Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
[13-2 + THE FREQUENCY-SYNTHESIZER OR FREQUENCY-MULTIPLIERS: ............................................. 12 ANALOG-PHASE-LOCKED-LOOP [ A-PLL ] { 560-SERIES ] :[NEW-TOPIC]: ...................................... 14 FM-DEMODULATOR-USING-A-560B [ PLL-IC ] :- ............................................................................ 16 561B PHASE-LOCKED-LOOP OR AM-RECIVER OR FM-DE-MODULATOR :- ................................... 16 AM-RECEIVER [OR AM-DETECTOR ] WITH 561B[A-PLL]:- .......................................................... 17 AM-RECEIVER [ WITH 561B [PLL-IC]:- ............................................................................................ 17
562 PHASE-LOCKED-LOOP[PLL] AS A FREQUENCY-MULTIPLIER/OR FREQUENCY-SYNTHESIZER:- .. 19 FREQUENCY-MULTIPLIER [OR SYNTHESIZER ] :- ............................................................................ 19 NTH MODULE-COUNTER :- ............................................................................................................ 20
565-PHASE-LOCKED-LOOP(PLL) [ FSK-DEMODULATOR/FSK-DECODER ]:-.............................................. 21 Fig # 17 : .............................................................................................................................................. 22 FIG # 18 ............................................................................................................................................... 23 Fig # 19 ................................................................................................................................................ 24 APPLICATION-OF-565 (PLL):- ....................................................................................................................... 26 FIG # 20 : ............................................................................................................................................. 26 Fig # 13-15 or Fig # 21 ........................................................................................................................ 28 567-TONE-DECODER:- { AN APPLICATION OF 567 PLL }:- ....................................................................... 28 Fig # 22 ................................................................................................................................................ 29 567 BAND WIDTH VERSUS INPUT SIGNAL [ Vi ] AMPLITUDE CURVE FOR THE SELECTION-OFCAPACITOR-C2 :-................................................................................................................................... 30 Fig # 23 ................................................................................................................................................ 30 BASIC-TONE DECODER-CIRCUIT:-............................................................................................................ 31 Fig # 25 ................................................................................................................................................ 34
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com
Page 2-OF-63
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com
Page 3-OF-63
PHASE-LOCKED-LOOP[PLL] OR ANALOG-PHASE-LOCKED-LOOP[A-PLL]:-
INTRODUCTION:
the Phase-locked-loop is now a very sophisticated electronic network, which will used for such following applications, 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Motor-speed control, Touch-Tone[DTMF] DECODERS , MODULATION/De-Modulation[MODEM], Filtering, Frequency-scaling, Frequency-control of electronic-communication-equipment, Measuring frequency of Physiological-events such as Respiration or Heart-rate.
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com
Page 4-OF-63
{V0 = ERROR-VOLTAGE}
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com
Page 5-OF-63
V0= its an average [DC] o/p voltage that is proportional to the difference in frequency [ fin-f0 ] and phase-difference [ ] between [b/w] the i/p-signal [Vin] of PLL and the O/P of the VCOSIGNAL [ Vo ] with frequency [ fo ] . so {V0 = ERROR-VOLTAGE= { [ ] } }
VOLTAGE-CONTROLLED-OSCILLATOR [VCO] :
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com
Page 6-OF-63
[fmin = out put frequency when [ Vin=0] ] ; [ Well we study the VCO in Ch # 12 , Op-Amp course is as a Voltage to frequency Converter, VCO convertes the controlled-voltage into a frequency [Pulsed-wave form] VCO out-put frequency fo is proportional to the magnitude of the in-put voltage of VCO; VCO conversion gain KVCO relates fo to input voltage of VCO as followed equation; [i-e] ] THE LOOP-FILTER=LOW-PASS-FILTER[LPF]:
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com
Page 7-OF-63
LPF [low pass filter] remove any noise and high frequency components from the out-put voltage Vo of the Phase-detector, resulting in an average DC control voltage, that drives the VCO. Its the primary building blog that determines the dynamic performance of the loop-covering the following factors, a. Capture and lock ranges; b. Band-width; c. Transient-response; Key-> the complete [PLL] system exhibits the characteristics of a second-order system [ Analogous to the transient behavior of a swinging pendulum or vibrating string; [ Radian-frequency-> [ [ second-order-system . [ ] ]; ]; its a decibel-response of a
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com
Page 8-OF-63
If [
------------------[new-topic] 1. 2. 3. BASIC-OPERATION-OF-PHASE-LOCKED-LOOP [PLL]: In operation, the Phase-Locked-Loop is in any one of the following three distinct states: Free-running-state; Capture-state. Phase-Lock-state.
