Nov 1620 - 7 Nov 1845
Map of Danish India
Capital: Tranquebar
19 Nov 1636 1696 1698 -
1620 1643 1722 1714
1752 - 1791 1755 - 1824 1 Jan 1846 8 Oct 1755 1763 1779 1784 - 1807/09 12 May 1801 - 17 Aug 1802
Tranquebar (Dansborg) a Danish possession. Balasore a Danish possession. Oddeway Torre (on Malabar coast) a Danish possession. Gondalpara (Dannemarksnagore) southeast of Chandernagore a Danish possession. Calicut a Danish possession. Colachel (on Malabar coast) a Danish possession. Frederik Islands (Nicobar Islands) a Danish colony. (subordinated to Tranquebar). Serampore (Frederiksnagore) a Danish possession. Balasore a Danish possession. Danish crown colony. Nicobar islands abandoned. British occupy Danish India.
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1807 13 Feb 20 Sep 11 Oct 7 Nov
1814 1808 - 20 Sep 1815 1815 1845 1845
16 Oct 1868
British occupy Nicobar Islands. British occupy Danish India. Restored to Denmark. Frederiksnagore sold to Britain. Tranquebar and remaining Danish India settlements sold to Britain, part of British India. Danish rights to the Nicobar Islands sold to Britain, which become part of British India.
Governors (of the Danish East India Company to 1779) 11 Oct 1620 - 13 Feb 1621 Ove Gedde 14 Feb 1621 - 9 Nov 1636 Roland Crapp 9 Nov 1636 - 5 Sep 1643 Bernt Pessart 5 Sep 1643 - 1648 Willem Leyel 1648 - 7 Sep 1655 Poul Hansen Korsr 7 Sep 1655 - 1669 Eskild Andersen Kongsbakke 1669 - 1673 Henrik Eggers 1673 - Oct 1682 Sivart Adeler Oct 1682 - 9 Jul 1686 Axel Juel 9 Jul 1686 - Oct 1687 Wolf Henrik von Kalnein Oct 1687 - 1689 Christian Porck (1st time) 1689 - 1690 Moritz Hartmann 1690 - 1694 Christian Porck (2nd time) 1694 - 19 May 1701 Claus Vogdt 19 May 1701 - 1701 Andreas Andre 1701 - 1702 Mikkel Knudsen Crone Jul 1702 - 1704 Jrgen Hermansen Bjrn 1 Jul 1704 - 20 Oct 1716 Johan Sigismund Hassius 20 Oct 1716 - 21 Jan 1720 Christen Brun-Lundegaard 23 Jan 1720 - 12 Oct 1726 Christian Ulrich von Nissen 12 Oct 1726 - 8 Aug 1730 Rasmus Hansen Attrup 8 Aug 1730 - 1 Aug 1733 Diderich Mhlenport 1 Aug 1733 - 13 Jul 1741 Poul Krisk Panck 13 Jul 1741 - 17 Sep 1744 Ivar Bonsack 17 Sep 1744 - 5 Sep 1754 Hans Ernst Bonsack 5 Sep 1754 - 10 Aug 1759 Hans Georg Krog 9 May 1759 - 4 Jul 1760 Christian Frederik Hyer 4 Jul 1760 - 27 Apr 1761 Herman Jacob Forck 29 Apr 1761 - 14 Feb 1775 Peter Hermann Abbestee (1st time) 14 Feb 1775 - 17 Jan 1779 David Brown 17 Jan 1779 - 17 May 1788 Peter Hermann Abbestee (2nd time) 17 May 1788 - 7 Feb 1806 Peter Anker 7 Feb 1806 - 13 Feb 1808 Johan Peter Hermannson (1st time) 13 Feb 1808 - 20 Sep 1815 British occupation 20 Sep 1815 - 19 Nov 1816 Gerhard Sievers Bille 19 Nov 1816 - 15 Feb 1822 Johan Peter Hermannson (2nd time) 16 Feb 1822 - 7 May 1823 Jens Kofoed 7 May 1823 - 7 Mar 1825 Ulrich Anton Schnheyder 7 Mar 1825 - 26 Mar 1829 Hans Diderich Brinck-Seidelin 26 Mar 1829 - 14 May 1832 Lauritz Christensen 17 May 1832 - 1 May 1838 Conrad Emil Mourier 1 May 1838 - 18 Jun 1841 Johannes von Rehling 18 Jun 1841 - 15 Sep 1841 Christian Tiemroth 16 Oct 1841 - 7 Nov 1845 Peder Hansen
(b. 1594 - d. 1660) (d. 1645) (b c.1593 - d. 1654) (d. 1655) (b. 1615 - d. 1674) (b. 1647 - d. 1683) (b. 1655 - d. 1720) (d. 1690) (b. 1656 - d. 1695)
(d. (d. (b. (b. (d. (b. (d. (d. (b. (d.
1701) 1716) 1652 1664 1724) 1691 1745) 1746) 1690 1748)
d. 1704) d. 1729) d. 1756)
d. 1747)
(b. 1720 - d. 1796) (d. 1763) (d. 1761) (b. 1728 - d. 1794) (d. 1784) (s.a.) (b. 1744 - d. 1832) (d. 1822) (b. 1765 (s.a.) (b. 1775 (b. 1775 (b. 1779 (b. 1793 (b. 1795 (b. 1775 (b. 1799 (b. 1798 - d. 1816) d. d. d. d. d. d. d. d. 1833) 1858) 1859) 1832) 1865) 1841) 1888) 1880)
Dutch India
1608 - 1 Mar 1825
Map of Dutch India
Capital: Cochin
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1608 1610 1658 23 Jul 1780 20 Oct 20 Sep
20 May 20 Oct 1658 20 May 1795 1817
1784 1795 1781 1784 1818
1 Mar 1825
Dutch rule Pulicat a Dutch possession. Tuticorin a Dutch possession. Negapatnam a Dutch possession. Coromandel Coast occupied by Britain. British occupation of Dutch India settlements. Coromandel settlements restored to Netherlands, Malabar annexed to British India. Dutch Coromandel ceded to Britain, part of British India.
Coromandel Coast
Governors 1608 - 1610 1610 - 1612 1612 - 1615 1616 1616 - 1617 1617 - 1619 1619 - 1620 1620 - 1622 1622 - 1624 1624 - 1626 1626 - 1632 1632 1632 - 1633 1633 - 1636 1636 - 1638 1638 - 1643 1643 - 1650 1650 - 1651 1651 1652 - 1663 12 Jun 1663 - 1665 1665 - 1676 1676 - 1679 1679 - 1681 1681 - 1686 1686 - 1698 1698 - 1705 1705 - 1710 1710 - 1716 1716 - 1719 1719 - 1723 1723 - 1729 1729 - 1733 1733 - 1737 1738 - 1743 1743 - 1747 1747 - 1753 1753 - 1758 1758 - 1761 1761 - 1765 1765 - 1773 1773 - 1780 1780 - 1784 1784 - 1789 1790 - 20 Oct 1795 1795 - 1818 1818 - 1824 1824 - 1 Mar 1825 Pieter Issack Eyloff Johan van Wesicke Wemmer van Berchem Hans de Haze (1st time) Samuel Kint Adolf Thomassen Hans de Haze (2nd time) Andries Soury (1st time) Abraham van Uffelen Andries Soury (2nd time) Maerten Isbrantszoon (1st time) Arent Gardenijs (1st time) David Pieterszoon Maerten Isbrantszoon (2nd time) Carel Reyniersz Arent Gardenijs (2nd time) Arnold Heussen Laurens Pit (1st time) Jacob de With Laurens Pit (2nd time) Cornelis Speelman Anthonie Paviljoen Jacques Caulier Willem Carel Hartsinck Jacob Joriszoon Pits Laurens Pits de jonge Dirk Coomans Johannes van Steelandt Daniel Bernard Guilliams Adriaan de Visscher Gerard van Westrenen Dirck van Cloon Adriaan Pla Elias Guillot Jacob Mossel Galenus Mersen Librecht Hooreman Steven Vermont Lubbert Jan van Eck Christiaan van Teylingen Pieter Haksteen Reynier van Vlissingen British occupation Willem Blauwkamer Jacob Eilbracht British occupation F.C. Regel Henry Francis von Shsten
(d. 1653)
(b. 1604 - d. 1653) (b. c.1605 - d. 1660)
(b. 1628 - d. 1684)
(d. 1695)
(b. 1688 - d. 1735)
(b. 1704 - d. 1761) (b. 1708 - d. 1774) (b. 1719 - d. 1765)
(b. 1792 - d. 1866)
Malabar Coast
29 Dec 1658 - 14 Apr 1659 24 Dec 1661 Quilon occupied by Dutch. Quilon a Dutch possession.
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15 Jan 8 Jan 15 Feb 20 Oct 1818
1662 1663 1663 1795 - 1818
Cranganore a Dutch possession. Cochin a Dutch possession. Cannanore a Dutch possession. British occupation. Annexed to British India.
Commanders 1663 - 1665 1665 - 1667 1667 - 1669 1669 - 1676 1677 1678 1683 1688 1693 1694 1697 1701 1704 1708 1709 1716 1723 1731 1731 1734 1678 1683 1687 1693 1694 1697 1701 1704 1708 1709 1716 1723 1731
- 1734 - 1742 1747 1751 1756 1761 1765 1768 1770 1781 1793 20 Oct 1795 1795 - 1818
