Mechanism of locomotion in animals

Locomotion in an earthworm (Hydrostatic Skeleton) Earthworms have a ___________________________ skeleton. The force is applied to a fluid-filled ___________________________ called the ________________________. The _____________________________is surrounded by two antagonistic layers of ______________________________; the __________________________ muscles and ____________________________muscles. When the circular muscles contract, the longitudinal muscles relax. The earthworm becomes thinner and longer. When the longitudinal muscle contract, the circular muscles relax. The earthworm becomes ________________________and thicker. An earthworm has _________________________________which anchor parts of the body to the ground so that the other parts can be pulled towards the anchored parts. During locomotion, the contraction and relaxation of both muscles produce a ________________________ wave which begins at the front and moves towards the end of the body.

Locomotion of earthworm: progresses from (1) to (7)

Locomotion in a grasshopper (Exoskeleton) A grasshopper has ________________ muscles called the flexor and _____________ muscles which are attached to the interior of the exoskeleton. The rear legs of a grasshopper are adapted for ___________________. When the _____________ muscle in the upper part of a grasshoppers leg _________________, the lower leg is __________ towards the body. When the ___________ muscle contracts, the leg jerks backwards, ______________ the grasshopper forward and __________ into the air.

Locomotion in a bird (Endoskeleton) The locomotion of bird flight occurs through two ways, namely flapping the wings and ____________________. When flapping the wings _________________, the ___________________ and large pectoral muscles contract. Air resistance towards the movement of the wings downwards produces a force that acts upwards against the wings. This force is sent from the wings to the _________________________ until the ______________________ and __________________ the whole body of the bird upwards. When gliding, the wing acts as an _____________________. Air moves faster on the _____________________ surface of the aerofoil. An area of ___________________ pressure exists on the upper surface and area of high pressure on the ___________________________ surface.

 A lifting ________________________ is produced at the bottom of the wings and lifts the bird.

Locomotion of bird Locomotion in a fish (Endoskeleton) A fish has a ______________________ and slimy body to _____________________ water ________________ while swimming. Each side of the fishs body has ___________________ which are W-shaped muscle segments. Myotomes are antagonistic muscles. When the muscles on one side __________________, those on the other side relax. This produces alternating ___________________ of contraction and relaxation which pass down the myotomes on either side of the body to the tail. As a result, the different parts of the body _________________________________ from side to side, ________________________ the water __________________________ and the fish forwards.