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com
Page 9-OF-63
If we assume that initially the Phase-locked-Loop has no input signal, the VCO then runs at its Free-running-frequency, which is set by either an external RC-filter or LC-filter network , here the loop is said to be un-locked. When an input signal is applied to the phase-detector and the VCO frequency starts to change in a direction that reduces the frequency difference b/w the VCO-freq [fVCO ] input freq [fin ] , then the loop is said to have Acquired-capture and is now in the capture-state. The fin and fo are not equal [ ] , but in time they will be equal [ ]. In order for a Phase-Locked-Loop that is initially un-locked to respond to an input signal and then be in capture state. The frequency of the input signal must be with in a narrow frequency-range called the capture-range , which is set by the response-parameters of loop circuit , if fin is out-side this capture-range, the loop will never acquire-capture and the fo of the VCO will equal its freerunning frequency. On the other hand, if the fin is within the loops capture-range, then the VCO frequency [ fo = fVCO ] start to change in a direction that reduces the frequency difference between the VCOfrequency [ fo = fVCO ] and input frequency[fin]. The capture-range is often specified as percentage of VCO free-running frequency so, that the free running frequency is within this capture-range.
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com
Page 10-OF-63
];
When the loop Acquire capture, the fin and fo of PLL are not equal, however, the process is repeated many times going around the loop, the fin and [ fo=fVCO ] are comparedby phasedetector, its DC-output voltage is proportional tothis frequency difference, after filtering through [ LPF =low pass filter ] , this frequency-difference drives the VCO whose output frequency tries to get closer to input frequency. PHASE-LOCKED: Eventually the loop will reach the situation where the VCOs frequency fo and the loops input frequency fin are exactly equal [ fin = fo ] except for a possible phase-shift, when the input[Vin] and output [Vo] signal have exactly the same frequency, except for a given phase-shift, the loop is then said to be locked or Phase-locked. The Phase-shift, if any occers because the Vco is Asynchronous with the input-signal if there is no input signal , the VCO runs along at its own pace [ i-e, its free-running frequency ] , when the loop receives an input signal, its then Asynchronous with the VCO-signal. SETTLING-TIME: Because of the loops transient-behavior, it takes a finite Amount of time for [www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com by Sikandar Khan Lodhi] Page 11-OF-63
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com
Page 12-OF-63
In addition, the input-signal reference is Obtained from a very stable crystal-controlled oscillator in [ 1M Hz to --> 10M Hz ] range.
TTL-Based crystal controlled frequency reference from [ 1M Hz ---to- 10M Hz ]. The VCO output frequency [ fo = N.fREF(IN) ] is Nth times greater then input reference frequency [ fREF (IN) ] . The output signal of VCO with [fo=N.[fREF[IN]] ], is then fed to divided by Nth-Counter, which produces one output pulse for every Nth inputs pulses of clock to N counter. [www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com by Sikandar Khan Lodhi] Page 13-OF-63
].
N -Counter Out put frequency[fc ] = fc = fREF(IN) . When the loop is Phase-locked , the frequencies of two input of phase-detector are equal, except for a possible phase-difference. In communications systems , practical-synthesizers generally have their output frequency [ fo ] in { } range [ VHF & UHF ] , however, synthesizers are capable of working with low-frequency signals in Audio-frequency range [ 20 Hz --- to 20 K hz ] . Very often, a frequency-synthesizer will be used to increase the resolution of a frequencycounter by a factor of 10 or 100 with out increasing the sampling or display up-date time. Most counters use a sampling or display up-date time of 1s . in order to obtain a resolution of one more decimal place, the frequency-counter must then be set to have a sampling or display up-datetime of 10-seconds, which will take 10time longer to display the input frequency; In this 10-seconds interval, the input signal might change frequency-slightly and give erroneous-readings. Instead of using a very stable fREF(IN) , the frequency that would otherwise be measured by frequency-counter is now fed to input of the synthesizer. The frequency