Tutorial 16. Modeling Cavitation: Introduction: This Tutorial Examines The Flow of Water Around A Tor

Tutorial 16.
Modeling Cavitation
Introduction: This tutorial examines the flow of water around a tor-

pedo. Cavitation occurs in many applications as a result of flow
acceleration over a body surface. Vapor production is localized at
the wall where the pressure is below the vaporization pressure pv ,
so grid refinement and the use of non-equilibrium wall functions
improve the accuracy of the simulation. The case is taken from a
paper by Kunz et al. [1]. Using FLUENT’s multiphase modeling
capability, you will be able to predict the inception of cavitation
near the nose of the torpedo.
In this tutorial you will learn how to:
• Set boundary conditions for external flow
• Use the mixture model with cavitation effects
• Calculate a solution using the segregated solver
• Use a pressure coefficient monitor to check solution conver-
gence
Prerequisites: This tutorial assumes that you are familiar with the
menu structure in FLUENT and that you have solved or read Tu-
torial 1. Some steps in the setup and solution procedure will not
be shown explicitly.
Problem Description: The problem considers the cavitation caused

by the flow of water around a torpedo at an incidence angle of zero
and a free-stream velocity of 1 m/s (U∞ = 1 m/s). The torpedo
diameter is 0.136 m. The geometry of the torpedo is shown in
Figure 16.1.
c Fluent Inc. November 27, 2001

16-1
Modeling Cavitation
D = 0.136 m
U = 1 m/s
Figure 16.1: Problem Specification
Preparation
1. Copy the file cav/cav.msh from the FLUENT documentation CD

to your working directory (as described in Tutorial 1).
2. Start the 2D version of FLUENT.
16-2 c Fluent Inc. November 27, 2001

Modeling Cavitation
Step 1: Grid
1. Read the grid file (cav.msh).

File −→ Read −→Case...
As FLUENT reads the grid file, it will report its progress in the
console window.
2. Check the grid.

Grid −→Check
FLUENT will perform various checks on the mesh and will report
the progress in the console window. Pay particular attention to the
reported minimum volume. Make sure this is a positive number.
3. Display the grid.

Display −→Grid...

16-3
Modeling Cavitation
(a) Display the grid using the default settings (Figure 16.2).
As shown in Figure 16.2, half of the torpedo is modeled, with
an axis boundary at the centerline. Especially when you begin
to display data graphically, you may want to mirror the view
across the centerline to obtain a more realistic view of the
model. This step will be performed later in the tutorial.
(b) Use the middle mouse button to zoom in on the image so you
can see the mesh near the torpedo (Figures 16.3 and 16.4).
Grid Jun 18, 2001

FLUENT 6.0 (axi, segregated, mixture, ske)
Figure 16.2: The Grid Around the Torpedo
This mesh is quadrilateral. The gradients normal to the tor-

pedo wall are much greater than those tangent to the torpedo,
except near the tip and at the transition between the nose and
the main body. Consequently, the cells nearest the surface
have very high aspect ratios.

Modeling Cavitation
Grid Jun 18, 2001

Figure 16.3: The Grid After Zooming In on the Torpedo
Grid Jun 18, 2001

Figure 16.4: The Grid After Zooming In Further on the Torpedo

16-5
Modeling Cavitation
Step 2: Models
1. Specify a steady-state axisymmetric model.

Define −→ Models −→Solver...
The segregated solver must be used for multiphase calculations.
(a) Under Space, select Axisymmetric.

(b) Keep the default settings for everything else.
Note: A computationally-intensive unsteady calculation is neces-
sary to accurately simulate the irregular cyclic process of bub-
ble formation, growth, filling by water jet re-entry, and breakoff.
In this tutorial, you will perform a steady-state calculation to
simulate just the formation of the first bubble near the nose
of the torpedo.

Modeling Cavitation
2. Enable the multiphase mixture model with cavitation effects.

Define −→ Models −→Multiphase...
(a) Select Mixture as the Model.
The panel will expand.
(b) Under Mixture Parameters, turn off Slip Velocity.
Since there is no significant difference in velocities for the
different phases, there is no need to solve for the slip velocity
equation.
(c) Select Cavitation under Interphase Mass Transfer.
The panel will expand again to show the cavitation inputs.

