Capas Granulares

Diapositiva 1
Hugo Len Arenas Lozano
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Diapositiva 2
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Diapositiva 3
Contenido
Las capas granulares
Introduccin Y Conceptos
Caracterizacin de los materiales ptreos
Especificaciones para afirmados
Especificaciones para sub-bases
Especificaciones para bases
Proceso constructivo
Control de Calidad
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Diapositiva 4
Las Capas Granulares

Los
materiales
granulares
utilizados en el Pas estn
regulados por normas que
buscan el cumplimiento de
requisitos
bsicos
que
garanticen
la
calidad
y
seguridad de las estructuras
de pavimento.
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Diapositiva 5

El espesor de la capa granular est constituido, por

razones econmicas, por dos tipos de materiales:
base y sub-base.
La sub-base es un material ms econmico: partculas
de mayor tamao y no es triturado.
La base es de mayor costo, espesores mnimos deja a
la sub-base la tarea de completar el espesor
necesario de acuerdo con las condiciones de diseo
de la estructura del pavimento establecidas para el
tipo de subrasante y el trnsito.
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Diapositiva 6

La capa de Base
Se encuentra bajo la capa de

rodadura
de
un
pavimento
asfltico.
Debido a su proximidad con la

superficie,
debe
poseer
alta
resistencia a la deformacin,
para soportar las altas presiones
que recibe.
Se construye con materiales

granulares
procesados
o
estabilizados y, eventualmente, con
algunos materiales marginales.
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Diapositiva 7

La capa de Subbase
Capa que se encuentra entre la base y la
subrasante en un pavimento asfltico.
Debido a que est sometida a menores
esfuerzos que la base, su calidad puede
ser inferior y generalmente est constituida
por
materiales
locales
granulares
o
marginales.
El material que se coloca entre la subrasante y

las losas de un pavimento: debe permitir el
drenaje libre o ser altamente resistente a la
erosin, con el fin de prevenir el bombeo.
Algunas veces, a esta capa la llaman base
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Diapositiva 8

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Diapositiva 9

1.
Origen
a. Naturales
b. Triturados
c. Artificiales
d. Marginales
2. Calidades mnimas
a. Dureza
b. Limpieza
c. Tamao
d. Geometra
e. Drenabilidad
f. Durabilidad
g. Etc.
3. Funcin
Depende de la posicin en la estructura y el tipo de pavimento
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Diapositiva 10
Propiedades
ESTABILIDAD: Es la capacidad para soportar y disipar las cargas de forma
permanente sin perder sus propiedades iniciales.
DISTRIBUCION DE TAMAOS
FORMA DE LAS PARTICULAS: afecta fundamentalmente al esqueleto mineral
LIMPIEZA
COMPACTACION (Resistencia a la accin mecnica como capa)
GRADO DE TRITURACION (Textura)
RESISTENCIA A LA ACCION DEL CLIMA (intemperismo)
RESISTENCIA AL PULIMENTO resistencia a perder aspereza en su textura

superficial
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Diapositiva 11

Caracterizacin
Un agregado que cumple con los requisitos de costo y

disponibilidad deber poseer tambin ciertas
propiedades para poder ser considerado como bueno
para la construccin de una obra civil especifica.
Establecer su idoneidad
Obtener informacin til para el diseo estructural del
pavimento
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Diapositiva 12

Caracterizacin
Como establecer la Idoneidad de un

agregado?
1.
La composicin mineralgica de los agregados

Determina en un alto grado sus propiedades fsicas.
El conocimiento de la mineraloga de la roca origen ser de gran
importancia para predecir y comprender su comportamiento en una
estructura.
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Diapositiva 13

Caracterizacin
Como establecer la Idoneidad de un agregado?

