HYBRID RICE IN INDIA

M. Ilyas Ahmed M.S. Ramesha & B.C. Viraktamath

DRR Technical Bulletin No. 22/ 2007 Correct Citation M. Ilyas Ahmed, M.S. Ramesha and B.C. Viraktamath, (2007) Hybrid Rice in India Directorate of Rice Research Hyderabad

Published by : B.C. Viraktamath Project Director Directorate of Rice Research Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500 030. INDIA Tel : 040-2401 5120; 2401 5036-39 Fax : 040-2401 5308 e-mail : pdrice@drricar.org website : www.drricar.org

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CONTENTS

Executive Summary I II III IV V VI VII VIII Introduction Development of Hybrids Large Scale Cultivation of Hybrids Hybrid Seed Production Technology Transfer Impact of Hybrid Rice Technology Major Challenges Future Outlook Appendix-I Appendix-II Appendix-III

1 3 4 12 14 19 22 23 24 25 26 28

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The major mandate of the "National Food Security Mission" to be launched shortly is to enhance the annual rice production by an additional 10 million tons by the end of XI Five Year Plan (i.e.) by 2011-12. Among the innovative genetic options available for enhancing the rice production in short term, hybrid rice is one of the technologies at present, which is practically feasible and readily adoptable. This technology has been developed, extensively tested across the country and has been adopted in a limited area of about 1.1 million hectares at present. Of the targeted 10.0 million tons of additional annual rice production envisaged during next five years, hybrid rice may contribute easily up to 2 to 3 million tons of additional production, if adopted in 2-3 million hectares during the next five years. For this to happen and become a reality, concerted efforts are needed by all the stakeholders; hybrid rice researchers, seed producers both in public and private sectors and above all the technology transfer personnel. The role of very focused, well planned and effective transfer of technology efforts on massive scale for the desired large scale adoption of hybrid rice in 2 to 3 million hectares during the next five years to achieve the targeted goal, cannot be over emphasized. Recognizing the potential of this innovative technology to enhance the productivity and production of rice in the country, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) with a visionary approach, initiated a goal oriented project on hybrid rice in December 1989 itself. Technical support from the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Philippines and the FAO, Rome and additional financial support from the UNDP , NATP and Barwale Foundation in initial stages, and implementation of the project in a mission mode through a national network approach, were the major contributing factors for the remarkable success of this project. The status of hybrid rice in the country at present, the major challenges ahead and the future outlook for this technology are briefly given in this bulletin. Twenty-nine hybrids, 23 from public sector and 6 from private sector have been released for commercial cultivation. Hybrids being cultivated on large scale are 6444, PHB-71, KRH-2, Sahyadri, NSD-2, Pusa R.H.-10, and DRRH-1. In addition 35-40 unreleased but truthfully labelled hybrids from private sector are also being cultivated. Pusa RH-10, the first aromatic, super fine grained hybrid is becoming popular in basmati growing areas. Based on the hybrid seed sold, it is estimated that an area of around 1.1 million hectares is under hybrid rice cultivation during 2007 in the country. Hybrid rice is cultivated predominantly in eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Punjab and Haryana. By adopting the package of practices developed for cultivation of hybrids farmers are getting an yield advantage of 1.0 to 2.0 t/ha and a net profit of Rs. 3000 to Rs. 6000 per hectare. Hybrid Rice in India

The seed production package developed is adopted by the seed growers and average hybrid seed yields of 1.5 to 2.0 t/ha are being obtained on large scale. The net profit by undertaking seed production is Rs. 35,000 to 50,000 per hectare. The major area for hybrid rice seed production in the country is in Karimnagar, Warangal and Kurnool districts of Andhra Pradesh. Hybrid rice seed production is also taken up in Maharashtra and Karnataka states on a limited scale. More than 97% of the hybrid rice seed production is by the private seed sector. The leading companies are Hybrid Rice International (Bayer Bio Science), PHI Seeds Ltd., Mahyco, Shriram Bioseed, Nath Biogene Ltd, Advanta India Ltd., J.K. Agri-Genetics, Dhanya Seeds Ltd., Seeds works India Ltd., Syngenta India Ltd. etc. Totally more than 50 private sector seed companies are engaged in large scale hybrid rice seed production. A molecular method for testing genetic purity of parental lines and hybrids has been developed. This method is quicker and cheaper than the traditional Grow Out Test (GOT). More than 6000 compact block frontline demonstrations conducted on hybrid rice cultivation have created the awareness and have convinced the rice farmers about the advantages of hybrid rice cultivation. Extensive training programs conducted on hybrid rice cultivation and seed production have been useful in disseminating the requisite knowledge and skills to various clientele. Impact assessment studies conducted by two independent agencies revealed the potential of hybrid rice in enhancing productivity, increasing profitability, generating additional employment, particularly for rural women and providing sustainability for rice production system. Future research thrusts for overcoming the present major challenges include; improving grain quality, enhancing magnitude of heterosis, incorporating resistance to major pests and diseases, increasing the seed yields, development of long duration hybrids for coastal regions and shallow lowlands, development of hybrids with tolerance to salilnity/ alkalinity and for aerobic cultivation. Future outlook for large scale adoption of hybrid rice in India appears to be bright. It is expected that by 2010, two million hectares and by 2015, five million hectares will be under hybrid rice cultivation in the country. If there is a favourable policy support from the government under the "National Food Security Mission" then the area coverage under hybrid rice may be much more than the anticipated.

Hybrid Rice in India

HYBRID RICE IN INDIA

I. INTRODUCTION Hybrid rice is a field reality in Indian agriculture now. During the year 2007, around 1.1 million hectares were estimated to be planted to hybrid rice. It is one of the viable and proven technologies available at present to enhance the rice productivity and production in the country. The "National Food Security Mission" to be launched shortly envisages increasing of annual rice production by 10 million tons by end of XI plan by 2011-12. Hybrid rice is likely to play a very pivotal role in achieving the targeted production increase. The successful experience of hybrid rice in China for enhancing the rice production and productivity, has been the impetus for the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) to initiate a national program for development and large scale adoption of hybrid rice in the country in December 1989. The project was conceived as a National Network comprising research, seed production and extension networks. The hybrid rice research network consisted of 12 research centres across the country (Fig.-1). The seed production network consisted of public sector national and state seed production agencies such as National Seed Corporation, State Farms Corporation of India, and the State Seed Development Corporations in addition to all the interested private sector seed companies. The extension network consisted of state departments of Agriculture, extension wings of the SAUs, Krishi Vignan Kendras (Farm science centres) and the NGOs. Effective linkages were established within the different sub-components of the network. The entire project was co-ordinated and implemented by the Directorate of Rice Research (DRR), Hyderabad.