16-7
Modeling Cavitation
(d) Enter 101175 for the Vaporization Pressure.

The vaporization pressure depends on the operating pressure,
the free-stream velocity, the density of the liquid, and a non-
dimensional parameter known as the cavitation number. The
value above is taken from the literature.
(e) Set the Bubble Number Density to 9e6.
The Bubble Number Density is the number of bubbles of vapor
per unit volume, and is assumed constant. The value of 9×106
is taken from the literature.
3. Turn on the standard k- turbulence model with non-equilibrium

wall functions.
Define −→ Models −→Viscous...
(a) Select k-epsilon as the Model.

Modeling Cavitation
(b) Keep the default selection of Standard under k-epsilon Model.

The standard k- model has been found to be quite effective in
accurately resolving the near-wall region when non-equilibrium
wall functions are used.
(c) Select Non-Equilibrium Wall Functions under Near-Wall Treat-
ment.

16-9
Modeling Cavitation
Step 3: Materials
1. Copy liquid water and water vapor from the materials database so
that they can be used for the primary and secondary phases.
Define −→Materials...
(a) Click the Database... button in the Materials panel.
The Database Materials panel will open.

Modeling Cavitation
(b) In the list of Fluid Materials, select water-liquid (h2o<l>).

(c) Click Copy to copy the information for liquid water to your
model.
(d) In the list of Fluid Materials, select water-vapor (h2o).
(e) Click Copy to copy the information for water vapor to your
model.
(f) Close the Database Materials panel and the Materials panel.

16-11
Modeling Cavitation
Step 4: Phases
1. Define the liquid water and water vapor phases that flow around
the torpedo.
Define −→Phases...
(a) Specify liquid water as the primary phase.

i. Select phase-1 and click the Set... button.
ii. In the Primary Phase panel, enter water for the Name.
iii. Select water-liquid from the Phase Material drop-down list.

Modeling Cavitation
(b) Specify water vapor as the secondary phase.

i. Select phase-2 and click the Set... button.
ii. In the Secondary Phase panel, enter water-vapor for the

Name.
iii. Select water-vapor from the Phase Material drop-down list.

16-13
Modeling Cavitation
Step 5: Boundary Conditions

For this problem, you need to set the boundary conditions for two bound-
aries: the velocity inlet and the pressure outlet. The velocity inlet com-
prises the circular arc grid boundary, and the pressure outlet is the down-
stream boundary, opposite the velocity inlet.
1. Set the conditions for the velocity inlet (velocity-inlet-5).

For the multiphase mixture model, you will specify conditions for
the mixture (i.e., conditions that apply to all phases) and also con-
ditions that are specific to the primary and secondary phases. In
this tutorial, boundary conditions are needed for the mixture and
secondary phase only.
(a) Set the conditions for the mixture.
Define −→Boundary Conditions...
i. In the Boundary Conditions panel, keep the default se-
lection of mixture in the Phase drop-down list and click
Set....
ii. In the Velocity Specification Method drop-down list, select
Components.
iii. In the Reference Frame drop-down list, keep the default
selection of Absolute.
iv. Under Axial-Velocity (m/s), input 1.
v. In the Turbulence Specification Method drop-down list, se-
lect Intensity and Viscosity Ratio.
vi. Set Turbulence Intensity to 0.5% and Turbulence Viscosity
Ratio to 5.
For external flows, you should choose a viscosity ratio
between 1 and 10.

Modeling Cavitation
(b) Check the volume fraction of the secondary phase.

i. In the Boundary Conditions panel, select water-vapor from
the Phase drop-down list and click Set....
ii. Retain the default Volume Fraction of 0.