1742 1747 1751 1751 1756 1761 1765 1768 1770 1781 1793 20 Oct
Ludolph van Coulster Ijsbrand Goske Lucas van der Dussen Hendrik Adriaan van Reede tot Drakestein Jacob Lobs Marten Huysman Gelmer Vosburgh Issack van Dielen Alexander Wigman Adriaan van Ommen Magnus Wichelman Abraham Vink Willem Moerman Adam van der Duyn Barend Ketel Johannes Hertenberg Jacob de Jong Wouter Hendriks Adriaan Maten Julius Valentyn Stein van Gollonesse Reinierus Siersma Corijn Stevens Abraham Cornelis de la Haye Frederik Cunes Casparus de Jong Godefried Weyerman Cornelis Breekpot Christiaan Lodewijk Senff Adriaan Moens Johan Gerard van Angelbeek Jan Lambertus van Spall British occupation
(b. c.1626 - d. 1689) (b. 1636 - d. 1691)
(b. 16.. - d. 1717) (b. c.1670 - d. 1719)
(b. 1728 - d. 1792) (b. 1727 - d. 1799) (b. 1748 - d. 1816)
Dutch Bengal
1635 1635 - 1655 1676 1710 - 1759 1781 - 20 May 1784 1795 Directors 1635 - 1655 1655 - 1658 1658 - 1663 1663 - 1665 1665 - 1669 1669 - 1673 1673 - 1676 1677 - 1678 1678 - 1680 1681 - 1683 1683 - 1685 1685 - 1688 1688 1688 - 1696 1696 - 1701 1701 - 1705 Dutch factories at Pipley and Hougli (to 1676). Administered by Coromandel. Dutch factories at Patna and Baleshwar (Bellasoor). Dutch post at Murshidabad. British occupation. Annexed to British India.
the governors of Coromandel Pieter Sterthemius Mattheus van den Broucke Rogier van Heyningen Vacant Constantijn Ranst de jonge Franois de Haze Willem Volger Jacob Verburgh Nicolaas Baukes Marten Huysman Nicolaas Schaghen Pieter Willeboorts Arnoldus Muykens Pieter van Dishoeck Jacob Pelgrom
(b. 1620 - d. 1685)
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1705 1710 1717 1722 1724 1727 1731 1734 1744 1750 1755 1755 1760 1763 1769 1771 1776 1781 1784 1785 1792 1795
1710 1716 1722 1724 1727 1731 1733 1744 1750 1755 1760 1763 1769 6 May 1770 1776 1781 1784 1785 1792 1795
Willem de Roo Anthony Huysman Ewout van Dishoeck Pieter Vuyst Abraham Patras Jacob Sadelijn Rogier Beernards Jan Albert Sichterman Jan Huyghens Jan Kersseboom Louis Taillefert (1st time) Adriaan Bisdom Louis Taillefert (2d time) George Lodewijk Vernet Boudewijn Versewel Faure Johannes Bacheracht Johannes Mattheus Ross British occupation Gregorius Herklots (acting) Isaac Titsing Cornelis van Citters Aarnoutszoon Johan Willem Salomon von Haugwitz (acting)
(b. 1671 - d. 1737)
(b. 1734 - d. 1770)
French India
26 Sep 1816 - 1 Nov 1954
Map of French India GDP: $N/A
Capital: Pondichry (Pondicherry) Exports: $N/A Imports: $N/A
Currency: French India Roupiah (INFR)
Population: 332,045 (1948)
Ethnic groups: French, Indian Religions: Roman Catholic, Hindu, Muslim
Total Armed Forces: N/A 1688 - 1720 4 Feb 1673 1674 6 Sep 1693 2 Apr 1721 1731 Dec 1725 14 Feb 1739 10 Sep 1746 1750 - 22 Jan 16 Jan 1761 -
Sep 1699 Feb 1725
Aug 1749 1760 May 1765
18 Sep 1778 - 10 Mar 1783 23 Aug 1793 - 11 Jul 1803 25 Oct 1797 - 19 Apr 1801 11 Jul 1803 - 11 Sep 1803 1 Oct 1803 - 26 Sep 1816 26 Sep 1816 16 Jun 1940 2 May 1950 13 Jun 1954 9 Sep 1940
French factory at Surat. Chandernagor (Chandernagore) a French possession. Pondicherry (Pondichry) a French possession. Dutch occupation (see Dutch Coromandel). Mahe (Mah) a French possession. Yanam (Yanaon) a French possession (confirmed 1750). Mah a French possession. Karikal a French possession. French occupy Madras. Masulipatam a French possession. British occupation (Changernagor from 23 Mar 1757); French Pondichry is leveled, Mah is given to rueler of Cannanore. British occupation (Changernagor from 6 Jul 1778, Mahe from 19 Mar 1779). British occupation, administered as part of Madras. French India nominally organized as Indes-Orientales dpartement of France (not effected because of British occupation). Brief restoration of French rule according to Treaty of Amiens. British occupation (s.a.). Chandernagore, Pondicherry, Karikal, Yanaon, and Mah restored to France (tablissements Franais dans l'Inde). Administration loyal to Vichy France (from 9 Sep 1940, under Free French; Chandernagore separately from 20 Jun 1940). Chandernagor transferred to India (formally on 11 Apr 1952) (see under Indian states). Yanaon taken by Indian military police.
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15 Jul 1954 1 Nov 1954 16 Aug 1962 Commissioners 1668 - 1672 1672 - 1681 1681 - 6 Sep 6 Sep 1693 Governors Sep 1699 - 30 1 Jan 1707 -
Mah taken by pro-Indian groups. Remaining territories (Pondichry and Karikal) transferred to India de facto (see under Indian states). De jure transfer of French India to India.
1693 Sep 1699 Dec 1706 Jul 1708
Franois Caron Franois Baron Franois Martin Dutch occupation
(b. 1600 - d. 1673) (b. 1634 - d. 1706)
Jul 1708 - 1712 7 Oct 1713 - 1715 Aug 1715 - 1718 19 Aug 1718 - 11 Oct 1721 11 Oct 1721 - 1723 6 Oct 1723 - 1726 4 Sep 1726 - 1735 19 Sep 1735 - 1741 14 Jan 1742 - 1754 2 Aug 1754 - 1755 10 Feb 1755 - 1758 28 Apr 1758 - 16 Jan 1761 16 Jan 1761 - May 1765 May 1765 - 1766 May 1766 - 1767 Mar 1767 - 1778 Jan 1777 - 1778 28 Jan 1778 - 1778 Jul 1778 - 18 Sep 1778 18 Sep 1778 - 10 Mar 1783 10 Mar 1783 - 7 Jan 1785 8 Jan 1775 - May 1785 21 May 1785 - 1785 24 Sep 1785 - 1787 20 Sep 1787 - 1789 Oct 1789 - 1793 5 Feb 1793 - 1793 18 Feb 1793 - Aug 1793 British military governors 1793 - 1794 1794 - 1795 1795 - 1803 Governors 11 Jul 1803 - 1 Oct 1803
Franois Martin (governor-general) (s.a.) Pierre Dulivier (1st time) (acting for Martin from 15 Jun 1705) Guillaume Andr d'Hbert (1st time) Pierre Dulivier (2nd time) Guillaume Andr d'Hbert (2nd time) Pierre Andr Prvost de La (d. 1721) Prvostire Pierre Christoph Le Noir (1st time)(acting) Joseph Beauvollier de Courchant Pierre Christoph Le Noir (2nd time) Pierre Benot Dumas (b. 1668 Joseph Franois Dupleix (b. 1697 Charles Robert Godeheu de Zaimont (acting) Georges Duval de Leyrit Thomas Arthur, (b. 1702 comte de Lally-Tollendal Vacant Franois Nicolas (acting) Antoine Boyelleau (acting) Jean Law de Lauriston (b. 1719 Guillaume Lonard de Bellecombe, (b. 1728 seigneur de Teirac (1st time) Louis Alexandre d'Albignac, (b. 1739 baron d'Albignac d'Arre (acting) Guillaume Lonard de Bellecombe, (s.a.) seigneur de Teirac (2nd time) British occupation Charles Joseph Ptissier, marquis de Bussy-Castelnau (b. 1718 Nicolas Coutanceau des Algrains (acting) Franois, vicomte de Souillac (b. 1732 David Charpentier de Cossigny (b. 1740 Thomas, comte de Conway (b. 1733 Camille Charles Leclerc, chevalier de Fresne L. Leroux de Touffreville (acting) Dominique Prosper de Chermont (b. 1741 Floyer Nixon John Braithwaite Charles Matthieu Isidore, comte Decaen (appointed 18 Jun 1802) Binot (acting for comte Decaen) Benot Mottet de La Fontaine -Prefect