Fig.1 - Hybrid Rice Research Network

Hybrid Rice in India

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In the initial stages, in addition to support from the ICAR, this project received generous financial support from the UNDP and the technical support from IRRI and the FAO. Subsequently Barwale Foundation came forward with partial financial support to fill the critical gaps and the support of the ICAR continued under the NATP project. Private seed sector was involved right from the beginning of the project as an active partner and this paid good dividends in large scale seed production and popularization of hybrids in the country. The visionary approach of the policy makers and research managers, generous funding from the ICAR and other donors and effective and efficient implementation of the program by the project personnel, helped India to achieve the distinction of becoming the second country in the world after china to develop and commercialize hybrid rice. This innovative and promising technology is expected to contribute significantly towards the food security of the nation in the decades ahead. The present status of hybrid rice in the country, the major challenges ahead and the future outlook for this innovative technology are briefly given in this bulletin. 2. DEVELOPMENT OF HYBRIDS 2.1 Hybrids released In the hybrid rice network system, the experimental hybrids developed by the network centers, and those contributed by IRRI and private seed companies are pooled together based on duration and are evaluated in Initial Hybrid Rice Trials (IHRT) at 25 to 30 locations. Generally three IHRTs for early (<120 days), mid-early (<121 to 130 days) and medium (<131 days) duration are conducted each year in kharif (wet) season. Those hybrids recording average yield advantage of 15% are more over the national check in IHRT, are promoted to Advanced Varietal Trial-1 (AVT-1) where they are evaluated along with elite inbred lines at 25-30 locations. Promising hybrids identified in AVT-1 are promoted to AVT2, where they are simultaneously evaluated for yield, quality, resistance and for response to cultural practices. Based on the overall performance in IHRT, AVT-1 and AVT-2 and taking into account the grain quality and resistance to major pests and diseases, promising ones are considered by the Variety Identification Committee (VIC) for proposing them to Central Sub Committee on Crop Standards, Notification and Release of Varieties for release. This is a well organized, proven system tested over the years and found to be very effective. As a result of concerted efforts for a decade, totally twenty-nine hybrids have been released so far (Table -1). Among these 23 have been released from the public sector while the remaining six viz: PHB-71, 6201, 6444, RH-204, JKRH 2000 and Suruchi-5401 have been developed and released by the private sector. Most of these hybrids are of mid-early or medium duration except Pant Sankar Dhan-1, and DRRH-2 which are earlier by 8-12 days. Hybrid Rice in India

Table - 1 : Rice Hybrids released in India

S. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Name of Hybrid/ Year of Release APHR-1 (1994) APHR-2 (1994) MGR-1 (1994) KRH-1 (1994) CNRH-3 (1995) DRRH-1 (1996) KRH-2 + (1996) Duration (days) 130-135 120-125 110-115 120-125 125-130 125-130 130-135 Yield (t/ha) Hybrid 7.14 7.52 6.08 6.02 7.49 7.30 7.40 Check 5.27 (Chaitanya) 5.21 (Chaitanya) 5.23 (IR 50) 4.58 (Mangala) 5.45 (Khitish) 5.50 (Tellahamsa) 6.10 (Jaya) Yield adv.over check (%) 35.4 44.2 16.2 31.4 37.4 32.7 21.3 Released for the state of Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh Tamil Nadu Karnataka West Bengal Andhra Pradesh A.P ., Karnataka, TN, Tripura, Maharashtra, Haryana, Uttaranchal and Rajasthan 8. 9. Pant Sankar Dhan -1 115-120 (1997) CORH-2 (1998) 120-125 115-120 125-130 125-130 130-135 125-130 135-140 6.80 6.25 7.10 6.64 6.15 7.86 6.18 6.11 6.20 (Pant Dhan-4) 5.20 (ADT 39) 4.90 (ASD-18) 4.89 (Jaya) 4.94 (Sarjoo-52) 6.14 (PR 106) 5.03 (Jaya) 4.91 (Jaya) 9.7 20.2 44.9 35.8 24.5 28.0 22.9 24.40 Uttar Pradesh Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu Maharashtra Uttar Pradesh Haryana, UP , TN Eastern states, A.P ., Karnataka and TN. UP , Bihar, Tripura, Orissa, AP , Karnataka, Maharashtra Haryana, Punjab, Delhi, Western UP , South (AP , Karnataka, TN) North West (Haryana, Uttaranchal) and Rajasthan

10. ADTRH-1 (1998) 11. Sahyadri (1998) 12. Narendra Sankar Dhan-2 (1998) 13. PHB 71 (1997)* + 14. PA 6201 (2000)* + 15. 6444 (2001)* +

16. Pusa RH-10 (2001)+ 120-125 17. RH-204* (2003) + 120-126

4.35 6.89

3.11 (Pusa Bas.1) 5.62 (Jaya)

39.90 22.6

Hybrid Rice in India

S. No.

Name of Hybrid/ Year of Release

Duration (days) 130-135

Yield (t/ha) Hybrid 5.94 Check 4.97 (Jaya)

Yield adv.over check (%) 19.5

Released for the state of Haryana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Mahrashtra. Uttaranchal Saline and alkaline areas of U.P . Haryana, Uttarnachal, West Bengal and Tamil Nadu. Irrigated areas of Orissa Irrigated areas of Orissa Maharashtra Maharashtra H a r y a n a

18. Suruchi 5401* (2004) +

19. Pant Sankar Dhan-3 (2004) 20. Narendra Usar Sankar Dhan-3 (2004) 21. DRRH-2 (2005) +

125-130 130-135

6.12 5.15

4.99 (Pant Dhan-12) 3.86 (Narendra Usar Dhan) 4.28 (PSD-1)

22.6 33.41

112-116

5.35

24.9

22. Rajlakshmi (CRHR-5) 130-135 (2005) 23. Ajay (CRHR-7) (2005) 24. Sahyadri-2 (2006) 25. Sahyadri-3 (2006) 130-135 115-118 123-126

5.71 6.07 6.5 7.5 9.41 6.15 6.80 6.9

4.47 (Tapaswini) 4.47 (Tapaswini) 5.2 6.4 8.17 (HKR126) 4.90 (ADT-39) 5.45 (Jaya) 5.7 (Jaya)

27.9 35.9 25.0 17.0 15.2 25.5 24.7 21

26. HKRH-1 (2006) 135-139 (Haryana Sankar Dhan-1) 27. CORH-3 (2006) 28. Indira Sona (2006) 29 JK RH - 2000 (2007) + 130-135 125-128 130-135

Tamil Nadu Chhattisgarh West Bengal, Orissa and Bihar

* Private hybrids; + Hybrids released by CVRC

Out of the twenty-nine hybrids, Twenty have been released by the State Variety Release Committees, while the nine viz., PHB-71, 6201, 6444, RH-204, Pusa RH-10, KRH-2, Suruchi5401, JKRH-2000 and DRRH-2 have been released by the Central Sub Committee on Crop Standards, Notification and Release of Varieties. Six of these are from the private sector. Among the centrally released public bred hybrids, Pusa RH-10 is the first super fine grained, aromatic hybrid released for cultivation in basmati region of north western India. KRH-2 is a high yielding and widely adapted hybrid. DRRH-2 is an early hybrid with high yield potential. Hybrid Rice in India

Out of the 23 public bred hybrids, seed production of only seven hybrids viz., KRH-2, Sahyadri, NDRH-2, PSD-1, CORH-2, DRRH-2 and Pusa RH-10 is being taken up on a much smaller scale by public sector seed agencies.

