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DevelopmentofConcreteContainingWaste Glass
G.D.Perkins,CivilEngineeringResearchUnit,DivisionofCivil&MechanicalEngineering, FacultyofAdvancedTechnology,UniversityofGlamorgan,Pontypridd,CF371DL
AbstractThe large scale production of Portland cement andtheacquisitionofaggregatesfromdredgingandquarrying have a dramatic impact on the environment. Consequently extensiveresearchisongoingintotheuseofPortlandcement replacements,usingmanywastematerialsandindustrialby products,forexample,pulverisedfuelash(PFA)andground granulatedblastfurnaceslag(GGBS).Thecontinuingdebate relatingtoUKgovernmentpolicyonlandfilltaxdictatesthat theuseofwastefromothersourcesishighonthepoliticaland researchagenda. Inadditiontotheuseofbinderreplacementmaterialsfrom waste, there is somewhat less regard given to the subjectof usingwastematerialtoreplacethefineaggregatecontentof concrete. Glassfromvaryingrecyclingprocessesisconsideredtobea materialwhichcouldbeusedasbinderandalsoasaggregate replacement.Glasswhichismostconsideredforrecyclingin terms of environmental protection is that from containers, architecturalandendoflifevehicleglass.Thisstudyoutlines theuseofsuchrecycledglassasabinderandfineaggregate replacementanddetailsworkabilityandstrengthdevelopment of concrete containing glass as partial replacement of traditionalmaterials.
PercentagePassing

ProcessedglassELV,containerandarchitectural glassoffractionsize5mmdust Glass powder a much finer material which is collected in the air filtration system whilst producingtheprocessedglass

The glass powder is being used for partial binder replacementinproportionsof10%,20%and30%binder replacementwhereastheprocessedglassisbeingusedfor 100%replacementoffineaggregate.Thecoarseaggregate componentoftheconcreteisstandardisedat10mmcrushed limestone. Each of the materials has been analysed to establish chemical composition and size. The particle size of the processed glass was established by sieve analysis and a comparisonmadebetweenitandthenaturalsandbeingused incomparative mixes (Figure 1). The particle size of the glasspowderwasestablishedusingaMalvernInstruments, Mastersizer2000unit(Figure2). ParticleSizeDistributionChart
NaturalSand 100% 90% GlassSand

IndexTermsconcrete,wasteglass

80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 0 0.063 0.15 0.212 0.3 0.425 0.6 1.18 2 3.35 5 ParticleSizemm

I.INTRODUCTION HEglassbeingutilisedinthisresearchprojectisderived frompostconsumercontainerglass,endoflifevehicle (ELV)glassandarchitecturalglass. TheglasswhichisusedinthisprojectissuppliedbyVirador RichardsonsLtd,andissuppliedastwodifferentproducts:

Figure1Particlesizedistributionchart

ManuscriptreceivedOctober26,2007. GaryD.PerkinsisaResearchStudentCivilEngineeringResearchUnit, Division of Civil & Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Technology,UniversityofGlamorgan,Pontypridd,MidGlamorgan,CF37 1DL,UnitedKingdom(email:gperkins@glam.ac.uk).
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Glasspowderparticleanalysis 100 80 %passing 60 40 20 0

Figure3Workabilityofofstandardconcretevs.glass derivedsand

0.212

0.150

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0.030 Sievesize

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Figure2Glasspowderparticleanalysis Shi[1]citesothers[24]ascommentingthatverylimited workhasbeenconductedfortheuseofgroundglassasa cement replacement in concrete, and it is considered that there is only very scant research in the area of replacing 100% of the fine aggregate component of concrete with glassorcombiningbothlevelsofreplacement.Someofthe workthathasbeenreportedindicatesthattheuseofglass aggregateimprovestheflowpropertiesoffreshconcreteso thatveryhighstrengthscanbeobtainedevenwithouttheuse ofsuperplasticizers [5].However,theworkcarriedout to date in this respect shows that this is not necessarily the case.

Further to establishing a mix design that produced an acceptablelevelofworkability(determinedataw/bof0.5) additionalmixeswereproducedusingvariousquantitiesof thetworeplacementmaterialsandcomparisonsmadewith thecontrolmix(composedofPC:naturalsand:limestone aggregate.Theconcretewasusedtoproduce50mmcubes and 100mm cubes, which were watercured at 20C. Compressivestrengthwasdeterminedforcuringperiodsof 7,14,28,90days.Inaddition,thelargercubeswerecored andslicedtoproducediscswhicharecurrentlybeingusedto determinevaluesofsorptivity.