16-15
Modeling Cavitation
2. Set the boundary conditions for the pressure outlet (pressure-outlet-

4).
The turbulence conditions you input at the pressure outlet will be
used only if flow enters the domain through this boundary. You can
set them equal to the inlet values, as no flow reversal is expected
at the pressure outlet. In general, however, it is important to set
reasonable values for these downstream scalar values, in case flow
reversal occurs at some point during the calculation.
(a) Set the conditions for the mixture.
i. In the Boundary Conditions panel, select mixture in the
Phase drop-down list and click Set....
ii. Select Intensity and Viscosity Ratio for the Turbulence Spec-
ification Method.
iii. Set the Turbulence Intensity to 0.5%.
iv. Set the Turbulent Viscosity Ratio to 5.
(b) Check the volume fraction of the secondary phase.
i. In the Boundary Conditions panel, select water-vapor from
the Phase drop-down list and click Set....
ii. Retain the default Volume Fraction of 0.

Modeling Cavitation
Step 6: Solution
1. Set the solution parameters.

Solve −→ Controls −→Solution...
(a) Under Under-Relaxation Factors, set the under-relaxation fac-

tor for Momentum to 0.1.
(b) Scroll down and set the Vaporization Mass under-relaxation
factor to 0.001.
The source term created by “evaporation” greatly affects the
numerics of the pressure correction. In order to prevent di-
vergence, you need to use a small under-relaxation factor for
this source term.

16-17
Modeling Cavitation
(c) Set the under-relaxation factor for Volume Fraction to 0.1.

(d) Under Discretization, select PRESTO! in the Pressure drop-
down list and Second Order Upwind in the Momentum drop-
down list.
2. Enable the plotting of residuals during the calculation.

Solve −→ Monitors −→Residual...
(a) Change the convergence criterion for continuity to 1e-5 for

improved accuracy.
(b) Select Plot under Options, and click on OK.

Modeling Cavitation
3. Initialize the solution.

Solve −→ Initialize −→Initialize...
(a) Select velocity-inlet-5 in the Compute From drop-down list.

(b) Click Init to initialize the solution.
4. Set the reference values for the torpedo.

To monitor the convergence of the calculation, you will enable the
plotting of the area-weighted average of the pressure coefficient on
the outer boundary of the torpedo. Reference values must be set
correctly in order for the pressure coefficient calculated by FLUENT
to be realistic. FLUENT uses the reference density to calculate the
pressure coefficient. For the first few iterations, when the solution
is fluctuating, the pressure coefficient will behave erratically. This
can cause the scale of the y axis for the plot to be set too wide,
making variations in the value of the coefficient less evident. To
avoid this problem, you will have FLUENT perform a small num-
ber of iterations, and then you will adjust the pressure coefficient
monitor scale.

16-19
Modeling Cavitation
Report −→Reference Values...
(a) In the Compute From drop-down list, select velocity-inlet-5.

The panel will update to reflect the new values.

Modeling Cavitation
5. Set up a monitor for the pressure coefficient.

Solve −→ Monitors −→Surface...
Plotting the pressure coefficient will help you monitor the conver-
gence of the solution.
(a) Increase the number of Surface Monitors to 1.

(b) Enable the Plot and Write options for monitor-1.
(c) Click on Define... to the right of monitor-1.
This will open the Define Surface Monitor panel.

16-21
Modeling Cavitation
(d) In the Report Of drop-down lists, select Pressure... and Pres-

sure Coefficient.
(e) In the Report Type drop-down list, select Area-Weighted Aver-
age.
(f) Set the Plot Window to 1.
(g) In the Surfaces list, select wall-1.
(h) Click OK in the Define Surface Monitor panel and then in the
Surface Monitors panel.

Modeling Cavitation
6. Save the case file (cav.cas).

File −→ Write −→Case...
7. Start the calculation by requesting 50 iterations.

Solve −→Iterate...
8. Change the plot scale for the pressure coefficient.

Solve −→ Monitors −→Surface...
(a) Click on Define... to the right of monitor-1.
This will open the Define Surface Monitor panel.
i. Click the Axes... button.

The Axes - Surface Monitor Plot panel will open.