1.
La composicin mineralgica de los agregados
Resumen de propiedades ingenieriles segn Cordon y Beste
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Diapositiva 14
CONTENT OF SILICA SiO2 %

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
SILICIOUS LIMESTONE
BASALTS
PORPHYRIES
80
90
100
SILICA
POSITIVE
MIXER
NEGATIVE
SANDSTONE
LIMESTONE
DIORITES
GRANITES
(CONTENT OF C3O)
100
90
80
70
OPHITES
60
50
40
30
20
10
CONTENT OF ALKALINE OR ALKALINE EARTH OXIDE, %
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Diapositiva 15

Caracterizacin
2.
El examen petrogrfico de las rocas (secciones delgadas)
Tamao del grano
Textura
Estado de descomposicin
Calcular las proporciones de las especies mineralgicas de la roca
Permite tambin dilucidar e inclusive resolver un problema

planteado
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Diapositiva 16

Caracterizacin
Grano de cuarzo no reactivo con un

brillo uniforme
Cuarzo reactivo exhibiendo bandas oscuras

(A) y claras (B) en el mismo grano
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Diapositiva 17

Caracterizacin
3.
Las propiedades Qumicas de las partculas

En pavimentos asflticos, la qumica de los agregados puede
determinar la adherencia entre ellos y el asfalto
En pavimentos rgidos, los agregados que contienen formas
reactivas de slice pueden presentar reacciones expansivas con
los lcalis contenidos en la pasta del cemento
Stripping
Reaccin alkali-silica
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Diapositiva 18
Falla por deficiente adherencia

entre los agregados y el asfalto
Reaccin expansiva entre la

slice del agregado y los lcalis
del cemento
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Diapositiva 19

Caracterizacin
4.
Las Especificaciones y ensayos

Las especificaciones de construccin fijan, de acuerdo con la
experiencia local, los lmites admisibles de los resultados de
ensayos, segn el uso previsto para el material. Especificaciones
de Construccin Ej: Artculo 300 Invias 2007
Se han desarrollado muchos ensayos para medir las
caractersticas fsicas de los materiales para construir pavimentos.
Estos ensayos, en su mayora arbitrarios en el sentido de que su
utilidad reposa en la correlacin de sus resultados con el
comportamiento en el campo,
Los ensayos han sido normalizados con el fin de obtener
resultados Reproducibles (Normas Invias, Idu. ASTM, NTC, etc)
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Diapositiva 20

Caracterizacin
Como obtener parmetros para
diseo de la estructura?
1.
2.
3.
A travs de ensayos y
correlaciones
Respuesta a la carga y
deformacin: Relacin de
Poisson y Mdulo
Leyes de comportamiento a la
Fatiga
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Diapositiva 21

Caracterizacin Fsica
Intrnsecas
Grado de acomodo
Gradacin y tamao
Resistencia a la abrasin y dureza
Resistencia a la accin climtica (intemperismo)
Forma y textura superficial
Limpieza y materiales deletreos
Estructuracin como capa
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Diapositiva 22

TOMA DE MUESTRAS
Deben ser aleatorias

REPRESENTATIVAS
Muestras Aleatorias tomadas

de un lote o poblacin
permiten
evaluar
sus
principales propiedades .
Muestras
tomadas
en
acopios o apilamientos deben
tomarse de diferentes niveles
y mezclarse
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Diapositiva 23
Muestreo de Agregados
Las muestras siempre exceden la cantidad
necesaria para realizar los ensayos de laboratorio,
por lo que se debe efectuar un procedimiento de

cuarteo apropiado.
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Diapositiva 24

Cuarteo
Procedimiento de reduccin de cantidad de muestra
El objetivo de la tcnica de reduccin de cantidad de
muestra es minimizar las variaciones de caractersticas.
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Diapositiva 25

Cuarteo Mecnico
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Diapositiva 26
CUARTEO MECANICO
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Diapositiva 27
CUARTEO MANUAL
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Diapositiva 28

PROPIEDADES INTRINSECAS DE UN
AGREGADO
ENSAYOS DE EVALUACION
Gravedad Especfica
Absorcin
INV E-223, 222 ASTM C-127
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Diapositiva 29

29
Depende de:
La composicin mineralgica
Grado de porosidad de las partculas
Slice (cuarzo): 2.66

Feldespatos: 2.56 a 2.75
Mica: 2.75 a 3.0
Ferro magnesianos: 2.9 a 3.8
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Diapositiva 30

Estados de humedad de los agregados
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Diapositiva 31
APARENTE
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Diapositiva 32
BULK
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Diapositiva 33