counter is connected to output of VCO and reads either 10 or 100 times larger that the input signal [ fig # 7 ] , forexample : a frequency-counter measures a given signal and indicates a frequency of 974 Hz because of typical ( 1 ) count error inherent to all digital-display, the actual input frequency could be between [ 973 Hz & 975 Hz ] . To achieve a greater resolution, a ( x 10 ) synthesizer is placed between the frequency source and frequency-counter.suppose, the counter reads 9746 Hz the actual input frequency is then [ 9746 Hz/10 = 974.6 Hz ] , {Actually the frequency will be b/w 974.5Hz and 974.7 Hz } , as mentioned earlier, we could set the frequency-counter to have a sampling or display time of [ 10 second ] in order to produce the extra decimal place, but it would take ten times longer to display the fin . Using the synthesizer method , the extra time lag is eliminated. All that is necessary is mentally to divide the displayed frequency by 10 [ or 100, if need be ] to obtain the correct [ input frequency fin = fREF(IN) ]. ------------------------ ANALOG-PHASE-LOCKED-LOOP [ A-PLL ] { 560-SERIES ] :[NEW-TOPIC]: There are 560-series of PLL in which [ Vo(VCO] = SQUARE-WAVE ] in all cases of 560-series [ 560B, 561B, 562, 564, 565, 566 and 567 ) . 1. 560B-PHASE-LOCKED-LOOP [PLL] OR FM-DEMODULATOR :by Sikandar Khan Lodhi] Page 14-OF-63
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com
Page 15-OF-63
----------FINISHED HERE ---------- 561B PHASE-LOCKED-LOOP OR AM-RECIVER OR FM-DE-MODULATOR : The 561B-PLL is identical to 560B except that it includes an additional phase-detector, which allows the device to be used as a synchronous AM-detector as well as an FM-demodulator. The demodulated FM output at [Pin # 9 ] is an output voltage that is a function of the frequency deviation of input signal. For a [ 1 % ] deviation, the output is approximately [ 0.3 v ] peak-to-peak [ 0.11 VRMS ] . As an example, a standard 10.7 M Hz IF [intermediate-frequency ] circuit has a deviation of approximately [ 75k Hz ]. The percent[%] deviation is then [ [formula for Vo-> ] consequently, the output voltage swing is ],[ for Vo-> ];
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com
Page 16-OF-63
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com
Page 17-OF-63
This AM-Receiver unlike other AM-Receivers requires no capacitor-Inductor tank circuit for tuning, instead, the [ 365pF = CT ] Tuning-capacitor[CT] between pin-2 and pin-3 is Adjusted to make the VCO oscillate at the carrier-frequency of station to be received. To operate, the receiver circuit requires an out-side Antenna and a good ground, in addition sufficient signal [ input] must be present at input of the phase-locked-loop[PLL], otherwise a Swishing sound may result, which is due to the frequency difference between the incoming carrier and the VCO when the loop-lock is un-stable. Another draw-back to this simple circuit is the hand-Capacitance effect as a result of nongrounded capacitive tuning of VCO, one remedy for this problem is to use a Vernier dial and an insulated shaft on the tuning capacitor. Furthermore, the circuits operation may be enhanced by using an un-tuned broad-band Amplifier ahead of the receiver to increase sensitivity while limiting input[I/P]-signal levels to less than [0.5 VRMS ] . ----------------------FINISHED-------
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com
Page 18-OF-63
562 PHASE-LOCKED-LOOP[PLL] AS A FREQUENCY-MULTIPLIER/OR FREQUENCYSYNTHESIZER: The [562-PLL] is similar to 560B, except that the internal-connection between the VCO output and the phase-detector is broken [or dis-connected ]. Thus, two external connection are provided which allow for insertion of TTL[TransistorTransistor-Logic]-counters to be placed in feed-back path for frequency-synthesis .
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com
Page 19-OF-63
NTH MODULE-COUNTER :-
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com
Page 20-OF-63
Note: for further detail about counter circuits please read the counter chapter from DLD-III [DigitalLogic-design , part-1 and 2 ] section from my blog -> www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.ca --------------------
565-PHASE-LOCKED-LOOP(PLL) [ FSK-DEMODULATOR/FSK-DECODER ]: The 565-PLL in below figure # 17 , is perhaps the most popular device of the 560-series. Its a general-purpose device similar to 562-PLL whereas the 560B , 561B, & 562 PLL are limited to frequencies below 500k Hz . The VCO-free-running frequency is found from below formula.