16-23
Modeling Cavitation
ii. In the Axes - Surface Monitor Plot panel, select Y as the

Axis.
iii. Under Number Format, set Precision to 4.
iv. Deselect Auto Range.
v. Enter a new Range of -0.04 to 0.
vi. Click Apply and close the Axes - Surface Monitor Plot
panel.
(b) Continue the calculation by requesting 1100 additional itera-
tions.
Solve −→Iterate...
FLUENT will ask you to confirm that it is OK to append data
to the pressure coefficient monitor file.
(c) Click Yes to continue.
The pressure coefficient has not converged yet, as shown in
Figure 16.5, but an inspection of the pressure contours and

Modeling Cavitation
the pressure coefficient values on the surface of the torpedo in

the next step show good correlation with existing experimental
data [1].
0.0000
-0.0050
-0.0100
-0.0150
Area -0.0200
Weighted
Average -0.0250
-0.0300
-0.0350
-0.0400
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Iteration
Convergence history of Pressure Coefficient on wall-1 Jun 19, 2001

Figure 16.5: Pressure Coefficient History
(d) Save the data file (cav.dat).

File −→ Write −→Data...

16-25
Modeling Cavitation
Step 7: Postprocessing
1. Plot the pressure around the torpedo.

Display −→Contours...
(a) Select Pressure... and Static Pressure in the drop-down lists

under Contours Of.
(b) Select Filled under Options.
(c) Click Display.
Note the low-pressure region near the nose of the torpedo in
Figure 16.6. This is where cavitation is expected to occur.
To make the view more realistic, you will need to mirror it
across the centerline.

Modeling Cavitation
5.33e+02
4.59e+02
3.84e+02
3.09e+02
2.34e+02
1.60e+02
8.49e+01
1.02e+01
-6.46e+01
-1.39e+02
-2.14e+02
Contours of Static Pressure (pascal) Jun 19, 2001

Figure 16.6: Contours of Static Pressure
2. Mirror the display across the centerline.

Display −→Views...

16-27
Modeling Cavitation
(a) Select axis-2 in the Mirror Planes list and click Apply.
(b) Use your middle and left mouse buttons to zoom and translate
the view so that the entire torpedo is visible in the graphics
display (Figure 16.7).
5.33e+02
4.59e+02
3.84e+02
3.09e+02
2.34e+02
1.60e+02
8.49e+01
1.02e+01
-6.46e+01
-1.39e+02
-2.14e+02
Contours of Static Pressure (pascal) Jun 28, 2001

Figure 16.7: Mirrored View of Contours of Static Pressure
3. Plot the volume fraction of water vapor.

Display −→Contours...
(a) Select Phases... and Volume fraction of water-vapor in the drop-

down lists under Contours Of.
(b) Click Display.
Note that the low-pressure region near the nose of the torpedo (Fig-
ure 16.7) coincides with the highest volume fraction of water vapor
in Figure 16.8.

Modeling Cavitation
7.33e-01
6.59e-01
5.86e-01
5.13e-01
4.40e-01
3.66e-01
2.93e-01
2.20e-01
1.47e-01
7.33e-02
0.00e+00
Contours of Volume fraction of water-vapor Jun 28, 2001

Figure 16.8: Contours of Water Vapor Volume Fraction

16-29
Modeling Cavitation
4. Plot the variation of the pressure coefficient on the surface of the

torpedo.
You used the area-weighted average of the pressure coefficient on
wall-1 to monitor the solution convergence. Now you will plot the
pressure coefficient distribution on wall-1 at the last iteration per-
formed.
Plot −→XY Plot...
(a) Under Y Axis Function, select Pressure... and Pressure Coeffi-

cient.
(b) Under Surfaces, select wall-1.
(c) Click Plot.