Pusa RH-10 : super fine grained, aromatic hybrid

DRRH-2 : An early maturing hybrid

2.2

Multilocational Evaluation of Hybrids

Eleven hybrids released prior to 1999, were extensively evaluated in multilocational trials during three seasons viz. kharif-1999 (64 locations), rabi 1999-2000 (15 locations) and kharif2000 (46 locations). KRH-2 hybrid topped in both the kharif (wet) seasons, whereas Sahyadri hybrid was found to be better during rabi (dry) season. On the overall basis, the hybrids KRH-2, PHB-71, Sahyadri, 6201, NSD-2 and DRRH-1 were found promising and widely adapted. During Kharif 2006 season a separate multilocational trial for the hybrids released after the year 2000 was conducted at 34 locations through out the country. On the overall mean basis, the hybrids viz., DRRH-2 and PSD3 were found promising in the early maturity group. In the southern region two medium maturity hybrids viz., JKRH-2000 and PA-6444 were found promising. Although twenty-nine hybrids have been released so far, not all of them are under cultivation, either due to their poor performance or due to lack of proper agency to take up their large scale seed production. The hybrids under cultivation are PA-6444, PHB-71, PA-6201, KRH-2 , Sahyadri, NSD-2, and DRRH-1. The recently released hybrids such as Pusa RH-10, PA-6444 , Suruchi, PSD-3, JKRH-2000 and DRRH-2 etc., are being popularized with the farmers now. 2.3 Grain quality considerations Grain quality characteristics are very important parameters for determining consumer acceptance for any variety/hybrid. Grain quality preferences vary from region to region and most popular variety of a region may not be preferred at all in another region. Hence it is difficult Hybrid Rice in India

to satisfy specific consumer preferences of a large region or a group, especially during the initial period. Grain quality characteristics of all the released hybrids have been systematically analysed (Table-2). It is found that grain quality of hybrids is on par with most of the common varieties such as IR-64, Jaya, Sarjoo-52 etc. However grain quality of hybrids is not comparable to that of premier quality varieties such as Sona Mahsuri, White Ponni, BPT-5204 etc. It is reported that lower head rice recovery, stickiness and mild aroma in some hybrids are the negative factors affecting the grain quality of the hybrids. Present problems of grain quality of rice hybrids is primarily due to narrow genetic base of CMS lines being used. Efforts are underway to develop well adapted indigenous non-aromatic CMS lines, with medium slender grains having higher head rice recovery and intermediate amylose content. By choosing appropriate parental lines, it is possible to develop hybrids of desirable grain quality in near future.

Physical grain quality features of hybrids and checks

Hybrid Rice in India

Table 2 : Grain quality characteristics of released hybrids and inbred variety checks
Hybrid DRRH-2 PSD-1 KJTRH-2 JKRH-2000 CRHR-7 (Ajay) KRH-2 Narendra Usar Rice Hybrid-3 PA-6444 PSD-3 Sahyadri-3 Sahyadri-2 Suruchi 5401 Rajalaxmi DRRH-1 CNRH-3 MGR-1 CORH-2 ADTRH-1 APHR-2 Sahyadri-1 PA-6201 PHB-71 Samba Mahsuri Sasyasree IR 64 Annada Jaya Tulasi Grain Type Milling (%) HRR (%) LS LS LS LB LS LS MB LS LS LS LS MS LS LS LB MS MB LS LS LS LS LS MS LB LS MB MB MS 73 68 70 72 75 74 71 74 70 74 70 72 69 68 69 64 66 70 69 68 70 66 69 70 68 69 73 69 63 52 52 67 68 56 59 64 63 60 56 68 60 59 58 57 60 62 60 59 60 60 65 62 59 54 62 56 AC (%) 26 19 24 23.2 24.9 23.5 20.0 24.8 22.7 23.6 24.3 24 26.5 25.6 26.3 24.7 26.8 26.2 24.0 24.2 23.8 26.3 24.2 25.4 25.6 25.7 ASV 7.0 7.0 7.0 5.0 4.0 5.0 4.5 6.5 6.0 5.3 5.0 4.3 3.9 4.5 4.5 4.6 3.6 4.9 4.3 3.8 4.6 4.5 5.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 GC (mm) 70 65 58 49 55 60 66 44 65 60 62 60 55 62 58 58 60 45 62 60 50 36 40

HRR = Head Rice Recovery, AC = Amylose Content, ASV = Alkali spreading value and GC = Gel consistency.

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2.4

Resistance to major pests and diseases

For the stable performance of hybrids across locations/seasons, it is necessary that the hybrids should possess resistance/tolerance to some of the major pests and diseases. Hence hybrids under development are regularly being screened for resistance to major pests such as stem borer, BPH, WBPH and gall midge and diseases such as blast, bacterial leaf blight (BLB) and sheath rot. There is no resistance even among the high yielding varieties to stem borer, leaf folder and sheath blight. Resistance to BLB is also limited to few varieties. Level of resistance in hybrids is similar to that in the high yielding varieties which have not been specifically bred for the resistace. Among the released hybrids, resistance/tolerance to some of the major pests and diseases is given in the table-3. Table 3 : Resistance/tolerance of some released hybrids to major pests and diseases
Hybrid DRRH-1 KRH-2 NSD-2 Sahyadri PHB-71 PA-6201 PA 6444 Pusa RH-10 RH-204 DRRH-2 JKRH-2000 KJTRH-2 Narendra Usar Sankar Dhan-3 PSD-3 Sahyadri-3 Sahyadri-2 Suruchi-5401 Rajalaxmi Ajay HKRH-1 Resistant Leaf blast Leaf blast Leaf blast Leaf blast Neck blast, RTD Leaf blast, Neck blast Neck blast Neck blast Neck blast Neck blast Tolerant Sheath rot BLB, Sheath rot BLB Leaf Blast, BLB, BPH BPH BLB, Sheathrot, BPH, WBPH BLB, BPH BPH, WBPH RTD, Brown spot, WBPH, Sheath rot Leaf blast, RTD Leaf blast, RTD WBPH, BPH Leaf blast, RTD, Brown spot Leaf blast Sheath Rot, WBPH Leaf and neck blast, RTD, Brown spot Blast, WBPH Blast, WBPH Neck blast, WBPH

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Hybrids released earlier, were not resistant/tolerant to many of the pests and diseases for which they were screened. Hybrids released recently show either resistance or tolerance to some of these pests and diseases. For example hybrid PA-6444 released in 2001, has got resistance to blast and tolerance to WBPH, Sheath rot, BPH and gall midge. Now increasing emphasis is being given to incorporate resistance to major pests and diseases in parental lines and hybrids.

Screening for blast resistance in the nursery

Screening for WBPH resistance in greenhouse

2.5 Optimization of cultivation package Extensive agronomical trials were conducted over the locations and seasons to optimize the cultivation package to exploit full potential of hybrids. Trials were conducted on seeding dates, seed rate, nursery management, plant population, method of planting, nutrient and water management and other related aspects. Based on the results obtained from these trials, a generalized package has been developed. (Table - 4). Table 4 : Package for cultivation of hybrid rice
Activity Seed rate Seeding density (in nursery) Spacing Seedling/hill Nitrogen level Phosphorus & Potassium Plant protection : : : : : : : Requirement 15 kg/ha 15-20 g/m2 15 x 15 or 20 x 15 cm One or two 120-150 kg/ha (based on soil fertility) to be given in three splits 60:60 kg/ha. Potash to be given in two splits. Need based

The package for cultivation of hybrids is more or less similar to that of high yielding varieties except the nursery management and planting density in main field. Since the cost of hybrid seed is higher, there is a need to economize on seed quantity used for sowing. Hence only 15-20 gm

