Property of Matter Chemistry: science concerned with the properties, composition, and behavior of matters.

Matter: Anything that has mass and occupies space. Mass: Amount of matter contained in a thing. Properties: Qualities common to a thing or group of things. Extensive (depend on the amount) <-> Intensive Physical (physical changes, state or form) <-> Chemical (chemical changes) Kinetic energy: Any form of energy that cannot be stored. Thermal energy(total) <-> Temperature (average) <-> Heat (transferred) Operational definition (Observable characteristics) <-> Conceptual definitions: (Explain operational definition)

Pure substance: same proportion, one set of properties. (element, compound) Mixture: may be different proportion, several sets of properties. Allotropes: different arrangement of same atoms. Organic compound: compound with C and H

Binary compound: compound with two elements. Acid (compound with H+) + Base (compound with OH-) = Salt Homogenous mixture (appear same throughout, individual particles smaller than 1 micrometer) <-> heterogenous mixture (appear different through out, larger than 1 micrometer) Type Solution Colloid Suspension Tyndall Effect No Yes Yes Sediments No No Yes Centrifugation Not separated Separated Separated Conceptual <1nm 1nm<x<1m >1m

Solution/Colloid = homogeneous, Suspension = heterogeneous Tyndall Effect: Beam can be seen if particles are larger enough to reflect. Naming: Cation Anion. If cation has multiple ions, state with Roman numbers, if both are anions, then prefix used. If polyatomic, then hypo-~-ite for 2 less O, -ite for 1 less O, -ate for normal, per-~-ate for 1 more O. For acid, hydro~ic acid and if polynomial, then ~ic acid (ate) or ~ous acid (ite) Hydrates: incorporate water molecules into their ionic crystal lattice. Anhydrous: form of the salt without water. (hygroscopic: absorb water from the air)-> used as desiccants.

The Mole
Mole: quantity equal to the # of atoms in the atomic mass of any element in grams. Avogadros Number: 6.02 x 1023 Molar mass (mass of one mole of elements atoms), Molecular mass = Formula mass (sum of its constituent atomic masses) Stoichiometry: Use mole as conversion Molar Volume: 1mol = 22.4L at STP Density = Mass over Volume Percentage Composition: (elements mass in molecule/ total mass of molecule) X 100% Empirical Formula (simplest ratio) <-> Molecular formula (actual #) <-> Structural

Formula (drawing) Molarity: # of moles of chemical per liter of solution.

Chemical Change
Law of conservation of mass: mass of reactant = mass of product Exothermic: releases heat (Synthesis A+B=C, Combustion Organic + O2 = CO2 + H2O) Endothermic absorbs heat (Decomposition A=B+C) Non-metal Oxide + water = Acid, Metal Oxide + water = Base Single replacement (more reactive element will kick off less reactive one), Double replacement (changes places) Neutralization: Acid + Base = Salt, exothermic H = enthalpy change = change in energy. (endothermic positive due to absorbed energy, exothermic negative due to released energy Thermochemical Equation: includes enthalpy change. If negative, then write positive at reactant side. Limiting reactant (reagent) <-> Excess reactant (reagent)

- = - =

100% 100%

- Product expected = theoretical yield.

A Closer Look At Matter

Daltons Atomic Theory: all matter are made up of atoms, they are identical to each other, they combine in specific ratio, they separate and recombine to form new compounds. J.J.Thompson discovers electron, Ernest Rutherford discovers protons are in nucleus, James Chadwick discovers neutron. Negative ion = anion, positive ion = cation. Isotopes: same number of proton but different number of neutron.

Electrons can only be in orbits. To define electrons, we use quantum number Quantum number: Principal (n, siza of atomic orbita), Angular Momentum (l, shape of atomic orbital), Magnetic ( , orientation in space), Spin (+0.5 or o.5) Total number of orbitals: n^2 Pauli exclusion principal (no 2 electrons can have same 4 quantum #s), Aufbau principal (lowest energy orbitals gets filled first), Hunds rule (most stable is with maximum number of unpaired electrons)