Modeling Cavitation
wall-1
1.20e+00
1.00e+00
8.00e-01
6.00e-01
4.00e-01
Pressure
Coefficient 2.00e-01
0.00e+00
-2.00e-01
-4.00e-01
-6.00e-01
-0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Position (m)
Pressure Coefficient Jun 19, 2001

Figure 16.9: Pressure Coefficient Distribution on the Torpedo

16-31
Modeling Cavitation
Summary: This tutorial demonstrated how to set up a cavitating flow

around a torpedo, using FLUENT’s multiphase mixture model with
cavitation effects. You learned how to set the boundary conditions
for an external flow, check grid validity by plotting y + , and how
to use surface monitors to monitor the solution convergence. A
steady-state solution was calculated to simulate the formation of
a vapor bubble close to the nose of the torpedo. Even within this
first approximation, good correlation is found between the calcu-
lated pressure coefficient distribution on the surface of the torpedo
and that shown in published data [1]. A more computationally-
intensive unsteady calculation is necessary to accurately simulate
the irregular cyclic process of bubble formation, growth, filling by
water jet re-entry, and breakoff.
References:
1. Kunz, R.F., Boger, B.A., Chyczewski, T.S., Stineberg, D.R.,

Gibeling, H.J., and Govindan T.R.,“Multiphase CFD of Natu-
ral Ventilated Cavitation about Submerged Bodies”, in ASME
paper FEDSM99-7364, Proceedings of 3rd ASME/JSME Joint
Fluids Engineering Conference, 1999.

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Tutorial 16.

Introduction: This tutorial examines the flow of water around a tor-

Problem Description: The problem considers the cavitation caused

c Fluent Inc. November 27, 2001

Figure 16.1: Problem Specification

1. Copy the file cav/cav.msh from the FLUENT documentation CD

2. Start the 2D version of FLUENT.

16-2 c Fluent Inc. November 27, 2001

1. Read the grid file (cav.msh).

2. Check the grid.

3. Display the grid.

c Fluent Inc. November 27, 2001

Grid Jun 18, 2001

Figure 16.2: The Grid Around the Torpedo

This mesh is quadrilateral. The gradients normal to the tor-

16-4 c Fluent Inc. November 27, 2001

Grid Jun 18, 2001

Figure 16.3: The Grid After Zooming In on the Torpedo

Grid Jun 18, 2001

Figure 16.4: The Grid After Zooming In Further on the Torpedo

c Fluent Inc. November 27, 2001

1. Specify a steady-state axisymmetric model.

(a) Under Space, select Axisymmetric.

16-6 c Fluent Inc. November 27, 2001

2. Enable the multiphase mixture model with cavitation effects.

c Fluent Inc. November 27, 2001

(d) Enter 101175 for the Vaporization Pressure.

3. Turn on the standard k- turbulence model with non-equilibrium

16-8 c Fluent Inc. November 27, 2001

(b) Keep the default selection of Standard under k-epsilon Model.

c Fluent Inc. November 27, 2001

16-10 c Fluent Inc. November 27, 2001

(b) In the list of Fluid Materials, select water-liquid (h2o<l>).

c Fluent Inc. November 27, 2001

(a) Specify liquid water as the primary phase.

16-12 c Fluent Inc. November 27, 2001

(b) Specify water vapor as the secondary phase.

ii. In the Secondary Phase panel, enter water-vapor for the

c Fluent Inc. November 27, 2001

Step 5: Boundary Conditions

1. Set the conditions for the velocity inlet (velocity-inlet-5).

16-14 c Fluent Inc. November 27, 2001

(b) Check the volume fraction of the secondary phase.

ii. Retain the default Volume Fraction of 0.

c Fluent Inc. November 27, 2001

2. Set the boundary conditions for the pressure outlet (pressure-outlet-

16-16 c Fluent Inc. November 27, 2001

1. Set the solution parameters.

(a) Under Under-Relaxation Factors, set the under-relaxation fac-

c Fluent Inc. November 27, 2001

(c) Set the under-relaxation factor for Volume Fraction to 0.1.

2. Enable the plotting of residuals during the calculation.

(a) Change the convergence criterion for continuity to 1e-5 for

16-18 c Fluent Inc. November 27, 2001

3. Initialize the solution.

(a) Select velocity-inlet-5 in the Compute From drop-down list.

4. Set the reference values for the torpedo.

c Fluent Inc. November 27, 2001

Report −→Reference Values...

(a) In the Compute From drop-down list, select velocity-inlet-5.

16-20 c Fluent Inc. November 27, 2001

5. Set up a monitor for the pressure coefficient.

3. Turn on the standard k- turbulence model with non-equilibrium