d. 1745) d. 1763)
d. 1766)
d. 1797) d. 1792) d. 1825)
d. 1785)
d. 1803) d. 1801) d. c.1800)
d. 1798)
(b. 1769 - d. 1832)
Aug 1803 - 1 Oct 1803 13 Jul 1803 - 1 Oct 1803
(b. 1745 - d. 1820)
British military governors 1803 - 1804 St. John 1804 - 1805 Keith
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1805 - 1810 1810 - 1812 1812 - 1813 1812 - 26 Sep 1816 Governors 26 Sep 1816 - Oct 1825 15 Oct 1825 - 19 Jun 1826 19 Jun 1826 - 2 Aug 1828 12 Aug 1828 - 14 Aug 1828 14 Aug 1828 - 10 Apr 1829 10 Apr 1829 - 3 May 1835 3 May 1835 - Apr 1840 27 10 5 14 6 1 29 Apr Nov Jan Jun Jan Dec Jul 1840 1844 1849 1850 1851 1851 1852 1844 1849 14 Jun 1850 6 Jan 1851 1851 1852 Apr 1857
E.W. Fallowfield Lockhart Hugh Fraser James Stuart Fraser -Commissioner
(b. 1783 - d. 1869)
1 Apr 1857 - Jan 1863 18 Jan 1863 - Jun 1871 Jun 1871 - Nov 1871 Nov 1871 - 1875 1875 - 1878 1878 - Feb 1879 Feb 1879 - Apr 1881 1881 - Oct 1884 Oct 1884 - 1886 1886 - 1888 1888 - 1889 1889 - 1891 1891 - 1896 1896 - Feb 1898 Feb 1898 - 11 Jan 1902 11 Jan 1902 - 1902 1902 - 1904 Aug 1904 - Apr 1905 Apr 1905 - Oct 1906 Oct 1906 - 3 Dec 1907 1908 - 1909 1909 - 9 Jul 1910 9 Jul 1910 - Jul 1911 Jul 1910 - Nov 1913 Nov 1913 - 29 Jun 1918 29 Jun 1918 - 21 Feb 1919 21 Feb 1919 - 11 Feb 1926 1926 - 1928 1928 - 1931 1931 - 1934 Aug 1934 - 1936 1936 - 1938 26 Sep 1938 - 1945 1945 - 1946 20 Mar 1946 - 20 Aug 1947 Commissioners 20 Aug 1947 - 1949 May 1949 - 1950 31 Jul 1950 - Oct 1954 Oct 1954 - 1 Nov 1954
Andr Julien, comte Dupuy (b. 1753? - d. 18..) Joseph Cordier (1st time) (acting) (b. 1773 - d. 18..) Eugne Panon, comte (b. 1800 - d. 1859) Desbassayns de Richemont Scipion (acting) Joseph Cordier (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.) Auguste Jacques Nicolas Peureux de Mlay Henri Jean Victor, (b. 1782 - d. 1865) marquis de Saint-Simon Paul de Nourquer du Camper Louis Pujol Hyacinth Marie de Lalande de Calan (b. 1802 - d. 1850) Malassis (1st time)(acting) Philippe Achille Bdier (b. 1791 - d. 1865) Malassis (2nd time)(acting) Raymond Jean Baptiste de Verninac (b. 1794 - d. 1873) de Saint-Maur Alexandre Jean Baptiste Joseph Jacques de Verninac Durand d'Ubraye Napolon Joseph Louis Bontemps (b. 1813 - d. 1872) Michaux Pierre Aristide Faron (b. 1814 - d. 1879) Adolphe Joseph Antoine Trillard (b. 1826 - d. ....) .... (acting) Lonce Laugier (b. 1829 - d. ....) Julien Thodore Drouet (b. 1817 - d. 1904) tienne Antoine Guillaume Richaud (b. 1841 - d. 1889) Louis Evenor douard Mans Georges Jules Piquet (b. 1839 - d. 1923) Louis Hippolyte Marie Nouet (b. 1844 - d. 1933) Lon mile Clment-Thomas Louis Jean Girod Franois Pierre Rodier (b. 1854 - d. 1913) Pelletan (acting) Victor Louis Marie Lanrezac (b. 1854 - d. 19..) Philema Lemaire (b. 1856 - d. 1932) Joseph Pascal Franois (b. 1853 - d. 19..) Gabriel Louis Angoulvant (b. 1872 - d. 1932) Adrien Jules Jean Bonhoure (b. 1860 - d. 1929) Ernest Fernand Lvecque (b. 1852 - d. 19..) Alfred Albert Martineau (1st time) (b. 1857 - d. 1941) Pierre Louis Alfred Duprat (b. 1880 - d. 1953) Alfred Albert Martineau (2nd time) (s.a.) Maurice Pierre Lapalud (acting) (b. 1868 - d. 19..) Louis Martial Innocent Gerbinis (b. 1871 - d. 1954) Pierre Jean Henri Didelot (b. 1870 - d. 1941) Robert Paul Marie de Guise Franois Adrien Juvanon (b. 1875 - d. 19..) Lon Solomiac (b. 1884 - d. 1960) Horace Valentin Crocicchia Louis Alexis tienne Bonvin (b. 1886 - d. 1946) Nicolas Ernest Marie Maurice (b. 1886 - d. 19..) Jeandin Charles Franois Henri Baron (b. 1900 - d. 1980) Charles Franois Marie Baron Charles Chambon Andr Mnard Georges Escargueil (acting) (s.a.) (b. 1896 - d. 1965) (b. 1907 - d. 1988) (b. 1907 - d. 1990)
Ostend East India Company
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23 Aug 1719 19 Dec 1722
Jul 1723 May 1727 5 Jul 1727 16 Mar 1731 Nov? 1744
Cabelon post (on Coromandel coast) acquired. Ostend East India Company, an association of Flemish merchants from the Austrian Netherlands (Belgium) trading in the east is granted a charter by Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI. Banquibazar factory (in Bengal) opened. Charter of Otsend Company suspended by the Emperor. Banquibazar officially ceded to Austria. Ostend Company dissolved by (Second) Treaty of Vienna. Banquibazar factory lost.
Banquibazar
Governors-general Jul 1723 - 27 Jun 1724 27 Jun 1724 - 30 Jun 1724 Jacques Andr Cobb Martin van Snaer + Pierre Sneyers (acting) Commanders - T. Kint (to 18 Jul 1724) - Vincent Parraber (from 18 Jul 1724) Commanders - Jean Bos - Franois de Schonamille (1st time) - Jean Ray Alexandre Hume Franois de Schonamille (2nd time) (d. 1724)
30 Jun 1724 -
6 Feb 1726
6 Feb 1726 - 29 Aug 1726
(d. 1745)
29 Aug 1726 - Dec 1730 Commander Dec 1730 - 9 Nov 1744
(s.a.)
Cabelon
13 Aug 1719 1750? Commanders 13 Aug 1719 - 1719 1719 - 23 Jul 1726 23 Jul 1726 - 17.. c.1730 Cabelon factory on Coromandel coast opened. Cabelon lost.
Godefroid de la Merveille Louis de la Pea Joseph Merat Cointrel
Portuguese India (Goa)
to 19 Dec 1961
1967 (proposed colonial flag)
Map of Portuguese India
Capital: Goa (Cochin 1500-1530)
Currency: Portuguese India Rupias (INPR)
Population: 547,448 (1960)
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GDP: $N/A
Exports: 709.7 million escudos (1960) Imports: 750.7 million escudos (1960)
Ethnic groups: Portuguese, Indian
Total Armed Forces: N/A Merchant marine : N/A Goa Dependencies 20 May 27 Sep 1502 1502 13 Sep 15 Feb 30 May 25 Nov 1523 1523 23 Dec 21 Dec 2 Feb 15 Jul 23 Jun 18 Feb 1687 23 May 17 Dec 7 Sep 3 Sep 18 Dec 21 Jul 1498 1503 - 7 Jan 1663 15 Feb 1663 24 Dec 1661 1505 1510 - 30 May 1510 1510 - 25 Nov 1510 1510 15 Jan 1662 1662 1534 1535 1559 1580 - 1 Dec 1640 1661 1665 21 Oct 1749 1739 1779 1799 - Nov 1802 1803 - 2 Apr 1813 1946 1954
Religions: Roman Catholic, Hindu, Muslim
19 Dec 1961 16 Mar 1962 31 Dec 1974 Viceroy 24 Oct 1505 - 4 Sep Governors-general 4 Sep 1509 8 Sep 8 Sep 1515 20 Dec 20 Dec 1518 22 Jan 22 Jan 1522 4 Dec 4 Dec 1524 - 24 Dec 25 Dec 1524 2 Feb 1526 18 Nov 1529 14 Sep 1538 4 Apr 1540 7 May 1542 12 Sep 1545 7 Jun 1548 13 Jun 1549 Viceroys Nov 1550 16 16 Sep 1554 23 Jun 1555 8 Sep 1558 7 Sep 1561