Relationship and Patterns in Chemistry

Dimitri Ivanovich Mendeleevs periodic table god accepted due to earliness, focusing on chemical properties, leaving several blanks. Period: horizontal row/ Family: vertical row Metals (shiny, solid except mercury, good conductor, malleable, ductile, flexible), Non-metals (gases except bromine, dull, translucent, poor conductors), Metalloid (semi-conductors) Alkali metals (soft, silvery solids, most reactive of metals), Alkaline metals (silvercoloured reactive metals), Halogens (most reactive elements, all three states present), Noble gases (most non-reactive) Transition elements: metals, hard solids, high melting & boiling points. Periodic trends: Trend that is shown when going across or down the periodic table. Covalent Radius (one half of diatomic particles) Metallic radius (one half of crystal) Atomic radius increases as go down, as go left. (more electrons = more repulsion tho) Ionization Energy (minimum energy required to remove an electron) increases as go up, go right. Electronegativity (relative ability of a bonded atom to attract shared electrons closer to their nuclei) increases as go up, go right. EN (0= non-polar covalent, 0<x<0.4 = mostly covalent, 0.4<x<1.7 = polar covalent,

x>1.7 = ionic) Lewis structure diagram: fills in electron from right, top, then clockwise. Find out ion by counting electrons & protons. Intramolecular forces (chemical bond within molecules), intermolecular forces (forces between molecules) Dipole-dipole force: attraction force between polar molecules Hydrogen Bonds: dipole-dipole including H-N,O,F Dispersion Force: attraction due to sudden movement of electrons. Everywhere Ion-dipole force: attraction between ion and polar Hydration shell: ions covered by water.

Solution Chemistry
Solution: Homogenous mixture in one phase. (Solute = dissolved, solvent = dissolving) Miscible (can be mixed in any proportion) <-> Immiscible. Solubility: Maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a particular temperature. Soluble: More than 0.1mol of solute can be dissolved in 1.0L of solution at 25C Insoluble: Less than 0.1mol of solute can be dissolved in 1.0L of solution at 25C All alkali ions, hydrogen, ammonium, nitrate are soluble. Unsaturated (solute completely dissolved), Saturated (no more solid will dissolve), Supersaturated (more solute is dissolved than maximum) Like dissolves like: Polar-> Ionic, Polar / Non-polar-> non-polar Methanol, Ethanol, Propanol are soluble in polar, Butanol, Pentanol are partly soluble. Longer chains are almost insoluble. Soap (non-polar tail with polar head) acts as emulsifying agent, making immiscible liquids become a ball and float around. This clump is called micelle. Solvation: Process of solvent molecules surrounding solute particles. (If solvent = water, hydration) Ionization Equation: Complete Ionic Equation (Everything), Net Ionic Equation (Complete spectator ions) Spectator Ions: Ion that stays the same (not forming solid) Electrolyte (Good = good conductor, bad = bad conductor) Strong acid/Strong base->dissociate 100%, Weak acid/Weak base->dissociate little. Titration: Method used to determine the concentration of an unknown solution by reacting with another substance of known concentration. Standardized Solution: Known concentration. Put in burette and poured until reaction stops. Equivalence point (moles of H+ = moles of OH-) Endpoint (indicator changes color)

Organic Chemistry

Alkanes: Saturated. Substituent groups: Branches of carbon atoms. Meth (1), Eth(2), Prop(3), But(4), Pent(5), Hex(6), Hept(7), Oct(8), Non(9), Dec(10) Naming branch: -yl (ex: 3-methylbutane) Structural isomers: Same formula but different structure. Cycloalkanes: Cyclic structure. (ex: 1,4-dimethylcycloheptane, 2-cyclobutylpentane) Alkenes: Unsaturated(reactive, other atoms could attach to carbon) Geometric isomers: Same structure but different orientation (ex: cis-, trans-) Only comes before the main structure, not before branch groups. Aromatic: Includes Benzene. In branch group, called Phenyl-

Gas Law
-

= (R=8.31kPa L / mol k) (1 atm = 101.3kPa = 760.0 torr=760.0mmHg)

Boyles Law: 1 1 = 2 2
1 1

- Charles Law:
-

=
1

2 2 2 2

Avogadros Law:

Daltons law of partial pressure: Total V depends on # of moles. = 1 + 2 +

,
-

Absolute Zero: -273.15C, 0K, nothing moves.

- =
-

Standard molar volume: 22.4L at STP STP = 0C -> 1 atm.

Memorize: Alkane, Alkene, Alkyne, Aromatic, Alkyl Halide, Alcohol, Ether, Aldehyde, Ketone, Carboxylic Acid, Ester, Amine, Amide