CLASIFICACION DE LAS Gs
GRAVEDAD ESPECIFICA APARENTE: Relacin entre el peso seco en el aire
del volumen impermeable de la partcula y el peso de un volumen igual
de agua a la misma temperatura.
GRAVEDAD ESPECIFICA BULK : Relacin entre el peso seco en el aire del
volumen de la partcula (incluye los poros saturables y no saturables,
adems de la parte slida) y el peso de un volumen igual de agua a la
misma temperatura
GRAVEDAD ESPECIFICA BULK SSS: Relacin entre el peso en el aire en
estado SSS del volumen de la partcula (incluye los poros saturables y
no saturables, adems de la parte slida) y el peso de un volumen igual
de agua a la misma temperatura
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Diapositiva 34
GRAVEDAD ESPECIFICA DE
AGREGADOS
34
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Diapositiva 35

35
GRADO DE ACOMODO DE
LAS PARTICULAS
DENSIDAD BULK DE UN AGREGADO: La masa de un

volumen total de partculas en un estado de acomodo
dado (volumen de las partculas y volumen entre las
partculas)
VACIOS en un agregado que tiene un estado dado de

acomodo (natural, suelto o compacto), es el espacio
entre las partculas no ocupado por algn material
slido. En un momento dado puede estar ocupado total
o parcialmente por agua o aire.
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Diapositiva 36

Volumen de vacos entre

partculas
Volumen de partculas
MASA UNITARIA =
PESO DE LOS SLIDOS

VOLUMEN
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Diapositiva 37

Grado de acomodo de
las partculas
Densidad
bulk
masa
unitaria
Inv E-217-07
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Diapositiva 38

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Diapositiva 39
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Diapositiva 40

DISTRIBUCION DE TAMAOS Y ESQUELETO
MINERAL
Analisis
Granulometrico
INV E- 213-214
ASTM C117
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Diapositiva 41

Es uno de los ensayos que permiten obtener mayor
informacin sobre el comportamiento de un agregado
en servicio
Rigidez
Estabilidad
Durabilidad
Permeabilidad
Trabajabilidad
Resistencia friccionante
Resistencia a la fatiga
Resistencia a la accin del agua
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Diapositiva 42

ANALISIS GRANULOMETRICO
Serie estndar de tamices
Tamiz
Abertura en mm
Tamiz
Abertura en mm
76
No 4
4.75
63
No 8
2.36
50
No 16
1.18
37.5
No 30
0.60
25
No 50
0.30
19
No 100
0.15
12.5
No 200
0.075
3/8
9.5
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Diapositiva 43
Buena granulometra: que haya de todos los

tamaos
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Diapositiva 44

ESPECIFICACIONES GRANULOMETRICAS
La experiencia obtenida hasta el presente en el campo

de la ingeniera, en lo correspondiente a la gradacin de
los agregados y su comportamiento en obra, ha llevado
a reconocer el uso de determinada gradacin, segn la

estructura a construir. Estas gradaciones recomendadas
generalmente no corresponden a una curva sino a
una franja (huso granulomtrico)
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Diapositiva 45
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Diapositiva 46
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Diapositiva 47
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Diapositiva 48
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Diapositiva 49
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Diapositiva 50

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Diapositiva 51

Tolerancias
100.00
90.00
80.00
70.00
60.00
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
100
10
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Diapositiva 52
Curvas granulomtricas
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Diapositiva 53
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Diapositiva 54
ESPECIFICACIONES GRANULOMETRICAS
100
80
60
MATERIAL MUY FINO
40
2
MATERIAL MUY GRUESO
20
1
FRANJA GRANULOMETRICA
100
0.01
10
0.1
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Diapositiva 55
Influencia de los finos
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Diapositiva 56
LasMezcla
Capasde
Granulares
agregados
Razones Para mezclar
Obtener
El
la Graduacin deseada
material disponible en un solo banco no es
suficiente
Economa
al mezclar agregados naturales y
procesados
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Diapositiva 57

MEZCLA DE AGREGADOS
METODO GRAFICO
30% DE MATERIAL
FINO
%MATERIAL FINO
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
100
100
90
90
80
80
70
70
60
60
MATERIAL 50
50
FINO
% PASA
MATERIAL
GRUESO
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
0
% PASA
10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
%MATERIAL GRUESO
80
90
100
70% DE MATERIAL
GRUESO
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Diapositiva 58
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Diapositiva 59