Vasco da Gama arrives in India. Cochin a Portuguese possession. Cannanore a Portuguese possession. Quilon a Portuguese possession (Dutch occupation 29 Dec 1658 - 14 Apr 1659). Anjediva (Angediva) acquired by Portugal. Portuguese occupy Goa. Bijapur occupies Goa. Goa a Portuguese colony. Cranganore (Kottappuram) a Portuguese possession. Portuguese settlement of So Tom de Meliapore. Baaim (Bassein) and its dependencies ceded to Portugal; organized as the Northern Provinces. Diu acquired by Portugal. Damo (Daman) acquired by Portugal . Portuguese India along with Portugal a Spanish possession. Bombaim (Bombay) and its dependencies (s.a.) ceded to England. Final cession of Bombay to England (without its dependencies). So Tom de Meliapore re-occupied by Portuguese. Baaim lost. Dadra, Nagar and Haveli acquired by Portugal. British troops garrison Goa, Portuguese rule continues. British troops garrison Goa, Portuguese rule continues. Overseas province of Portugal. Dadra then Nagar and Haveli (2 Aug 1954) occupied by Indian nationalists (Aug 1961 annexed by India). Goa, Damo, and Diu occupied by India. Annexed by India (see under Indian states). Annexation recognized by Portugal.
1509 1515 1518 1522 1524 1524
Francisco de Almeida Afonso de Albuquerque Lopo Soares de Albergaria Diogo Lopes de Sequeira Duarte de Meneses Vasco da Gama, conde de Vidigueira -Viceroy Henrique de Meneses Lopo Vaz de Sampaio Nuno da Cunha Garcia de Noronha -Viceroy Estevo da Gama Martim Afonso de Sousa Joo de Castro -Viceroy Garcia de S Jorge Cabral Afonso de Noronha Pedro Mascarenhas Francisco Barreto -Governor Constantino de Bragana Francisco Coutinho, conde do Redondo Joo de Mendona -Governor Anto de Noronha Lus de Atade, conde de Atouguia (1st time)
(b. c.1450 - d. 1510) (b. (b. (b. (b. (b. (b. (b. (b. (b. (b. (b. (b. (b. (b. (b. (b. (b. (b. (b. 1453 - d. 1515) c.1442 - d. c.1520) 1465 - d. 1530) bf.1488 - d. 1539) 1460 - d. 1524) 1496 c.1480 1487 1480 c.1510 1500 1500 c.1460 c.1500 c.1510 1470 1520 1532 1517 d. 1526) - d. 1538) d. 1539) d. 1540) - d. 1575) d. 1564) d. 1548) - d. 1549) - d. 15..) - d. c.1586) d. 1555) d. 1575) d. 1575) d. 1564)
2 Feb 1526 18 Nov 1529 14 Sep 1538 3 Apr 1540 7 May 1542 12 Sep 1545 6 Jun 1548 13 Jun 1549 Nov 1550 Sep 1554 23 Jun 1555 8 Sep 1558 7 Sep 1561 29 Feb 1564
29 Feb 1564 3 Sep 1564 3 Sep 1564 10 Sep 1568 10 Sep 1568 6 Sep 1571
(b. c.1530 - d. 1578) (b. c.1520 - d. 1569) (b. 1517 - d. 1580)
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6 Sep 1571 9 Dec 1573 Governors 9 Dec 1573 Sep 1577 Sep 1577 31 Aug 1578 Viceroys 31 Aug 1578 - 10 Mar 1580 10 Mar 1581 17 Sep 1581 17 Sep 1581 Nov 1584 Nov 1584 4 May 1588
Antnio de Noronha Antnio Moniz Barreto Diogo de Meneses
(b. c.1510 - d. c.1574) (b. c.1530 - d. 1600) (b. c.1540 - d. 1580)
4 May 1588 15 May 1591 15 May 1591 25 May 1597 25 May 1597 25 Dec 1600 25 Dec 1600 20 May 1605 20 May 1605 4 Jun 1607 4 Jun 1607 27 May 1609 27 5 25 18 11 19 May Sep Dec Nov Nov Dec 1609 1609 1612 1617 1619 1622 5 25 18 11 19 8 Sep Dec Nov Nov Dec Mar 1609 1612 1617 1619 1622 1627
8 Mar 1627 29 Jul 1629 29 Jul 1629 21 Oct 1629
21 Oct 1629
9 Dec 1635
9 Dec 1635 - 24 Jun 1639 24 Jun 1639 24 Sep 1640 24 Sep 1640 30 Dec 1645 30 Dec 1645 31 May 1651 31 May 1651 6 Sep 1652
6 Sep 1652 22 Oct 1653 22 Oct 1653 23 Aug 1655 23 Aug 1655 - 14 Jan 1656 14 Jan 1656 22 May 1656 22 May 1656 14 Jun 1661
14 Jun 1661 14 Dec 1662
14 Dec 1662 17 Oct 1666 17 Oct 1666 6 Nov 1668
Lus de Atade, conde (s.a.) de Atouguia (2nd time) Ferno Teles de Meneses, conde (b. c.1530 de Vilar Maior -Governor Francisco Mascarenhas, conde (b. c.1530 de Santa Cruz Duarte de Meneses, conde de (b. 1537 Tarouca Manuel de Sousa Coutinho -Governor (b. 1540 Matias de Albuquerque (b. 1547 Francisco da Gama, conde de (b. 1565 Vidigueira (1st time) Aires de Saldanha (b. 1542 Martim Afonso de Castro (b. c.1560 Aleixo de Menezes, arcebispo (b. 1559 de Braga -Governor Andr Furtado de Mendona -Governor(b. 1558 Rui Loureno de Tvora (b. 1566 Jernimo de Azevedo (b. 1540 Joo Coutinho, conde de Redondo (b. c.1540 Ferno de Albuquerque -Governor (b. 1540 Francisco da Gama, conde de (s.a.) Vidigueira (2nd time) Frei Luis de Brito e (b. c.1570 Meneses -Governor Governing Commission - Nuno lvares Botelho (b. 1590 - Loureno da Cunha (d. 1633) - Gonalo Pinto da Fonseca Miguel de Noronha, conde de (b. c.1585 Linhares Pedro da Silva (b. c.1580 Antnio Teles de Menezes, conde (b. c.1600 de Vila Pouca de Aguiar -Governor Joo da Silva Telo de Meneses, (b. c.1600 conde de Aveiras Filipe Mascarenhas (b. c.1580 Governing Commission - Frei Francisco dos Mrtires (b. 1583 - Francisco de Melo de Castro (d. 1664) (1st time) - Antnio de Sousa Coutinho (d. 1668) (1st time) Vasco Mascarenhas, conde (b. c.1605 de bidos Brs de Castro -Governor (d. 1655) Rodrigo Lobo da Silveira, conde (b. c.1600 de Sarzedas Manoel Mascarenhas Homem (b. c.1600 Governing Commission - Manoel Mascarenhas Homem (s.a.) (1st time) - Francisco de Melo de Castro (s.a.) (2nd time) - Antnio de Sousa Coutinho (s.a.) (2nd time) Governing Commission - Luis de Mendona Furtado e Albuquerque - Pedro de Lancastre (d. 1663) - Manoel Mascarenhas Homem (s.a.) (2nd time) Antnio de Melo Castro (b. c.1640 Joo Nunes da Castro, conde de (b. 1619 -
- d. 1605) - d. 1608) d. 1588) d. 1591) d. 1609) d. 1632) d. 1605) - d. 1649) d. 1617) d. 1611) d. 1616) d. 1625) - d. 1619) d. 1623)
- d. 1629)
d. 1631)
- d. 1647) - d. 1639) - d. 1657) - d. 1650) - d. 1652) d. 1652)
- d. 1678)
- d. 1656) - d. 1657)
- d. ....) d. 1668)
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6 Nov 1668 22 May 1671
22 May 1671 30 Oct 1677 30 Oct 1677 24 Jan 1678 24 Jan 1678 12 Sep 1681
12 Sep 1681 13 Dec 1686 13 Dec 1686 - 23 Jun 1690 23 Jun 1690 9 Jan 1691 9 Jan 1691 28 May 1693
28 May 1693 20 Sep 1698
20 Sep 1698 17 Sep 1701 17 Sep 1701 2 Oct 1702
2 28 21 13
Oct Oct Sep Jan
1702 1707 1712 1717
28 21 13 16
Oct Sep Jan Oct
1707 1712 1717 1717
16 Oct 1717 - 14 Sep 1720
14 Sep 1720 - 13 Jul 1723 13 Jul 1723 - 13 Sep 1723 13 Sep 1723 - 28 Oct 1725
28 Oct 1725 23 Jan 1732 23 Jan 1732 - 7 Nov 1732
7 Nov 1732 - 18 May 1741 18 May 1741 - 14 Jun 1742
14 Jun 1742 - 24 Sep 1744
24 Sep 1744 - 27 Sep 1750
27 Sep 1750 - 18 Sep 1754