III.RESULTSANDDISCUSSION The initial testing of the processed glass and the glass powderindicatethatbothmaterialsaresomewhatdifferent despite being derived from the same source. This is particularlyevidentwithregardtothesolublesilicacontent ofthetwomaterials,butisconsideredtobetheresultofthe differenceinparticlesizeofthetwomaterials.Onanalysisit was establishedthat thecrushedglass providedcontained contaminantsintheformof: tracesofpolymers polyvinylbutylene (PVB) from the ELV glass content traces of acrylic from the architectural glass content. Ninetypercentofthecontaminantmaterialwasconsidered tobePVB.

II.EXPERIMENTATION Chemical composition and soluble oxide content of both materialswasdetermined. Arangeofconcretemixeswas manufacturedincorporatingprocessedcrushedglassorglass powderorboth.Testmixeswereundertakentoestablishthe effectoftheglassmaterialsonthemix,duringwhichtimeit quicklybecame apparent that the processedcrushedglass hadamarkeddetrimentaleffectupontheworkabilityofthe fresh concrete when used to replace 100% of the fine aggregatecomponentofthemix(Figure3). Workability
Naturalsand 140 120 Slump(mm) 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 10 20 30 Glasssand

Itwasestablishedthattherewasasmallamountoforganic materialpresentinthecrushedglass,butthiswasconsidered tobepaperresiduefromthelabelsonthebottleglass.The moisture content of the glass as supplied was considered insignificantat0.29%.Followinglossonignitionanalysis,a 0.02%losswasrecorded.Thefreelimecontentofcrushed glassandglasspowderis1.22%and0.26%respectively.

Binderreplacementlevels(%)

Onincorporatingcrushedglassintotheconcretemixinlieu of the natural sand, workability became impaired significantly when compared to the control mix. Several factors have been considered in this respect and this phenomenoncanbeattributedinpartto: Theangularinterlockingnatureoftheparticles Suctionbetweenthelargerparticlesontheaddition ofwater

Surface tension of the water coating the glass particles REFERENCES

[1] [1]CShi,YWu,CRieflerHWang,CharacteristicsandPozzolanic ReactivityofGlassPowdersCementandConcreteResearch2004. Uncorrectedproof,articleinpress. [2]AScmidt,WHFSaia,AlkaliAggregatereactiontestsonglass usedforexposedaggregatewallpanelwork,ACIMater.J.60(1963), pp.12351236. [3]C.D. Johnston Waste glassascoarseaggregateforconcrete,J. Test.Eval.2(1974),344350. [4]C.Meyer,S.Baxter,W.Jin,Alkaliaggregatereactioninconcrete with waste glass as aggregate, Proceedings of the 4th Materials EngineeringConference:MaterialsfortheNewMillennium,ASCE, Reston,VA,1996,pp.13881397. CMeyer,Recycledglassfromwastematerialtovaluableresource. Proceedings of the international symposium organised by the concrete technology unit and held at the University of Dundee, Scotland,UKon1920March2001.

Despite the reduced fluidity of the fresh concrete, its workability was prolonged when compared to the control duetothelackofabsorptionoftheglassparticles;however, thiscouldcreateproblemsincertaincircumstances. Strength development of the concrete containing 100% crushedglassasthefineaggregatecomponentofthemix comparedfavourablywiththatofthecontrolat thesame age.Thecontrolat28daysachievedacompressivestrength of 49.1N/mm2 (Figure 4) whereas the concrete containing glass aggregate achieved a compressive strength of 49.5N/mm2 (Figure5).Strengthtestingisongoing.Despite the favourable strength results obtained, the visual appearanceoftheglassaggregateconcretedemonstrateda lack of physical bond between the cement paste and the glassaggregate.However,researchiscontinuinginthisarea andtheareaofthechemicalbondbetweenthesame.
Strengthdevelopment(naturalsandfineaggregate) 0 60 CompressiveStrength(N/mm2) 10 20 30Replacementlevel(%)

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Figure 4 Strength development (natural and fine aggregate)

IV.CONCLUSIONS The conclusion that has been drawn from the research programmetodateincludes:

Crushedglassisasuitablematerialforuseas100% replacementforfineaggregate. Glasspowderexhibitspozzolanicpropertiesbutis dependantuponfinenessofthepowder. Concrete containing glass as fine aggregate can achievecomparablestrengthstothatofnaturalsand aggregates. Fluidityofthefreshconcreteisinhibited.