LIMPIEZA Y PARTICULAS PERJUDICIALES
Lmite Lquido: INV E-125
ndice de Plasticidad : INV E-126
Equivalente de Arena: INV E-133
Valor de Azul de Metileno: INV E-235
Terrones de arcilla y partculas deleznables: INV E-211
Partculas Livianas: INV E-221
Limpieza superficial del agregado grueso: INV E-267
Material Orgnica: INV E-212
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Diapositiva 60

Efectos
Prdida
de
las
propiedades mecnicas
Durabilidad
estructura
de
la
Mala adherencia
Arcilla,
materia
orgnica, livianas
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Diapositiva 61

Sustancias perjudiciales
CONTAMINANTES
QUIMICAS,
reacciones
qumicas entre el
agregado, la pasta
de cemento y
asfalto
RECUBRIMIENTO, impide
la adherencia entre el
agregado, la pasta de
cemento y asfalto
IMPUREZAS, que
interfieren el
proceso de
hidratacin del
cemento y
adherencia con el
asfalto
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Diapositiva 62

Materia Orgnica en Arenas
INV - 212
ICONTEC NTC-127
ASTM C-40
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Diapositiva 63

Impurezas Orgnicas en
Agregado Fino
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Diapositiva 64

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Diapositiva 65

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Diapositiva 66

EQUIVALENTE DE ARENA
INV E-133
ASTM D-2419
AASHTO T-176
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Diapositiva 67

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Diapositiva 68

*
- Usado para estimar la proporcin relativa
entre arena y finos plsticos
EA =
Lectura Arena
Lectura Arcilla
*100
Lectura Arcilla
Lectura
Arena
Solucin
Floculante
Arcilla
suspendida
Agregado
sedimentado
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Diapositiva 69

Terrones de Arcilla y Partculas Deleznables
INV - 211
ASTM C-142
AASHTO T-112
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Diapositiva 70

TERRONES DE ARCILLA Y PARTCULAS
DELEZNABLES
Aplicacin: Agregado completo Retenido Tamiz No. 200

(0.075mm)
Objeto: Determinar contenido de partculas indeseables
Significado: Fundamental para aceptacin agregados
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Diapositiva 71

INMERSIN DE LA MUESTRA
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Diapositiva 72

ROTURA DE PARTCULAS
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Diapositiva 73

CANTIDAD DE PARTCULAS LIVIANAS
INV E-221
ASTM C-123
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Diapositiva 74

PARTCULAS LIVIANAS
Aplicacin: Todo el Agregado
Objeto: Determinar contenido

de partculas livianas por
flotacin en lquido espeso.
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Diapositiva 75

LIMPIEZA SUPERFICIAL DE LAS PARTCULAS DE AGREGADO

GRUESO
INV E-267, NTC-78
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Diapositiva 76

LIMPIEZA SUPERFICIAL DE LAS PARTCULAS DE AGREGADO
GRUESO
Aplicacin: Agregado grueso (>4.75mm)

Objeto: Separar partculas menores de 0.5mm (tamiz No. 35),
mezcladas o adheridas
Significado: Limpieza Agregado
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Diapositiva 77

PRUEBA DE AZUL DE METILENO
INV E-235
Se usa como complemento del equivalente de

arena, cuando el valor de ste no satisface el lmite
especificado
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Diapositiva 78

PRUEBA DE AZUL DE METILENO
Aplicacin: Material pasa Tamiz No.200.

Objeto: Determinar la presencia de materiales arcillosos en
agregados
Significado: Prueba de actividad superficial y fsico-qumica de

finos
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Diapositiva 79

AZUL DE METILENO
Se fundamenta en la adicin de pequeas dosis de
disolucin de azul de metileno a una suspensin de la
muestra de ensayo en agua, comprobando la absorcin
de colorante por parte de la muestra y realizando una

prueba de coloracin sobre papel de filtro.
El valor de azul es la cantidad de azul de metileno que
adsorben 1,000 gramos del material pasante del tamiz de 2
mm, colocados en una solucin acuosa
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Diapositiva 80

Indice De Azul De Metileno
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Diapositiva 81