Hybrid Rice in India

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of seed per square meter is to be spread uniformly while sowing in the nursery bed. Sparse sowing is very important and it helps to obtain healthy vigorous seedlings with 3-4 tillers within 20-25 days for planting. Another way to economize on seed rate is to plant only one or at the most two seedlings per hill as against 4-6 seedlings per hill planted in case of high yielding varieties. Due to sparse seeding, the seedlings are healthy, vigorous and multi-tillered and hence even with one or two seedlings, field establishment of the crop is very good. By adopting sparse seeding and planting of one or two seedlings per hill, it is possible to adequately cover an area of one hectare with only 12-15 kg of hybrid seed. Split application of nitrogen and potash is also very important to obtain a good hybrid rice crop. Recently SRI method of cultivation, in which 5 Kg. seed is needed per hector is being encouraged for cultivation of hybrids. 2.6 Economics of cultivation of hybrid rice With good management, yield advantage of 1.0 - 1.5 t/ha can be obtained by cultivation of hybrids as compared to the high yielding varieties under the same set of growing conditions. Hybrid seed cost is the only additional expenditure incurred in cultivation of hybrids. The hybrid seed from the private sector is sold generally at the rate of around Rs. 175-200 per kg. Hence Rs. 2400-2600 are spent towards seed cost for one hectare. In case of high yielding varieties, farmers use 40-50 kg seed per hectare obtained at the rate of Rs. 12-15 per kg. Hence additional seed cost for hybrids works out to be about Rs. 1800-2000 per hectare. Additional yield obtained through cultivation of hybrids is 1.0 - 1.5 ton per hectare. At the market price of Rs. 5000 per ton of paddy, additional income obtained is Rs. 5000 - 7500 per hectare. Hence after deducting the additional cost towards seed of Rs. 2000 the net profit by cultivation of hybrid rice is Rs. 3000 - 5500 per hectare. 3. LARGE SCALE CULTIVATION OF HYBRIDS

It is more than a decade now since hybrid rice was developed and released for commercial cultivation in India in 1994. Thirteen years after the first release of hybrids for commercial cultivation, in the year 2007, it is estimated that hybrids have been grown in area of around eleven lakhs hectares. Area under hybrid rice in India, year-wise for the last twelve years is given in Graph - 1. During the first decade, adoption of hybrid rice has been much slower than expected mainly because of lower grain quality and consequently lower market price for the produce. However, the yield advantage of hybrids in the range of 15-20% over the high yielding inbred varieties has been well established in the farmers' field. The adoption of hybrid rice in the initial years has been rather slow but steady one. It has picked up during the last four years since 2003, mainly because of increasing popularity of hybrid rice among the rice farmers of eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh.

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Graph-1: Progressive increase of area under hybrid rice in India

Large scale adoption of hybrid rice is expected in these states during next decade. Hybrid rice is also picking up in Haryana and Punjab states in recent years. It is reported from these states that less fertilizers and water are needed for hybrid rice as compared to the high yielding varieties. The earliness of hybrids is also another advantage reported, facilitating timely sowing of wheat crop or creating possibility of growing short duration inter crops. It is expected that by 2010 and 2015, hybrids will be cultivated in India in an approximate area of 2.0 and 5.0 million hectares respectively.

Hybrid rice cultivation in Punjab

Hybrid rice cultivation in Uttar Pradesh

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4.

HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION

Large scale seed production is an important link between the researchers developing hybrids and the rice farmers growing them. Success of hybrid rice technology primarily depends on, besides other factors, purity, timely availability and affordability of hybrid seed to the farmers. Production of pure hybrid seed in a self pollinated crop such as rice, at affordable price, is a highly skill oriented activity. Through extensive trials on different components like suitable locations, seasons, planting time, planting geometry, row ratios, GA3 application and supplementary pollination etc. a package for production of hybrid seed has been optimized. 4.1 Seed Production Package Success and sustenance of hybrid rice technology depends on efficient and economic seed production on large scale which is vital for popularization and large scale adoption of hybrids. However good a hybrid may be, unless it is feasible to produce the seed on large scale economically and efficiently, it will not reach large number of farmers. Cost effective seed production technology bridges the gap between technology generation and technology transfer. Based on the experimentation on seed technological aspects during the last 7-8 years in India, a package has been developed, a summarized version of which is given in table-5. 4.2 Large Scale Seed Production India has got a strong seed sector both in public and private. However, private sector has taken a lead in production of hybrid rice seed. More than 50 private seed companies are taking up large scale seed production and about 10 of them possess their own R & D set up. Large scale seed production is taken up in Karimnagar, Warangal, Kurnool and Nandyal districts of Andhra Pradesh. Tumkur, Mandya and Mysore districts of Karnataka State and Kolhapur district in Maharashtra and Erode and Bhavanisagar districts of Tamil Nadu state. Seventy to eight percent of the total hybrid rice seed is produced in the northern Telangana districts of Andhra Pradesh, where all the leading seed companies take up their large scale seed production and the seed growers are getting average seed yields of above 1.5 to 2.0 tons/ha. Seed yields are higher in dry season as compared to wet season. Hence large scale seed production is generally taken up in dry season only. It is estimated that during rabi 2006-07, the hybrid seed production was taken up on nearly 15,000 hectare area. With an average yield of 1.5 ton per hectare, approximately 18,000 to 22,000 tons of hybrid seed was produced in the country. More than 97% of it is produced by the private sector. The leading private sector seed companies are; Hybrid Rice International (Bayer Bio Science); PHI Seeds Ltd., Mahyco., Syngenta India Ltd., Nath Biogene Ltd., Advanta India Ltd., Indo-American Hybrid Seeds, J.K. Agri Genetics, Metahelics Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd., etc. The addresses of some of these companies is given in Appendix - II. Among public sector seed agencies, State Seed Corporations of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Uttar Pradesh are taking up hybrid rice seed production on a small scale. Sale price of hybrid seed produced by the private Hybrid Rice in India

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Table 5 : Optimum package for hybrid rice seed production and CMS multiplication
Activity Seed rate Nursery Row ratio Number of seedlings/hill Spacing Particulars A line or female Parent : 15 kg/ha B or R line or male parent : 5 kg/ha Sparse seeding (20 g/m2) to ensure multi-tillered (4-5) seedlings in 25 days 2B: 8A for CMS multiplication 2R : 10 A for hybrid seed production 2 seedlings/hill for female parent 3 seedlings/hill for male parent Male : Male = 30 cm Male : Female = 20 cm Female : Female = 15 cm Plant : Plant = 15 cm or 10 cm GA3 application Supplementary pollination Roguing 60-90 g/ha in 500 litres of water at 5-10% heading in two split doses on consecutive days Four to Five times a day at peak anthesis with 30 minutes interval during flowering phase
u

At vegetative phase

Based on morphological characters of leaf and plant type Based on panicle characteristics Based on grain characteristics and percent seed set.

u u

At flowering At maturity

Seed yield

1.5 - 2.5 t/ha.

sector ranges from Rs. 175 - 200 per kg of seed whereas that of public sector ranges from Rs. 90 - 120 per kg. Initially the seed yields obtained were very low (0.3 to 0.5 t/ha), but with experience over the years, 1.5 2.5 t/ha average seed yields are being obtained now. 4.3 Economics of hybrid rice seed production Following the package developed for hybrid rice seed production, average seed yields obtained in large scale seed production are 1.5 - 2.5 t/ha. At the average procurement price of Rs. 30-40/- per kg, the gross returns are Rs. 60,000 - 80,000 per hectare. The cost of seed production is around Rs. 25,000 - 30,000 per hectare. Hence the net profit by undertaking Hybrid Rice in India

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hybrid rice seed production works out to be Rs. 35,000 - 50,000 per hectare. This is very lucrative enterprise and many hybrid rice seed growers in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Maharashtra have benefited by undertaking this activity. Besides, hybrid rice seed production has generated additional employment for 60-80 person days/ha, particularly for rural women.