So Vicente Governing Commission - Antnio de Melo e Castro (s.a.) - Luis de Miranda Henriques (d. 1669) (to Mar 1669) - Manoel Corte-Real de Sampaio Lus de Mendona Furtado e (b. c.1610 Albuquerque, conde de Lavradio Pedro de Almeida, conde de Assumar (b. 1630 Governing Commission - Frei Antnio Brando (b. 1620 - Antnio Paes de Sande (d. 1695) - Francisco Cabral de Almada Francisco de Tvora, conde de (b. 1646 Alvor Rodrigo da Costa -Governor (b. c.1640 Miguel de Almeida -Governor (d. 1691) Governing Commisison - Fernando Martins Mascarenhas de Lancastre - Frei Agostinho de Annunciao (b. 1652 (1st time) - Luis Gonalves Cotta (to 1691) (d. 1691) Pedro Antnio de Noronha (b. 1661 Albuquerque e Sousa, marqus de Angeja Antnio Lus Gonalves da Cmara (b. 1638 Coutinho Governing Commission - Frei Agostinho da Annunciao (s.a.) (2nd time) - Vasco Lus Coutinho da Costa Caetano de Melo e Castro (b. c.1680 Rodrigo da Costa (b. 1657 Vasco Fernandes Csar de Meneses (b. 1673 Sebastio de Andrade Pessanha (b. c.1670 arcebispo primaz de Goa -Governor Lus Carlos Incio Xavier (b. 1689 de Meneses, marqus de Lourial (1st time) Francisco Jos de Sampaio e Castro (b. c.1675 Cristvo de Melo (b. 1672 Governing Commission - Cristvo de Melo (1st time) (s.a.) - Frei Igncio de Santa Theresa (b. 1682 (1st time) - Cristvo Lus de Andrade Joo de Saldanha da Gama (b. 1674 Governing Commission - Cristvo de Melo (2nd time) (s.a.) - Frei Igncio de Santa Theresa (s.a.) (2nd time) - Tom Gomes Moreira (b. 1684 Pedro Mascarenhas, conde de (b. 1670 Sandomil Lus Carlos Incio Xavier (s.a.) de Meneses, marqus de Lourial (2nd time) Governing Commission - Francisco de Vasconcellos (b. 1673 (to 30 Mar 1743) - Lus Caetano de Meneses (b. 1708 - Loureno de Noronha (from 18 May 1743) Pedro Miguel de Almeida e Portugal,(b. 1688 conde de Assumar, marqus de Castelo Novo, marqus de Alorna Francisco de Assis da Tavora, (b. 1703 marqus de Tavora
- d. 1677) d. 1679) d. 1678)
d. 1710) - d. 1690)
d. 1713)
d. 1731)
d. 1702)
- d. 1718) d. 1722) d. 1743) - d. 1737) d. 1742)
- d. 1723) d. 1734)
d. 1751)
d. 1752)
d. 17..) d. 1745)
d. 1743) d. 1757)
d. 1756)
d. 1759)
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18 Sep 1754 - 28 Jun 1756 28 Jun 1756 - 23 Sep 1756
23 Sep 1756 - 19 Oct 1765 19 Oct 1765 - 12 Mar 1768
Lus Mascarenhas, conde de Alva Governing Commission - Antnio Taveira da Neiva Brum da Silveira (1st time) - Joo de Mesquita Matos Teixeira - Filippe de Valladares Souto Maior Manuel de Saldanha de Albuquerque e Castro, conde da Ega Governing Commission - Antnio Taveira da Neiva Brum da Silveira (2nd time) - Joo Baptista Vaz Pereira - Joo Jos de Melo Joo Jos de Melo Filippe de Valadares Sotomaior Jos Pedro da Cmara Federico Guilherme de Sousa Francisco da Cunha e Meneses Francisco Antnio da Veiga Cabral da Cmara Pimentel, visconde de Mirandela Sir William Clarke (commander of British garrison) Coleman (commander of British garrison) Alexander Adams (commander of British garrison)
(b. c.1685 - d. 1756) (b. 1706 - d. 1775)
(b. 1691 - d. 1775) (b. 1712 - d. 1771)
(s.a.)
(b. c.1700 - d. 1774) (s.a.) (s.a.) (b. 1721 (b. 1737 (b. 1747 (b. 1733
Governors 12 Mar 1768 13 Jan 1774 24 Sep 1774 26 May 1779 3 Nov 1786 22 May 1794
13 24 26 3 22 30
Jan Sep May Nov May May
1774 1774 1779 1786 1794 1807
d. d. d. d.
1789) 1790) 1812) 1810)
7 Sep 1799 - Jan 1806 1806 - 1807 1807 - Mar 1811 Viceroys 30 May 1807 - 29 Nov 1816 29 Nov 1816 - 16 Sep 1821 16 Sep 1821 3 Dec 1821
(b. 1762 - d. 1808)
(d. 1835)
3 Dec 1821 - 18 Nov 1823
18 Nov 1823 17 Nov 1825 17 Nov 1825 9 Oct 1827
9 Oct 1827 - 14 Jan 1835 Prefects 14 Jan 1835 - 31 Jan 1835 1 Feb 1835 3 Feb 1835
Bernardo Jos da Silveira e Lorena,(b. 1756 conde de Sarzedas Diogo de Sousa, conde de Rio Pardo (b. 1755 Governing Commission - Manuel Godinho da Mira - Joaquim Manuel Correia da Silva (b. 1776 e Gama - Gonalo de Magalhes Teixeira (d. 1825) Pinto - Manuel Jos Gomes Loureiro (d. 1855) - Manuel Duarte Leito (b. 1787 Governing Commission - Manuel Maria Gonalves Zarco da (b. 1789 Cmara - Frei Paulo de So Toms de (b. 1773 Aquino - Antnio Jos de Mello Souto (b. 1776 Maior Telles - Joo Carlos Leal - Antnio Jos de Lima Leito (b. 1787 - Joaquim Mouro Garcez Palha (b. 1775 Manuel Maria Gonalves Zarco da (s.a.) Cmara (governor to 22 Aug 1824) Governing Commission - Frei Manuel de So Galdino (b. 1769 - Candido Jos Mouro Garcez Palha (b. 1751 - Antnio Ribeiro de Carvalho (d. 1828) Manuel Francisco de Portugal e (b. 1787 Castro (governor to 7 Apr 1830)
d. 1818) d. 1829)
d. 1838)
d. 1856) d. 1825) d. 1823) d. 1848)
d. 1856) d. 1850)
d. 1831) d. 1837) d. 1854)
Bernardo Peres da Silva Manuel Francisco Zacarias de Portugal e Castro Chairman Provincial Committee Feb 1835 - 3 Mar 1835 Joaquim Manuel Correia da Silva e Gama Chairmen of the Provisional Government 3 Mar 1835 - Dec 1836 Joo Casimiro Pereira da Rocha Vasconcellos
(b. 1775 - d. 1846) (b. 1787 - d. 1843)
(b. 1776 - d. 1838)
(d. 1845)
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Dec 1836 - Apr 1837
Apr 1837 - 23 Nov 1837 Governors-general 23 Nov 1837 28 Sep 1838 28 Sep 1838 5 Mar 1839
+ Manuel Jos Ribeiro + Frei Constantino de Santa Rita Joo Cabral de Estifique + Antnio Maria de Mello + Joaquim Antnio de Moraes Carneiro Jos Antnio de Lemos + Antnio Mariano de Azevedo
(d. 1837) (d. 1836) (b. 1780 - d. 1854) (d. 1873)
(d. 1838) d. 1838)
5 Mar 1839 - 12 Nov 1839 12 Nov 1839 - 18 Apr 1840 19 Apr 1840 - 24 Sep 1840
24 Sep 1840 - 27 Apr 1842 27 Apr 1842 - 19 Sep 1842
19 Sep 1842 - 25 Apr 1843 25 Apr 1843 - 20 May 1844 20 May 1844 - 15 Jan 1851 15 Jan 1851 6 May 1855 6 May 1855 2 Nov 1855
3 Nov 1855 - 24 Dec 1864 24 Dec 1864 - 7 May 1870 7 May 1870 - 12 Dec 1871 12 Dec 1871 - 10 May 1875 10 May 1875 - 24 Jul 1877 24 Jul 1877 12 Nov 1877
Simo Infante de Lacerda de Sousa (b. 1793 Tavares, baro de Sabroso Governing Council (acting) - Antnio Feliciano de Santa Rita (b. 1783 Carvalho - Jos Antnio Vieira da Fonseca (b. 1793 (1st time) - Jos Cancio Freire de Lima (1st time) - Domingo Jos Mariano Luiz (1st time) Jos Antnio Vieira da Fonseca (s.a.) (acting) Manuel Jos Mendes, baro de (b. 1787 Candal Governing Council (acting) - Jos Antnio Vieira da Fonseca (s.a.) (2nd time) - Jos Cancio Freire de Lima (2nd time) - Antnio Joo de Athade (1st time) - Domingo Jos Mariano Luiz (2nd time) - Jos da Costa Campos (1st time) (b. 1801 - Caetano de Sousa e Vasconcellos (1st time) Jos Joaquim Lopes de Lima (acting)(b. c.1797 Governing Council (acting) - Antnio Ramalho da S (d. 1860) - Antonio Jos de Mello Souto Maior Telles - Antnio Joo de Athade (2nd time) - Jos da Costa Campos (2nd time) (s.a.) - Caetano de Sousa e Vasconcellos (2nd time) Francisco Xavier da Silva Pereira, (b. 1793 conde das Antas Joaquim Mouro Garcs Palha (b. 1775 Jos Ferreira Pestana (1st time) (b. 1795 Jos Joaquim Januario Lapa, visconde de Villa Nova de Ourm (b. 1796 Governing Council (acting) - Joaquim de Santa Rita Botelho (b. 1781 - Lus da Costa Campos (b. 1802 - Francisco Xavier Peres - Bernardo Heitor da Silveira e (b. 1810 Lorena - Victor Anastcio Mouro Garcez (d. 1862) Palha Antnio Csar de Vasconcellos (b. 1797 Correia, visconde de Torres Novas Jos Ferreira Pestana (2nd time) (s.a.) Januario Correia de Almeida, (b. 1829 visconde de So Januario Joaquim Jos de Macedo e Couto (b. 1810 Joo Tavares de Almeida (b. 1816 Governing Council (acting) - Ayres de Ornellas e Vasconcelos (b. 1837 -