];
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com
Page 21-OF-63
Fig # 17 :
[ [ ];
];
[ [
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com
Page 22-OF-63
FIG # 18
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com
Page 23-OF-63
Fig # 19 CSO=its used to eliminate spontaneous Oscillations. C1=any value. [ ]; One popular application using ( 565-PLL ) is that of a frequency-ShiftKeying (FSK) DeModulator. FSK refer to data transmission by means of a carrier frequency that is shifted between two preset frequencies. FSK is widely used with teletype-writer (TTY) systems. Over the years , several standards have been used to set mark and space frequencies, which correspond to logic-1 and logic-0 states of the binary
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com by Sikandar Khan Lodhi] Page 24-OF-63
200 Hz
2025Hz
2225 Hz
200 Hz
2125 Hz c
2975 Hz
850 Hz
The frequency difference between the mark [ fm ] & space [ fs ] frequencies is called the frequency-shift [ + . Let , Mark [1 ] and space [0] frequency pairs =>{ fm-fs= f }; Mark [1 ] and space [0] pairs =>{ { = frequency-shift . }; };
{Mark-frequency = fm ; space-frequency =fs } When transmitting (TTY) information using a Modulator-DeModulator [or MoDEM or MODEM + system, this frequency pair represents what is called the Originate-signal.
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com by Sikandar Khan Lodhi] Page 25-OF-63
FIG # 20 : A simple FSK-DeModulator using the 565 (PLL) for a { [ fm=1070 Hz][www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com by Sikandar Khan Lodhi] Page 26-OF-63
2.
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com
Page 27-OF-63
Fig # 13-15 or Fig # 21 -------------finished-here---------567-TONE-DECODER:- { AN APPLICATION OF 567 PLL }: The 567-Tone-Decoder is a Phase-locked-Loop-system (PLL) designed specifically to respond to a given tone of constant frequency with in its band-width.
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com
Page 28-OF-63
Fig # 22 Although similar to the 561B , the 567 also has a power output stage capable of sourcing 100mA. However, its frequency range is similar to the 565, which is limited to 500k Hz. The free-running VCO-frequency [ + is often called centerfrequency [ fo ] is set by as follow.
[ ];
]; The value for C2 is best found from the graph of bandwidth versus input
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com
Page 29-OF-63
--------------567 BAND WIDTH VERSUS INPUT SIGNAL [ Vi ] AMPLITUDE CURVE FOR THE SELECTION-OF-CAPACITOR-C2 :BAND-WIDTH VS [ VERSUS ] INPUT SIGNAL [Vi ] AMPLITUDE GRAPH:-
Fig # 23 Key-point However , the value for C2 can be determined based on the level of the input signal [ Vin ] .
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com
Page 30-OF-63
When the loop is locked , the output at pin 8 is at ground. When the loop is un-locked, (pin-8) is at the supply-voltage (+Vcc ), which can range from ( +4.75 V to +9V = +Vcc ). BASIC-TONE DECODER-CIRCUIT:-
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com
Page 31-OF-63
Fig # 24: Because of its internal design , the 567 becomes some what sensitive to those input frequencies that are odd harmonics of the central-frequency . As a consequence, the 567 may lock onto frequencies that are f0/3,fo/5,fo/7,.infinity = Odd-harmonics frequency. f0/3,fo/5,fo/7,.infinity = Odd-harmonics frequency. Further more the loop may also lock onto frequencies near [ ];
Where * N=any integer=1,2,3,4,.,infinity +; If these such type of frequencies are Anticipated then they should be filtered (or
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com
Page 32-OF-63
Fig # 25
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com
Page 34-OF-63
Low-Tone Group ( f0 )
1 4 7
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com
Page 35-OF-63
For Example, The number 9 is represented by an ( fo= 852 Hz ) tone from the low-tone group and a ( fo = 1477 Hz ) tone from the High-tone-group. To decode the tone frequencies properly for number (9) from the 12 possible choices, two 567 decoders are needed. As shown in below figure # 26.
Fig # 26 when the touch-tone signal corresponding to number [ 9 ] is present at the circuit input , both decoder will be locked and output of both decoder will
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com by Sikandar Khan Lodhi] Page 36-OF-63
Fig # 27 -----------finished-here---------
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com
Page 37-OF-63
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com
Page 38-OF-63
Fig # 28 :
Typically : [ ]; The frequency range , [ fVCO [ MAX ] fVCO [ MIN ] ] , of VCO is set by external components R1 and C1 whereas the minimum VCO frequency is controlled by R2 and C1 . [ [ ]; ];
by Sikandar Khan Lodhi]
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com
Page 39-OF-63
-------APPLICATION-OF-4046 PLL [ CMOS PLL] :KEY-POINT 4046 frequency multiplier ( or synthesizer] is extremely useful when measuring the frequency of physiological events such as Respiration or Heart-Rate , one of the Bio-Medical engineering Application which used in Bio[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com by Sikandar Khan Lodhi] Page 40-OF-63
2. APPLICATION NO-2 [4046 (PLL-CMOS)] : CMOS Phase-Locked Loop [ CMOS PLL ] frequency multiplier for increasing the resolution of frequency counters. An with many PLL-ICs , the 4046 can be used as a frequency-synthesizer
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com by Sikandar Khan Lodhi] Page 41-OF-63
Note: In above example circuit of frequency multiplier we can multiply the input frequency [ fin ] by the factor of 10n to form any required frequency at the output where [ n = No of 4017 ( CMOS ) Decade-Counter stages +.