Supplementary pollination in seed production plots

Hybrid rice seed production generates employment

4.4 Molecular method for testing genetic purity of seed Genetic purity of parental lines and hybrids is of crucial importance, as one percent reduction in purity of hybrid seed, results in a reduction of about 100 kg/ha in yield of commercial crop. Traditionally genetic purity is tested by Grow Out Tests (GOT), based on morphological assay. This method requires space for growing the samples drawn, considerable time till flowering/ maturity and labour for raising the crop. Seed stocks and the investments made are locked up till the results from GOT are received. To overcome these major problems, Directorate of Rice Research, in collaboration with Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Hyderabad has developed a DNA marker technology for rapid and reliable estimation of genetic purity of parental lines and hybrids. This method involves isolation of DNA from 3-5 days old seedlings, setting up a polymerase chain reaction using rice micro-satellite and sequence tagged site primers with isolated DNA, subsequent resolution of PCR products bdy agarose gel electrophoresis and finally estimating the purity of samples based on DNA banding pattern (Fig. 2 & 3). This procedure requires just 5-7 days and more than 1000 samples can be analysed in a day. This method costs only Rs. 5.00 per seedling, thus for a sample of 400 seedlings as required for GOT, total expenses of only Rs. 2000 are needed for this molecular method. Efforts are in progress to popularize this method among the seed companies. 4.5 Problems in hybrid rice seed production At present large scale hybrid rice seed production is concentrated in only two districts of Andhra Pradesh, viz., Karimnagar and Warangal. More than 90% of the hybrid seed is being produced in this region. With increase in demand for hybrid seed, additional areas are required for seed production. Area suitable for seed production in Karimnagar region has already reached Hybrid Rice in India

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saturation with almost 15,000 ha under seed production in this area during 2007. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify new areas suitable for large scale seed production in other states. A beginning has already been made by initiating large scale seed production in Nalgonda, Khammam Districts region of Andhra Pradesh, Raichur and Bellary districts of Karnataka Salem, Coimbatore, districts of Tamil Nadu and Kolhapur district of Maharashtra. Similarly the possibilities of undertaking seed production in late kharif season or in boro/summer season need to be explored in northern and eastern states. Performance of public seed sector in hybrid rice seed production has not been encouraging so far, though many good public hybrids have been released. Seed production personnel in public sector have to be motivated to undertake large scale hybrid rice seed production. Hence the National Seed Corporation, State Farms Corporation of India and the State Seeds Development Corporations have to be encouraged and provided all the needed facilities and infrastructure to take up large scale hybrid rice seed production. Higher seed cost is another problem faced by the hybrid rice farmers. Private sector seed companies are marketing the seed @ Rs. 175-200 per kg. Seed cost needs to be reduced to around Rs. 100 per kg by enhancing the seed yield through refinement of the seed production package.

Hybrid rice seed production in Karnataka

Hybrid rice seed production in Karimnagar Dist.

The time gap between harvest of seed at the end of rabi season and requirement of seed placement with the seed traders for kharif season, particularly for northern India, is too short. To overcome this problem, the nurseries for seed production plots need to be seeded a bit early during second fortnight of October itself and the innovative molecular marker technology for detecting the purity of hybrid seed need to be adopted. Though there were few problems in the initial stages of large scale hybrid rice seed production in the country, the average seed yields obtained at present are satisfactory and are increasing gradually over a period of time with the experience. It is possible to overcome minor problems encountered. Hence by regular refinements in the seed production technology, prospects for large scale hybrid rice seed production in India appear to be bright and this activity will be very helpful to bring prosperity to the farming community. Hybrid Rice in India

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Table 6: Progressive increase in area and production of hybrid rice seed Year 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Area (ha) 195 1075 1485 1630 1660 1630 Seed Production (t) 200 1200 1800 2200 2500 2700 Year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Area (ha) 1625 1635 2865 4350 6800 15000 Seed Production (t) 2900 3100 4000 8600 12500 18000

Hybrid rice seed production in the country, starting with less than 200 tons of total production in the year 1995 has crossed 18,000 tons from 15000 hectares in 2006 (Table - 6).

5.

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER

Hybrid rice is an innovative and new technology for Indian agriculture. There is a need to create awareness about the advantages of taking up hybrid rice cultivation, not only among Indian rice farmers but also among the policy makers as well as development and extension personnel at various levels. In addition to creating the awareness about the specific advantages of undertaking hybrid rice cultivation, there is also an urgent need to train farmers and farm women in hybrid rice cultivation and the seed personnel and seed growers in hybrid rice seed production technology. Policy makers and research managers and development officials need to be sensitized about this innovative technology. All these activities were initiated on a smaller scale, which need to be intensified further in the years ahead. 5.1 Compact block Frontline Demonstrations To create awareness about the advantages of taking up hybrid rice cultivation among the rice farmers, large number of compact block frontline demonstrations were organized across the country. These demonstrations were organized in 16 states during the last 8 years. The salient features from the demonstrations are given in Table-7. Almost 9000 frontline demonstrations on hybrid rice have been conducted in 16 states. This is an on-going activity and the transfer of technology efforts are being intensified and large number of demonstrations are being organized in many more states under the Macro-Management scheme of the Ministry of Agriculture, which is being coordinated and implemented by the Directorate of Rice Research, Hyderabad. Hybrid Rice in India

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In 90-95% of the demonstrations organized, the hybrids have out yielded the best inbred check varieties of the region. In few cases, due to improper crop management, hybrids could not show the yield advantage. The yield advantage observed was high (1.5 - 2.5 t/ha) in Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Maharasthra and Goa. It was moderate (1.0 t/ha) in many other states. The yield advantage was on lower (0.5 t/ha.) in Punjab, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Field days were organized at all the strategic locations and the neighbouring rice farmers were made aware of the advantage of hybrid rice cultivation. Qestion-Answer sessions were integral part of field day organization. Frontline demonstrations have proved to be a very effective tool for popularization of hybrid rice and this activity is being intensified.

Front Line Demonstration of Hybrids in AP

Front Line Demonstration of Hybrids in Karnataka

5.2 Training programs To impart the knowledge and necessary skills for hybrid rice cultivation and hybrid rice seed production, appropriate training programs were organized for farmers, farm women, seed growers, seed production personnel of public and private seed agencies, extension functionaries of State Departments of Agriculture, officials of SAUs and NGOs etc. The duration of training program varied from 1-21 days. In all 532 training programmes were conducted through out the country and 15097 participants were trained. Two winter schools were organised and 47 participants were trained at DRR, Hyderabad (Table-8).