d. 1839) d. 1863)
d. 1840)
d. 1876)
- d. 1852)
d. 1852) d. 1850) d. 1885) d. 1859) d. 1859) d. 1858) d. 1871)
d. 1865)
d. 1901) d. 1879) d. 1877) d. 1880)
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12 Nov 1877 May 1878 -
3 May 1878
3 Dec 1878
3 Dec 1878 10 Apr 1882 10 Apr 1882 2 May 1885
2 May 1885 12 Apr 1886
12 Apr 1886
1 Nov 1886
1 Nov 1886 16 Dec 1886
16 Dec 1886 27 Apr 1889 27 Apr 1889 16 Jun 1889
16 Jun 1889 10 Mar 1891 10 Mar 1891 - 11 Dec 1891 11 Dec 1891 28 Mar 1892
28 Mar 1892 9 Apr 1893
9 Apr 1893 3 Jul 1893
3 Jul 1893 16 Aug 1894 16 Aug 1894 7 Nov 1894
(1st time) - Joo Caetano da Silva Campos (1st time) - Francisco Xavier Soares da Veiga (1st time) - Eduardo Augusto Pinto Balsemo (1st time) Antnio Srgio de Sousa, visconde de Srgio de Sousa Governing Council (acting) - Ayres de Ornellas e Vasconcelos (2nd time) - Joo Caetano da Silva Campos (2nd time) - Francisco Xavier Soares da Veiga (2nd time)(to ... 1878) - Toms Nunes da Serva e Moura (from ... 1878) - Antnio Sergio de Sousa, Jr. - Eduardo Augusto Pinto Balsemo (2nd time) Caetano Alexandre de Almeida e Albuquerque Carlos Eugnio Correia da Silva, visconde de Pao de Arcos Governing Council (acting) - Antnio Sebastio Valente (1st time) - Jos de S Coutinho (1st time) - Jos Incio de Brito (1st time) - Jos Maria Teixeira Guimares Francisco Joaquim Ferreira do Amaral Governing Council (acting) - Antnio Sebastio Valente (2nd time) - Jos de S Coutinho (2nd time) - Jos Incio de Brito (2nd time) Augusto Csar Cardoso de Carvalho Governing Council (acting) - Antonio Sebastio Valente (3rd time) - Jos Joaquim Borges de Azevedo Enes - Jos Incio de Brito (3rd time) - Joaquim A. Mousinho de Albuquerque Vasco Guedes de Carvalho e Meneses Francisco Maria da Cunha Governing Council (acting) - Antnio Sebastio Valente (4th time) - Joo Manuel Correia Taborda (1st time) - Raimundo Maria Correia Mendes (1st time) - Luis Fisher Berqu Poas Falco (1st time) Francisco Teixeira da Silva Governing Council (acting) - Joo Manuel Correia Taborda (2nd time) - Raimundo Maria Correia Mendes (2nd time) - Luis Fisher Berqu Poas Falco (2nd time) Raphael Jcome Lopes de Andrade (1st time) Governing Council (acting)
(b. 1802 - d. 1887)
(b. 1809 - d. 1878)
(s.a.)
(s.a.)
(b. 1842 - d. 1906)
(b. 1824 - d. 1916) (b. 1834 - d. 1905)
(b. 1846 - d. 1908)
(b. 1806 - d. 1896) (b. 1845 - d. 1915) (b. 1843 - d. 1923)
(s.a.)
(s.a.) (b. 1836 - d. 1905) (s.a.)
(s.a.) (b. 1855 - d. 1902) (b. 1824 - d. 1905) (b. 1832 - d. 1909) (s.a.) (b. 1839 - d. ....) (b. 1817 - d. 1902) (b. 1852 - d. 1913) (b. 1826 - d. 1894) (s.a.) (s.a.) (s.a.) (b. 1851 - d. 1900)
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7 Nov 1894
8 Nov 1895
8 Nov 1895 13 Nov 1895
13 Nov 1895 19 Mar 1896 19 Mar 1896 27 May 1896 27 May 1896 13 Mar 1897 13 Mar 1897 19 Aug 1897
19 Aug 1897 22 Mar 1900 22 Mar 1900 13 May 1900
13 May 1900 22 Jul 1905 22 Jul 1905 8 Nov 1905
8 Nov 1905 14 Feb 1907 14 Feb 1907 9 May 1907
9 May 1907 12 Oct 1910 12 Oct 1910 - 3 Jul 1917 3 Jul 1917 - 17 Jul 1917 18 Jul 1917 - 24 Nov 1917
24 Nov 1917 - 12 Jun 1919 12 Jun 1919 - 11 Nov 1919 12 Nov 1919 7 Apr 1925 7 Apr 1925 7 Jul 1925
- Antnio Sebastio Valente (s.a.) (5th time) - Joo Manuel Correia Taborda (s.a.) (3rd time) - Francisco Antnio Ochoa (b. 1839 - Luis Carneiro de Sousa e Faro (1st time) Elesbo Jos de Betencourt Lapa, (b. 1831 visconde de Vila Nova de Ourm Governing Council (acting) - Antnio Sebastio Valente (s.a.) (6th time) - Joo Manuel Correia Taborda (s.a.) (4th time) - Joo Jos da Silva - Luis Carneiro de Sousa e Faro (2nd time) Raphael Jcome Lopes de Andrade (s.a.) (2nd time) Afonso Henriques de Bragana, (b. 1865 duque de Prto Viceroy Joo Antnio de Brissac das Neves (b. 1846 Ferreira Governing Council (acting) - Antnio Sebastio Valente (s.a.) (7th time) - Joo Manuel Correia Taborda (s.a.) (5th time) - Joo de Melo de Sampaio (1st time) - Abel Augusto Correia de Pinho Joaquim Jos Machado (b. 1847 Governing Council (acting) - Antnio Sebastio Valente (s.a.) (8th time) - Francisco Joo Xavier - Joo de Melo de Sampaio (2nd time) - Abel Augusto Correia de Pinho Eduardo Augusto Rodrigues Galhardo (b. 1845 Governing Council (acting) - Antnio Sebastio Valente (s.a.) (9th time) - Alfredo Augusto de Mendona David - Jos Emilio de Santana da Cunha Castel-Branco - Francisco Maria Peixoto Vieira (1st time) Arnaldo Nogueira de Novais Guedes (b. 1847 Rebelo Governing Council (acting) - Francisco Maria Peixoto Vieira (2nd time) - Bernardo Nunes Garca - Csar Augusto Roncon Jos Maria de Sousa Horta e Costa (b. 1858 Francisco Manuel Couceiro da Costa (b. 1870 Francisco Maria Peixoto Vieira (1st time)(acting) Governing Council (acting) - Francisco Maria Peixoto Vieira (3rd time) - Francisco Peixoto de Oliveira e Silva - Francisco Antnio Wolfango da (b. 1864 Silva Jos de Freitas Ribeiro (b. 1868 Augusto de Paiva Bobelo da Mota (b. 1879 (acting) Jaime Alberto da Castro Morais (b. 1882 Francisco Maria Peixoto Vieira
- d. 1912)
- d. 1899)
- d. 1920) - d. 1902)
- d. 1925)
- d. 1908)
- d. 1917)
- d. 1927) - d. 1925)
- d. 1947) - d. 1929) - d. 1931) - d. 1973)
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7 Jul 1925 - Jun 1926 Jun 1926 - 4 Aug 1926 4 Aug 1926 - 15 Aug 1926 15 Aug 1926 - 17 Apr 1929 17 Apr 1929 12 Jul 1929 12 Jul 1929 25 Aug 1929 25 Aug 1929 - 17 Sep 1936 Apr 1933 Sep 1933 17 Sep 1936 6 Jun 1938 5 Dec 1945 6 Jun 1938 5 Dec 1945 8 Apr 1946
8 Aug 1946 - 12 Aug 1947 12 Aug 1947 - 27 Jun 1948 27 Jun 1948 - 13 Nov 1948 13 Nov 1948 - 11 Oct 1952 11 Oct 1952 5 Nov 1952 9 Oct 1958 5 Nov 1952 9 Oct 1958 4 Dec 1958
4 Dec 1958 - 1962 Indian Military Governor 19 Dec 1961 - 6 Jun 1962
(2nd time)(acting) Mariano Martins Tito Augusto de Morais (acting) Acrsio Mendes da Rocha Dinis (1st time)(acting) Pedro Francisco Massano de Amorim Acrsio Mendes da Rocha Dinis (2nd time)(acting) Alfredo Pedro de Almeida (acting) Joo Carlos Craveiro Lopes Alfredo Rodrigues dos Santos (acting for Craveiro Lopes) Francisco Higino Craveiro Lopes Jos Ricardo Pereira Cabral Paulo Bnard Guedes (1st time) (acting) Jos Silvestre Ferreira Bossa Fernando Quintanilha Mendona Dias (1st time) (acting) Jos Alves Ferreira (acting) Fernando Quintanilha Mendona Dias (2nd time)(acting) Manuel Marques Abrantes Amaral (acting) Paulo Bnard Guedes (2nd time) Antnio Cyrne Rodrigues Pacheco (acting) Manuel Antnio Vassalo e Silva (nominal from 19 Dec 1961) Kenneth P. Candeth