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com by Sikandar Khan Lodhi] Page 42-OF-63
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com
Page 44-OF-63
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com
Page 45-OF-63
Fig # 34 [ Phase-Detector ] .
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com
Page 46-OF-63
Fig # 35 [ Phase-Detector ] Calculations: [ ---------------Let, [ Non-inverting Amplifier gain = ----So, by putting above value in eq-A we get; ]; ];
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com
Page 47-OF-63
]; ]; ]; ];
]; ];
];
---------------and {:. ---------- The Phase detector = Linear-multiplier multiplies these two signals and produce a sum and difference frequency output [ ].
[
[ ];
];
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com
Page 48-OF-63
];
];
];
];
So the part of above equation which is high-lighted in light blue color will filter-out [ or Attenuated ] by filter [ LPF ] 1st order LPF. The second cosine term in the above equation is a 2nd harmonic term [ ] and its filtered out by LPF (N=1, 1st order ) in PLL-system so then the control votage ( Vc) at the output of filter (LPF) is below .
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com
Page 49-OF-63
Fig # 36 :
[ [ [
]; ]; ]; The filter output voltage vc is proportional to the Phase difference between the incoming signal [ Vin ] and VCO signal [ Vo ] and is used as the control voltage [ vc ] for VCO .
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com
Page 50-OF-63
[{ANALOG} PHASE-LOCKED-LOOP [A-PLL] ON OPERATIONALAMPLIFIERS IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING [BME], CH-13 ] -----------finished-here-------THE-VOLTAGE-CONTROLLED-OSCILLATOR [VCO] : The voltage controlled-oscillator (VCO) can take many forms , A VCO can be some type of LC or crystal Oscillator, or it can be some type of RC-Oscillator or Multivibrator, No matter the exact type most VCOs employed in PLLs operate on the principle of variable reactance using a varactor diode as a Voltage variable capacitor . The capacitance of a Varactor-diode varies inversely with reverse bias-voltage. The capacitance decreases as reverseVoltage increases and vice-verca. [ Capacitance of varactor diode 1/ Reverse-bias-Voltage ];
In a PLL, the Control Voltage ( vc ) feed back to the VCO is applied as a reverse-bias-voltage to varactor-diode with in the VCO, the frequency of oscillation is inversely related to capacitance for an RC-type oscillator by below formula. [ ];
And for an LC-type oscillator by the formula: [ [ ]; Capacitance * C + decreases as reverse (control-voltage )-Voltage increases , therefore, increase in control-voltage to VCO cause
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com by Sikandar Khan Lodhi] Page 51-OF-63
];
[{ANALOG} PHASE-LOCKED-LOOP [A-PLL] ON OPERATIONALAMPLIFIERS IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING [BME], CH-13 ] an increase in frequency and Vice-verca. BASIC VCO OPERATION IN PLL-SYSTEM:-
Fig # 37 fo (nom ) = ffR ( VCO ) = fo ( Nominal ) = VCO free-running frequency. The basic-VCO operation is shown in above figure # 37, the above graph shows that at the nominal-control voltage [ Vc ( nom ) ], the VCO-Oscillator is running at its nominal or free-running frequency [ fo ( nom ) ], an increase in Vc above the nominal value force the VCO-oscillator frequency to increase and a decrease in
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com by Sikandar Khan Lodhi] Page 52-OF-63
[{ANALOG} PHASE-LOCKED-LOOP [A-PLL] ON OPERATIONALAMPLIFIERS IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING [BME], CH-13 ] Vc below the nominal value force the VCO-Oscillator frequency to decrease. There are of-course, limits on the operation as indicated by minimum and maximum points. The Transfer-function or conversion-gain ( k) of VCO is normally expressed as a certain frequency deviation per unit change in control-voltage [ Vc ].