Participants of seed production technology training

Field visit of winter school participants

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Table 7: Compact block frontline demonstrations conducted

State Uttar Pradesh Karnataka Maharashtra Andhra Pradesh Tamil Nadu West Bengal Orissa Uttaranchal Goa Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Punjab, Haryana, Gujarat, Tripura Hybrids used NSD-2, PSD-1, PSD-3, 6444, PHB-71, KRH-2 KRH-2 Sahyadri, KRH-2, PHB-71, 6444 PHB-71, 6444, DRRH-1 CORH-2, CORH-3, ADTRH-1, PHB-71 6444, PHB-71, KRH-2, CNRH-3 6444, PHB-71, KRH-2 PSD-1, PSD-3, PHB-71 KRH-2, Sahyadri KRH-2, PHB-71, 6444,Sahyadri, DRRH-1, PSD-3 No. of demos conducted (1 ha each) 1522 1240 845 600 890 695 858 640 680 1180 Yield advantage (kg/ha) 850 - 2215 700 - 1650 1450 - 2610 650 - 1170 715 - 1210 1020 - 1670 810 - 1050 780 - 1155 1450 - 2370 950 - 1870

Total

8877

Table 8: Training programs organized

Theme Hybrid rice cultivation Duration 1 day Farmers Farm women Hybrid rice seed production 3 days 5 days Hybrid rice technology Winter School on Hybrid Rice Technology Total 5 days 21 days Seed growers Seed production personnel Extension workers , Officials of SAUs and NGOs Scientiests, Assistant Professors from SAUs 532 15097 2 47 Clientele Number of Training Person Programs Trained 200 50 90 105 85 8060 1300 1800 2200 1690

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In addition to the above mentioned national training programme, international training programs were also organized for participants from Bangladesh, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Korea and Egypt. 5.3 Inter state farmers' visit

For providing exposure to the farmers and farm women on hybrid rice cultivation and hybrid seed production 10 interstate farmers visits were organized and 415 farmers and farm women were benefited by these visits. These exposure visits were organized by Mandya, Maruteru, Coimbatore, Karjat and Karnal centers. The farmers from one state were taken to other states where they could see and learn about hybrid rice cultivation and hybrid seed production. This unique activity was very helpful not only to disseminate the technology but also strengthened the human resources in the farming community. 6. IMPACT OF HYBRID RICE TECHNOLOGY

Impact of hybrid rice technology in India was assessed by two reputed independent agencies viz., Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad and Society for Management of Agri-Rural Projects, Kanpur. Assessment of the impact was carried out in the states of Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal and Bihar in Northern India, whereas in Southern India, it was carried out in the states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. Maharashtra in Western region and West Bengal in eastern India were also covered under this study. 6.1
u

Salient findings from the impact assessment Study in Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal and Bihar, Southern, Western and Eastern Indian States There is an yield advantage of 1.0 1.5 t/ha in all the five states studied by cultivation of hybrid rice over the highest yielding inbred checks in different states. Additional net profit by cultivation of hybrids over the inbred checks ranged from Rs. 2,781 to Rs. 6,291 per hectare. The net profit by undertaking hybrid rice seed production was of around Rs. 21,000 per hectare, at seed yield levels of 1.0 t/ha and the farm gate seed price of Rs. 50 per kg. Except in the state of Punjab, farmers, researchers and extension workers were convinced that the hybrids give considerably higher yields than the inbred varieties. There is some reluctance on the part of millers to offer similar price for hybrids as for the inbred varieties in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. The prospects of large scale adoption of hybrid rice are bright, if grain quality of the hybrids is improved and proper policy and institutional interventions are forthcoming.

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6.2
u

Salient findings from the impact assessment Study in Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and West Bengal. Net profit by cultivation of hybrids ranged from Rs. 1250/ha in Andhra Pradesh to Rs. 6000/ha in Karnataka, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. Net profit in hybrid seed production ranged from Rs. 7500/ha (AP) to Rs. 30,000/ha (Karnataka). Hybrid seed production, activity generates additional employment of 65 person days/ha and most of them are women. There is no adverse impact of hybrid rice cultivation on the environment.

In the process of development of hybrid rice, more emphasis should be given for market preferences. 7. MAJOR CHALLENGES Adoption of hybrid rice in the country has been slower than expected. This is due to several constraints such as unacceptable grain quality particularly for the southern states, marginal and inconsistent yield advantage in hybrids, susceptibility to major pests and diseases and higher seed cost. Some of the major activities planned to face these challenges are;
u

Development of hybrids with medium slender grain and cooking and eating qualities similar to BPT-5204. Such hybrids will be readily acceptable to the consumers in southern India, where presently area under hybrid rice is negligible. Development of long duration (140-145 days) taller hybrids for shallow lowland ecosystem and for coastal areas. Considerable area of around 5-6 million hectares under such ecosystems is available, if suitable hybrids are developed. Enhancement of magnitude of heterosis through development of inter sub-specific and two-line hybrids. Development of region specific cultivation packages for hybrids, so that the yield advantage obtained is consistent across the seasons and years. Refinement of seed production technology to obtain average seed yields of 2.0 - 2.5 t/ha. Intensification of technology transfer efforts to popularize hybrids effectively. Incorporation of resistance to some of the major pests/diseases in the hybrids. Motivating the public sector seed agencies to take up large scale hybrid rice seed production on regular and sustainable basis. Sensitization of policy makers to develop and implement policies conducive for large scale adoption of hybrid rice in the country.

u u u u

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8. FUTURE OUTLOOK

A good beginning has been made by ushering in to an era of hybrid rice in the country. Development of heterotic hybrids by the researchers, large scale production of hybrid seeds by various seed agencies and transfer of this technology to the end users by the extension agencies must go hand in hand to have the real impact of this technology in the Indian agriculture. Though the hybrid rice technology has been introduced to Indian agriculture, the successful large scale adoption of this innovative technology, in future, primarily depends upon the economic attractiveness of this technology for the rice farmers. Rice hybrids with still higher magnitude of heterosis coupled with better grain cooking and eating quality and possessing resistance to major pests and diseases need to be developed. Seed production technology has to be further refined to obtain average seed yields of 2.5 to 3.0 t/ha on a large scale, so that the cost of hybrid rice seed can be reduced to Rs. 100 to 150 per kg. Top priority has to be given to maintain the purity of parental lines and to produce high quality hybrid seed. Involvement of seed agencies in the public sector, NGO's and farmers cooperatives along with the private seed sector will be crucial to meet the increased demand for hybrid seed in the years to come. Transfer of hybrid rice technology from the research farms to the farmers' field is as important as developing the hybrids. Extension agencies have to play a greater role in creating much needed awareness among farmers about the advantages of cultivating hybrid rice by various innovative approaches. Policy decisions of providing subsidy to meet the higher seed cost and giving minimum support price for rice hybrids for the next 4-5 years would be very helpful to bring more area under hybrid rice. Despite the few minor problems faced in the initial stages, timely and favorable decisions by the policy makers and active involvement of researchers, seed producers and the extension workers would certainly lead to a successful hybrid rice cultivation on large scale in India during coming decades. It is expected that hybrid rice will be cultivated in an area of 2.0 million hectares by 2010 and at least in an area of 5.0 million hectares by 2015, if the hybrids with desirable and acceptable grain quality characteristics are developed and marketed aggressively. Under the "National Food Security Mission" to be launched shortly, if hybrid rice research, seed production and technology transfer efforts are supported strongly and proper policy incentives are provided then the area under hybrid rice may be much more than the anticipated. This would certainly add another 2 to 3 million tons of additional rice to our food basket.