(b. 1880 - d. 1943) (b. 1880 - d. 1963) (b. 1885 - d. 1943) (b. 1862 - d. 1929) (s.a.) (b. 1888 - d. 1960) (b. 1871 - d. 1945)
(b. 1894 - d. 1964) (b. 1879 - d. 1956) (b. 1892 - d. 1960) (b. 1894 - d. 1970) (b. 1898 - d. 1992) (b. 1891 - d. ....) (s.a.)
(s.a.) (b. 1899 - d. 1982) (b. 1899 - d. 1985)
(b. 1916 - d. 2003)
British Envoys 1799 - 1801 1801 1801 - Jan 1806 Feb 1806 - Aug 1806 Aug 1806 - 1815
Joshua Uhthoff Dillon (acting) Sir William Clarke Coleman (acting) Courtland Schuyler
(d. 1818) (s.a.)
Sikkim
1877 - c.1914
c.1914 - 1962
1962 - 1967
1967 - 16 May 1975
Map of Sikkim Capital: Gangtok (Tumlong 1793-1894; Rabdantse 1760-1793; Yoksam 1642-1760) GDP: $ N/A
Hear National Anthem "Our Kingdom Sikkim" Currency: Indian Rupee (INR) Exports: $N/A Imports: $N/A
Text of National Anthem National Holiday: 22 May (1923) Birthday of Chogyal Palden Thondup Namgyal
Constitution (4 Jul 1974 - 16 May 1975) Population: 162,189 (1961)
Ethnic groups: Nepalese 70%, Leptscha and Bhutanese 20%, Khambers 10% (1961)
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Total Armed Forces: 300 Guards (1975) Defense was the responsibility of India Merchant marine : None (1975) International Organizations/Treaties: N/A 1642 1706 1730 bf.1793 - 1817 10 Feb 1817 1 Feb 1835 Feb 1850 28 Mar 1861 - 15 Aug 1947 17 Mar 1890 7 Sep 1904 1918 15 Aug 1947 15 Aug 1947 - 16 May 1975 1 Mar 1975 10 Apr 1975 16 May 1975
Religions: Hindu 70%, Mahayana Buddhist 25% (state religion) (1961)
'Bras-ljongs kingdom (English name of the polity 'Sikkim' also in official use after 1861). Briefly occupied by Bhutan. Tributary of Tibet. Annexed by Nepal. Protectorate of British India. Darjeerling leased to British India. Southern Sikkim and Darjeerling annexed by British India. Sikkim a British protectorate. China formally recognizes British protectorate. Tibet formally recognizes British protectorate. Full internal autonomy granted. Independence declared. Protectorate of India (formally from 5 Dec 1950). Formally given the status of an associated state of India. Sikkim assembly abolishes the monarchy and proclaims accession to India (endorsed by referendum on 14 Apr 1975). Annexed to India (retroactive to 26 Apr 1975) (see under Indian states).
Kings (Chogyal) 1642 - 1670 1670 - 1700 1700 - 1716 1716 - 1733 1716 - 17.. 1733 1733 - 1736 1736 - 1780 1736 - 17.. 1780 - 1793
1793 - 1862
1862 - Apr 1874
Apr 1874 - 10 Feb 1914
11 Feb 1914 5 Dec 1914 -
5 Dec 1914 2 Dec 1963
3 Dec 1963 - 14 Apr 1975 Chief Executive 14 Apr 1975 - 16 May 1975
Phun-tshogs rNam-rgyal I (b. 1604 - d. 1670) [Phuntso Namgyal I] bsTan-srung rNam-rgyal (b. 1644 - d. 1700) [Tensung Namgyal] Phyag-dor rNam-rgyal (b. 1686 - d. 1716) [Chhagdor Namgyal] 'Gyur-med rNam-rgyal (b. 1707 - d. 1733) [Gyurmed Namgyal] Lama Jigme Pao -Regent Phun-tshogs rNam-rgyal II (b. 1733 - d. 1780) [Phuntso Namgyal II] (1st time) Chan-dzod rTa-mgrin [Chandzod Tamding] (usurper) Phun-tshogs rNam-rgyal II (s.a.) [Phuntso Namgyal II] (2nd time) Rabden Sharpa -Regent bsTan-'dzin rNam-rgyal (b. 1769 - d. 1793) [Tenzing Namgyal] (in exile from 17..) gTsug-phud rNam-rgyal (b. 1785 - d. 1863) [Tsugphud Namgyal] (in exile ....-1817) Srid-skyong Sprul-sku rNam-rgyal I (b. 1819 - d. 1874) [Sidkeong Trulku Namgyal I] (regent 1861-62) mThu-stobs rNam-rgyal (b. 1860 - d. 1914) [Thutob Namgyal (from 12 Dec 1911, Sir Thutob Namgyal)] (in exile in Tibet 1892-93 and in India 1893-95) Srid-skyong Sprul-sku rNam-rgyal II(b. 1879 - d. 1914) [Sidkeong Trulku Namgyal II] bKra-shis rNam-rgyal (b. 1893 - d. 1963) [Tashi Namgyal (from 1 Jan 1923, Sir Tashi Namgyal)] dPal-ldan Don-grub rNam-rgyal (b. 1923 - d. 1982) [Palden Thondup Namgyal] (briefly in exile in 1973) Bipen Buhari Lal (b. 1917)
President of the State Council 1944 - 1949 Palden Thondup Namgyal Chief ministers 9 May 1949 - 6 Jun 1949 Tashi Tshering 6 Jun 1949 - 11 Aug 1949 Harishwar Dayal (interim)
(s.a.)
Non-party SCP
(b. 1915 - d. 1964)
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Dewans 11 Aug 1949 - 1954 John S. Lall 1954 - 1959 Nari Kaikhosru Rustomji 22 Aug 1959 - 1963 Baleshwar Prasad Principal administrative officer 1963 - 1969 Ramdas Narayan Haldipur Sidlon 1969 - Jul 1972 Inder Sen Chopra Chief administrative officer 9 Apr 1973 - 23 Jul 1974 Brajbir Saran Das Prime minister (Kazi) 23 Jul 1974 - 16 May 1975 Lhendup Dorjee Khangsarpa (Kazi Lhendup Dorji) British Political Officers 1889 - 1908 1908 - 1920 1920 Jan 1920 - Jan 1921 Jan 1921 - Mar 1921 Mar 1921 - Jun 1921 Jun 1921 - Oct 1928 Oct 1928 - Jan 1933 Jan 1933 - Nov 1935 Nov 1935 - Dec 1935 Dec 1935 - Jun 1945 Jun 1945 - 15 Aug 1947 Indian Political Officers 15 Aug 1947 - 1948 1948 - 1952 Mar 1952 - 1955 1955 - 1961 23 Oct 1961 - Dec 1963 1964 - 1966 1966 - 27 Jun 1967 3 Jul 1967 - 1969 1969 - Jul 1972 1972 - 1974 1974 - 16 May 1975
(b. 1914 - d. 2002) (b. 1919) (b. 1914) (b. 1921 - d. 2003) (b. 1909 - d. 19..) (b. 1925) (b. 1904 - d. 2007) NCP
John Claude White Charles A. Bell (1st time) John Bartley Charles A. Bell (2nd time) William Frederick Travers O'Connor David Macdonald Frederick Marshman Bailey Leslie Weir Frederick Williamson R.K.M. Battye Basil J. Gould (from 1941, Sir Basil J. Gould) Arthur John Hopkinson Arthur John Hopkinson Harishwar Dayal Balraj Krishna Kapur Apa Parshuram Rao Pant Inder Jeet Bahadur Singh Avtar Singh Vincent Herbert Coelho Nedyam Balachandran Menon Inder Sen Chopra Kayatyani Shankar Bajpai Gurbachan Singh
(b. 1853 (b. 1870 (b. 1886 (s.a.) (b. 1870 (b. 1870 (b. 1882 (b. 1883 (b. 1891 (b. 1905 (b. 1883
- d. 1918) - d. 1945) - d. 1954) d. d. d. d. d. d. d. 1943) 1962) 1967) 1950) 1935) 1958) 1956)
(b. 1894 - d. 1953) (s.a.) (s.a.) (b. 1910) (b. 1912 - d. 1992) (b. 1914 - d. 1987) (b. 1921) (b. 1917) (b. 1921 - d. 2006) (s.a.) (b. 1928) (b. 1923)
Full style of the ruler: Mi-dbang Chos-rgyal-chen-po (vernacular: Chogyal); in communications with British and Indian authorities 1861 - 11 Mar 1965 styled: Maharaja.
Territorial Dispute: China did not formally recognize the 16 May 1975 incorporation of Sikkim into India until 11 Apr 2005. Party abbreviations (None before 1947): NCP = Sikkim National Congress Party (est.1960, mainly Nepali, pro-India); SCP = Sikkim State Congress Party (est.1949, social-democratic); SNP = Sikkim National Party (mainly non-Nepali, pro-independence)
2000 Ben Cahoon
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World Statesmen.org HOME >