[ ];
BASIC-PLL-OPERATION:1. When PLL is Locked, than [ fin = fo ] , however there is always a phase difference between them which is called the StaticPhase-Error [ + .that is [ [ 2. The phase-error [ . ]; its control voltage. ]; + , is parameter that keeps the PLL Locked in
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com
Page 53-OF-63
Fig # 38 [ PLL is Locked ]: (b) PLL is Un-Locked [ see in below fog # 39 (a) and (b) :-
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com
Page 54-OF-63
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com
Page 55-OF-63
Fig # 39 PLL is Un-Locked , (b) wave Form 2. CASE-STUDY : { PLL is Locked (see in fig # 40 ) }:-
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com
Page 56-OF-63
Fig # 40 [ PLL is Locked ]:---------finished-here--------LOCK ( or HOLD-IN ) RANGE : Once the PLL is Locked , it will track frequency changes in the incoming signal. The range of frequencies over which the PLL can maintain Lock is called the lock-range ( or hold-in or tracking-range). Limitations on hold-in range are maximum frequency deviations of VCO and the output limits of Phase-detector.
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com by Sikandar Khan Lodhi] Page 57-OF-63
[{ANALOG} PHASE-LOCKED-LOOP [A-PLL] ON OPERATIONALAMPLIFIERS IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING [BME], CH-13 ] The hold-in range is independent of the band-width [BW] of the low-pass filter because , when the PLL is in Lock state, the difference frequency ( fin fo ) is zero or a very low instantaneous value that falls well within the band-width. The hold-in range is usually expressed as a percentage of VCOfrequency. CAPTURE-RANGE : Assuming the PLL is not in lock state , the range of frequencies over which PLL can acquire lock with an incoming signal is called the capture-range. Two basic conditions are required for a PLL to Acquire lock , which are given below. a. Difference frequency ( fo-fin ) must be low enough to fall with in the filters band-width . this means that the incoming frequency must not be separated from nominal or free-running frequency of the VCO by more than the band-width of LPF. b. The maximum deviation , of VCO frequency must be sufficient to allow fo to increase or decrease to a value equal to fin , As shown in bbew figure # 41 and when they exist , the PLL will Pull the VCO-frequency towards the incoming frequency until ( fo = fin ) .
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com
Page 58-OF-63
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com
Page 59-OF-63
Case-1 :-
Fig # 42 [ Case-1 ]
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com
Page 60-OF-63
Fig # 43 [ CASE-2 ] :--------Finished-here---------THE LM-565 PHASE-LOCKED-LOOP [PLL] : The LM-565 is used as a PLL based FM-DeModulator. The LM-565 IC [Integrated-circuit] of PLL is used a good example of an PLL. The circuit consists of a VCO , Phase-detector , a Low-Pass Filter [ LPF ] of order [N=1 or one pole or one capacitor LPF circuit ],
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com by Sikandar Khan Lodhi] Page 61-OF-63
[{ANALOG} PHASE-LOCKED-LOOP [A-PLL] ON OPERATIONALAMPLIFIERS IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING [BME], CH-13 ] formed by an internal-resistor and an external-capacitor an d an Amplifier. The free-running VCO frequency [ ffR ( VCO ) ] can be set with external components. The LM-565 PLL can be used for frequency range from 0.001 Hz to 500k Hz, that is : CALCULATIONS:[ [ FOR LOCK-RANGE f(Lock) :[ [ Where: The Vcc is the total Voltage between the positive and negative DCsupply voltage terminals. FOR CAPTURE-RANGE ( fcap ):[ ];
]; ];
]; ];
{:.
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com
Page 62-OF-63
Key-point you can see that the capture range is dependent on filter band width as find by internal resistor ( RLPF = 3.6 k Ohms ) and external-capacitor [ C2 = CLPF ] . BLOCK-DIAGRAM-OF-(LM-565 PLL ) :-
Fig # 44 [ LM-565 PLL ] INTERNAL-CIRCUIT BLOCK DIAGRAM OF LM-565 PLL : ------------------Finished-here---------------------------- Ch-13 on OP-AMPs on Phase-Locked-Loop [PLL] finished[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com by Sikandar Khan Lodhi] Page 63-OF-63
X
MUHAMMAD-SIKANDAR-KHAN-LODHI OWNER OF MY PERSOLAL NOTES
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com
Page 64-OF-63
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com
Page 65-OF-63
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com
Page 66-OF-63
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com
Page 67-OF-63
[www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com
Page 68-OF-63