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APPENDIX - I

HYBRID RICE RESEARCH CENTRES IN INDIA

Project Director Directorate of Rice Research Rajendranagar, HYDERABAD 500 030 Ph # 040-24015036-39; 24013109, 111-112 Fax # 040-24015308. e-mail : pdrice@drricar.org
The Principal Scientist ( Rice) Andhra Pradesh Rice Research Institute (APRRI) MARUTERU-534 122 West Godavari Dist., A.P . Phone : 08819-246283 (O) ; Fax : 08819-247583 E-mail : arsmtu@yahoo.com The Professor & Head Department of Rice Centre for Plant Breeding & Genetics Tamil Nadu Agricultural University COIMBATORE-641 003, Tamil Nadu Phone : 0422-2474967 (O); Fax : 0422-2434727 E-mail: cpbgtnau@rediff.com The Jt. Director of Agriculture (Rice Development) Rice Research Station, Govt. of West Bengal P .O. CHINSURAH R.S. -712 102, Hooghly Phone : 033-26862484 (O) ; Fax : 033-26861149 E-Mail: annada@vsnl.net The Senior Rice Breeder CCS, Rice Research Station (HAU) Kaithal Dist., KAUL-136 021, Haryana Phone : 01746-254550 (O) ; Fax # 01746-254550 E-mail : haukaul@sancharnet.in The Principal Scientist & Head Crop Improvement Division Central Rice Research Institute CUTTACK-753 006, Orissa Phone : 0671-2442776/2442445-50 Extn. 253; (O); Fax : 0671-2441744 Senior Scientist (Hybrid Rice) Zonal Agricultural Research Station, V.C. Farm MANDYA-571 405, Karnataka Phone : 08232-277392/277147 (O) ; Fax : 08232-277392 The Rice Specialist & Assoc. Director of Research Regional Agricultural Research Station KARJAT-410 201 Dist. Raigad, Maharashtra Phone : 02148-222035/223254/220862-3 (O), Fax : 02148-222035 E-mail : adrkjt@vsnl.net / hybrid@vsnl.net The Prof. & Head Dept. of Genetics & Plant Breeding College of Agriculture N.D. University of Agri. & Technology Narendra Nagar, Kumarganj FAIZABAD-224 229, U.P . Phone : 05270-262051 (O) ; Fax : 05270-262097 The Principal Scientist (Rice) Division of Genetics Indian Agricultural Research Institute NEW DELHI-110 012 Phone : 011-25783077 (O) Fax : 011-25766420 Principal Rice Breeder & Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding College of Agriculture G.B.Pant Univ. of Agri. & Technology PANTNAGAR-263 145, Uttaranchal Ph : 05944-234398 & 234399 (O) Fax : 05944-233473 Senior Scientist Plant Breeding & Genetics, Indira Gandhi Agricultural University Krishek Nagar, RAIPUR - 492 006 (CG)Ph # 0771-242352 (O); 0771-5010573 (R)Fax # 0771-2443035, E-mail : dparashar_igau@yahoo.com

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APPENDIX - II

PRIVATE SECTOR SEED AGENCIES ACTIVELY INVOLVED IN HYBRID RICE

Managing Director, Bayer Bioscience 8-1-39, Qutub Shahi Tombs Road, Tolichowki, HYDERABAD-500 008, (A.P .) Phone: 23563334 & 23561935 Fax # 040-23563029 The General Manager (Marketing) Mahyco Hybrid Seed Company Limited Resham Bhavan, 4th Floor 78, Veer Nariman Road MUMBAI-400 020 Phone 022-2047871; FAX 022-2047871 The General Manager (Marketing) Advanta India Ltd. 405, 4th Floor, A Wing Carlton Towers No. 1 Airport Road BANGALORE 560 008. Tel phone # 080-5209941; Fax # 080-5207510 E-mail: vasrao@advantaindia.com Managing Director, Seed Works India Pvt. Ltd., 437, Avenue 4, Banjara Hills, HYDERABAD 500 034. Ph # 040-23356354; Fax # 04023356359Mobile # 98494534535 E-mail : bnukal@prodigy.net Managing Director Sampoorna Seeds 15/465, Gosha Hospital Road, ADONI - 518301. A.P . Ph : 08512-252493, Fax : 08512-251793 Cell : 9848121240 Managing Director, Metahelix Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd. Plot # 3, KIADB, 4th Phase, Bommasandra, BANGALORE - 560 099 E-mail : s.shridhara@metahelix.com The General Manager (Mareketing) Pioneer Overseas Corporation (India Branch) 3rd & 4th Floor, Babukhans Millennium Centre 6-3-1099/1100, Somajiguda HYDERABAD-500 082 Phone : 23398718/23316423 (O); 23391204(R) Fax : 23372898 The General Manager (Marketing) Nath Seeds Limited Post Box No.318, Nath House, Nath Road AURANGABAD-431 005 Phone # 333313, 333317; Fax # 0240-331188 The General Manager (Marketing) Indo-American Hybrid Seeds (India) Pvt. Ltd. 17th Cross, 2nd A Main, K.R. Road B.S.K. 2nd Stage BANGALORE-560 070, Karnataka Fax 080-6761479 General Manager (Marketing), J.K. Agri. - Genetics Limited 1-10-177, 4th Floor, Varun Towers, Begumpet, HYDERABAD 500 016 Managing Director Dhanuka Seeds Northern Minerals Limited (Seed Division) 201, 6-3-639, Golden Edifice, Khairthabad, HYDERABAD 500 004. Ph : 040-23308269, Fax : 040-23315086 Crop Manager, Syngenta India Limited, Padma Rao Nagar, SECUNDERABAD - 500 003. Fax # 040-27502972 Mobile # 9440897297

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Managing Director, Bioseed Research (I) Pvt. Ltd. Plot No. 206, Road No. 14, Jubilee Hills, HYDERABAD 500 033. India. Ph # 040-2355801 - 805 Fax # 040-23555530 Asst. General Manager, (Research & Quality Control) Manisha Agri Biotech Pvt. Ltd. 215 Amrutha Estates, Lingapur Complex, Himayatnagar, HYDERABAD - 500 029. Ph # 66789981, 66789891. Fax # 04066789891E-mail : manishabiotech@yahoo.com The General Manager (R & D)Nuziveedu Seeds Limited, 7C, Surya Towers, S.P . Road, SECUNDERABAD 500 003. Phone # 040-27898008, 55334300 Fax # 040-55321500 E-mail : nuziveeduseeds@hotmail.com

Managing Director, Ganga Kaveri Seeds Pvt. Ltd. Suit 1046-1047, Babu Khan Estate, Bashir Bagh, HYDERABAD 500 001 Ph # 55667222-/24/23233518, 23242451 Fax # 040-23233418. Cell # 9866199946 E-mail : gkaveri@rediffmail.com Managing Director, Vibha Agrotech Ltd. 501, Subhan Sirisampada, Rajbhavan Road, Somajiguda, HYDERABAD 500 082. Ph # 040-23301473, 55618376, 55620538 Fax # 040-23324483 E-mail : vsagar@hd2.dot.net.in Managing Director Co-ordination & Quality Control Namdhari Seeds (P) Ltd. Post : Bidadi, BANGALORE 562 109.