Indice De Azul De Metileno
negativo
positivo
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Diapositiva 82

LMITE LQUIDO
INV E-125
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Diapositiva 83

LMITE LQUIDO
Aplicacin: Agregado pasa Tamiz No. 40 (0.425mm)
Objeto: Lmite entre estado plstico y lquido
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Diapositiva 84

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Diapositiva 85

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Diapositiva 86

LIMITE DE CONTRACCION
Evaluar la capacidad que

tiene un suelo fino de
cambiar su volumen por
secado
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Diapositiva 87

Lmite Plstico
ndice De Plasticidad
INV E-126
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Diapositiva 88

LMITE PLSTICO, LP
Aplicacin: Agregado pasa Tamiz No. 40 (0.425mm)
Objeto: Lmite entre estado plstico y slido
ndice de Plasticidad= Lmite Lquido - Lmite Plstico
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Diapositiva 89

RESISTENCIA A LA ACCION MECANICA

Desgaste en la Mquina de los ngeles: INV E-218/219
Micro Deval: INV E-238
Valor de trituracin por impacto: BS 812 PART 112
Coeficiente de Friabilidad de los Agregados : BS 812 PART 112
10 % de finos: BS 812 PART 111, INV E-224
Pulimiento Acelerado: INV E-232
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Diapositiva 90

DESGASTE MQUINA DE LOS NGELES
INV E-218 y 219
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Diapositiva 91

DESGASTE MQUINA DE LOS NGELES
Aplicacin: Agregado grueso y Arena ms gruesa (hasta tamiz

No. 8 - 2.36mm)
Objeto: Evaluar la calidad del agregado
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Diapositiva 92

Desgaste En La Maquina De Los ngeles
El agregado debe ser resistente a la
desintegracin, degradacin, rotura
producida por:
Manufactura
Almacenamiento
Compactacin
Cargas
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Diapositiva 93

DESGASTE EN LA MAQUINA
DE LOS ANGELES
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Diapositiva 94

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Diapositiva 95

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Diapositiva 96

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Diapositiva 97

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Diapositiva 98

http://training.ce.washington.edu/PGI/
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Diapositiva 99

PULIMIENTO ACELERADO DE LOS AGREGADOS
INV E-232
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Diapositiva 100

PULIMIENTO ACELERADO DE LOS AGREGADOS
Aplicacin: Gravilla (8 a 9.5mm, tamices 5/16 a 3/8)
Objeto: Determinar Susceptibilidad al pulimiento de los

agregados CPA
Significado: Influye marcadamente en la resistencia a al

friccin (SEGURIDAD DEL USUARIO).
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Diapositiva 101
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Diapositiva 102

Pndulo TRL
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Diapositiva 103

PULIMENTO ACELERADO
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Diapositiva 104

PULIMENTO ACELERADO
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Diapositiva 105

PULIMENTO ACELERADO
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Diapositiva 106

MICRO DEVAL
INV E-238
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Diapositiva 107

Las partculas de los agregados deben ser resistentes a cambios
mineralgicos y desintegracin fsica a causa de los ciclos de
humedecimiento y secado impuestos durante la construccin y el
perodo de diseo del pavimento
La durabilidad debe ser considerada en el momento de escoger

los agregados ptreos.
Materiales susceptibles de degradacin por la accin de agentes
climticos durante la vida til del pavimento, deben ser evitados
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Diapositiva 108

Una muestra de 1,500 gramos del agregado

seco es sumergida en 2 litros de agua durante 1
hora dentro de un cilindro de 194 mm de dimetro
Se introducen 5,000 gramos de esferas de acero de 9.5
mm de dimetro dentro del cilindro y se somete ste a
rotacin a 100 5 rpm durante 2 horas
Se seca la muestra y se determina la proporcin de

material que pasa el tamiz de 1.18 mm (#16) respecto
del peso seco inicial de la muestra, la cual constituye el
resultado del ensayo
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Diapositiva 109

Equipo Micro Deval
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Diapositiva 110

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Diapositiva 111

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Diapositiva 112

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Diapositiva 113

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Diapositiva 114

10% De Finos
Trituracin Por Impacto
Valor de Trituracin por aplastamiento
BS 812
INV E-224
Nota: finos = menores que 2.36mm