to 29 Mar 1858 Moghul Empire

20 Oct 1774 - 22 Jul 1947 British India

c.1885 - 1947 Flag of Governor-general

11 Nov 1928 - 22 Jul 1947 Unofficial

Adopted 22 Jul 1947

Text of National Anthem Adopted 24 Jan 1950

Constitution (26 Jan 1950)

Currency: Indian Rupee (INR)

National Holiday: 26 Jan (1950) Republic Day

Population: 1,147,995,904 (2008)

Exports: $175.7 billion (2008) Imports: $287.5 billion (2008)

British East India Company (1783-1858)

Jammu & Kashmir Jammu Ladakh

Mar 1942 - Aug 1945 21 Oct 1943 - 18 Aug 1945

25 Aug 1946 15 Aug 1947

Map of British India (1934-1947)

Historical Maps of India

23 Jul 1844 - 12 Jan 1848

- d. 1959) - d. 1952) - d. 1941) - d. 1952) - d. 1950)

21 Feb 1947 - 15 Aug 1947

- d. 1906) - d. 1908) - d. 1902) - d. 1895)

7 Nov 1924 - 22 Oct 1928 1 Nov 1928 7 Jun 1929

d. 1927) d. 1942) d. 1923) d. 1945)

d. 1937) d. 1924) d. 1937) d. 1943)

d. 1966) d. 1958) d. 1961) d. 1955) d. 1961) d. 1967)

May Jun Jan Jan Mar

1964 1964 1966 1966 1977

- d. 1964) - d. 1998) - d. 1966) - d. 1984)

(b. 1919) (s.a.) (b. 1932)

(b. 1758 - d. 1825)

Provisional Government of Free India

21 Oct 1943 - 18 Aug 1945

Provisional Capital: Port Blair (Nicobar Islands)

Indian National Army (1945) : 40,000 est.

British East India Company

1707 - 1 Jan 1801 British East India Company flag

1 Jan 1801 - 2 Aug 1858 British East India Company flag

(b. (b. (b. (d.

1727 - d. 1807) 1730 - d. 1794) 1730 - d. 1809) 1788)

- d. 1805) - d. 1822) - d. 1828)

Apr Sep Apr Apr

1801 1801 1802 1803

Sep Apr Apr Apr

1801 1802 1803 1804

(b. 1740 - d. 1834) (b. 1778 - d. 1866) (s.a.)

(s.a.) (b. 1774 - d. 1847) (s.a.) (s.a.) (s.a.) (s.a.)

(b. 1769 - d. 1840) (b. 1758 - d. 1832)

(d. 1872) (d. 1877) (d. 1875)

d. 1811) d. 1810) d. 1822)

Feb Jul Oct Apr Jul Nov

1806 1806 1806 1807 1809 1809

(b. 1755 (b. 1761 (b. 1771 (b. 1762 (s.a.)

1846) 1830) 1851) 1847)

Jammu and Kashmir

1846 - 1936 Maharaja's Flag

Map of Jammu and Kashmir

Capital: Srinagar (summer), Jammu (winter)

Currency: Indian Rupee (INR)

Population: 11,442,151 (2007) 4,021,600 (1941)

.... Early Middle Ages

Kingdom of Kashmir established in remote (legendary) antiquity. State of Jammu established.

26 Jan 1957 21 Nov 1962