PUBLIC SECTOR SEED AGENCIES ACTIVELY INVOLVED IN HYBRID RICE

The Managing Director A.P . State Seeds Dev. Corpn. Limited 2nd Floor, "HACA Bhavan", Opp: Public Garden, HYDERABAD-500 004 Phone # 040-23240099/23236088 The General Manager (Marketing) Maharashtra State Seeds Corporation Ltd. Shastri Nagar, Post Box 119 AKOLA 444 001, Ph # 0724-26926-929; Fax # 0724-28291 General Manager National Seeds Corporation Ltd. Beej Bhavan, Pusa Complex, NEW DELHI-110 012 Fax # 011-5766462 The General Manager (Marketing) Karnataka State Seed Corporation Ltd. Beeja Bhavan, Bellary Road, Hebbal BANGALORE 560 024. Phone # 080-3415652/3415856; Fax # 080-3415895 E-mail : bngkssc@kar.nic.in

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APPENDIX - III Major Publications on Hybrid Rice brought out by DRR and Network Centers
A. From DRR I. Books 1.Bharat Mein Sankar Dhan (In Hindi) pp.76. II. Bulletins 1. Hybrid Rice in India Present Status and Future Prospects (2001) pp.26. 2. Hybrid Rice in India (Revised) (2003) pp. 32. 3. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQS) on Hybrid Rice (2003) pp. 20 4. Agro Techniques for hybrid rice cultivation and seed production (2005) pp. 29 5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQS) on Hybrid Rice (2007) pp. 22 III. Bibliography on Hybrid Rice (1975-2002) pp.350. IV. Annual reports on Development and use of Hybrid Rice Technology. S.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Year 1989-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 No. of Pages 62 53 96 77 73 84 43 114 S.No. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Year 1998-99 1999-2000 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 No. of Pages 113 115 110 115 85 96 84 98

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V. Project Reports. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Mid-term report of the ICAR/UNDP Project on Development and Use of Hybrid Rice Technology (1991-94) pp.45. Final Report of the ICAR/UNDP Project on Development and Use of Hybrid Rice Technology (1991-96) pp.87. A comprehensive ten year (1989-1998) report on Promotion of Research and Development Efforts on Hybrids in Selected Crops Rice pp.131. Promotion of Research and Development Efforts on Hybrid in Selected Crops Research Highlights of all the 9 crops (1989-99) pp. 28. Promotion of Research and Development Efforts on Hybrids in selected crops Research Highlights of all the 9 crops (1999-2001) pp. 47. A Comprehensive Report of NATP Project Development of Hybrid Crops (19992002) pp. 37. Terminal Report of GOI-ICAR-UNDP Project on Development and Large Scale Adoption of Hybrid Rice in India (1999-2002) pp. 34.

VI. Training Manuals 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Hybrid Rice Seed Production Theory and Practice (1995) pp. 129 Hybrid Rice Technology A Manual (1996) pp. 135 A Manual on Hybrid Rice Seed Production Technology (2003) pp. 130 Advances in Hybrid Rice Technology (2003) - Winter School Manual pp. 236 New Frontiers in Hybrid Rice Technology (2006) - Winter School Manual pp. 468

VII. Proceedings 1. Abstracts of the posters presented during 3rd International Symposium on Hybrid Rice, held during November 14-16, 1996 at Hyderabad pp. 141

VIII. Newsletter 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Hybrid Rice Newsletter, Vol. 1 (1998) pp. 20 Hybrid Rice Newsletter, Vol. 2 (1999) pp. 16 Hybrid Rice Newsletter, Vol. 3 (2002) pp. 16 Hybrid Rice Newsletter, Vol. 4 (2003) pp. 16 Hybrid Rice Newsletter, Vol. 5 (2004) pp. 20 Hybrid Rice Newsletter, Vol. 6 (2005) pp. 24 Hybrid Rice in India

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IX. Brochures/Folders 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Cultivation Practices for DRRH-1 Hybrid (1996). Seed Production Package for DRRH-1 Hybrid (1996). Package of practices for cultivation of Rice Hybrids (1996). Package of practices for cultivation of DRRH-1 hybrid (2003). Seed Production package for DRRH-1 hybrid (2003). Package of practices for cultivation of Rice Hybrids (2003). A folder on NATP Development of Hybrid Crops Rice (1999-2003) pp. 4 Tips on Hybrid Rice Seed Production (2002) pp. 12 Package of practices for cultivation of DRRH-2 hybrid (2007).

10. Seed Production package for DRRH-2 hybrid (2007). B. From Network Centres 1. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Mandya A book of Hybrid Rice Technology (in Kannada), 1998 pp. 118 A book on Hybrid Rice 1999 pp. 40 Seed Production & Cultivation Package of KRH-2. Karnataka Hybrid Batta-1 Besaya Kramagalu (Cultivation Package in Kannada). Karnataka Hybrid Batta-2 - Besaya Kramagalu (Cultivation Package in Kannada). Karnataka Hybrid Batta-2 Beejothpadhana Thantrikathe (Seed Production Technology in Kannada).

2. Coimbatore 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Hybrid Rice Technology (1996) pp. 120 Seed Production Practices for CORH-2 hybrid (1998) pp. 16 Hybrid Rice Seed Technology (2000) pp. 47 Hybrid Rice Cultivation and Seed Production Technology (2002) pp. 26 ADTRH-1 Veeriya Ottu Nel (Cultivation Package in Tamil). CORH-1 - Veeriya Ottu Nel (Cultivation Package in Tamil). CORH-2 - Veeriya Ottu Nel (Cultivation Package in Tamil).

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3. Maruteru 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Hybrid Rice A Key to Success (1997) pp. 205 Hybrid Rice Cultivation (2000) pp. 20 Hybrid Rice Cultivation Key points (in Telugu) (2001). Hybrid Vari Sagu (Hybrid Rice Cultivation in Telugu). Hybrid Vari Vitthanothapatti (Hybrid Rice Seed production Technology in Telugu).

4. Karjat 1. 2. 3. Package for cultivation and seed production of Sahyadri hybrid (in English and Marathi) 2000 pp. 40 Folders on Sahyadri Cultivation Practices (2000). Folders on Sahyadri Seed Production (2001).

5. Cuttack 1. 2. 3. Package for hybrid rice cultivation and seed production (in Oriya) 2000 pp. 32 High yields through hybrid rice (bulletin). Folder on Production Technology of Hybrid Rice (English).

6. Chinsurah 1. Hybrid Rice Seed Production Technology (in English and Bengali) 1998 pp. 50 7. Faizabad 1. 2. 3. Sankar Dhan Beej Uthpadhan Pravesika (in Hindi) 1998 pp. 40 Sankar Dhan Ki Kheti (Hindi). Tips on Hybrid Rice Seed Production (English)

8. Pantnagar 1. 2. 3. Sankar Dhan Beej Uthpadan Tekniki Abhyas Pustika (in Hindi) 1998 pp. 40 Pant Sankar Dhan ke beej utpadan ki taknik (in Hindi). Pant Sankar Dhan ki kethi kyse kare (in Hindi)

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The unstinted support from the ICAR and the SAUs is gratefully acknowledged in implementation of the hybrid rice project in the country. The financial support from the UNDP and technical support from IRRI and FAO in the initial stages was instrumental in making this project a great success. We are highly indebted to our Director General, Dr. Mangala Rai, who has been a source of inspiration and encouragement for hybrid rice project over the years in various capacities and to all other ICAR authorities for their support and encouragement. All our cooperators deserve sincere thanks for their active involvement and support for successful implementation of this project.

Hybrid Rice in India