(tamiz No. 8)
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Diapositiva 115

Valor de trituracin por impacto (VTI)
(BS 812)
Una muestra del agregado

grueso se somete a 15
golpes con una masa de 13.6
kg que cae libremente desde
una altura de
380
mm,
determinndose luego el %
partculas que pasa el tamiz de
2.36 mm (# 8), respecto del
peso inicial de la muestra
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Diapositiva 116

10 % de finos (BS 812 INV E-224)
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Diapositiva 117

Una muestra
del
agregado
10 % de finos
grueso se somete a diferentes

cargas,
cada
determinndose
caso
el
en
porcentaje de
partculas que pasan el tamiz de
2.36 mm (# 8) respecto del peso

inicial de la muestra
La carga necesaria para producir
10% de partculas menores de 2.36

mm constituye el resultado del
ensayo
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Diapositiva 118

Valor de trituracin por aplastamiento (VTA) (BS 812)
Una muestra del agregado grueso (12.5 mm 9.5 mm) se

somete a una carga de 400 kN y se determina el porcentaje de
partculas que pasa el tamiz de 2.36 mm, respecto del peso
inicial de la muestra
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Diapositiva 119

GEOMETRIA DE LAS PARTICULAS

Partculas Fracturadas Mecnicamente : INV E-227
ndice de Aplanamiento : INV E-230
ndice de Alargamiento : INV E-230
Angularidad del Agregado Fino: AASHTO T-304
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Diapositiva 120

FORMA Y TEXTURA SUPERFICIAL
Influye en la resistencia a la
deformacin, trabajabilidad,
grado de compactacin,
permeabilidad, etc
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Diapositiva 121

Angularidad De Agregados
Gruesos
Efectos de la textura
A igualdad de distribucin de tamaos, un
INV E-227
agregado
ASTM D-5821
mecnicamente presenta mayor estabilidad
con
partculas
fragmentadas
que uno con partculas redondeadas, debido

a la mayor trabazn entre las partculas
Para iguales granulometras, el material con

partculas trituradas da lugar a un mayor
coeficiente de permeabilidad, lo que hace
que sea ms fcil de drenar
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Diapositiva 122

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Diapositiva 123

% CARAS FRACTURADAS
Aplicacin: Agregado grueso (>9.5mm).
Objeto: Determinar % agregado con 1 o ms caras

fracturadas.
Significado: la trituracin da mejor comportamiento del

agregado (mayor friccin).
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Diapositiva 124

% CARAS FRACTURADAS
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Diapositiva 125

Partculas Planas y Alargadas
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Diapositiva 126

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Diapositiva 127

Partcula larga
l/a > 1,6
Partcula plana
e/a < 0,5
Partcula lajuda
partcula larga y plana
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Diapositiva 128

NDICE DE APLANAMIENTO Y ALARGAMIENTO
INV E-230
ASTM D-4791
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Diapositiva 129

NDICE DE APLANAMIENTO Y ALARGAMIENTO
Aplicacin: Agregado grueso hasta 6.3mm (1/4)
Aplanamiento: dmin/dprom < 3/5
Alargamiento: dmax/dprom > 9/5
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Diapositiva 130

ndice de aplanamiento:
El porcentaje en peso de las partculas que la
forman cuya dimensin mnima (espesor) es
inferior a 3/5 de la dimensin media de la
fraccin.
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Diapositiva 131

ndice De Alargamiento:
El porcentaje en peso de las partculas que la forman

cuya dimensin mxima (longitud) es superior a 9/5
de la dimensin media de la fraccin
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Diapositiva 132

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Diapositiva 133

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Diapositiva 134

Partculas planas, largas y planas y

alargadas
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Diapositiva 135

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Diapositiva 136

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Diapositiva 137

Angularidad Del Agregado
Fino (AASHTO T-304, INV-239
Porcentaje de vacos con
aire
de
las
partculas
menores de 2.36 mm,
levemente compactadas
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Diapositiva 138

RESISTENCIA A LA ACCION CLIMATICA
(DURABILIDAD)
Valor de Prdidas en ensayo de solidez en sulfatos (sodio y

magnesio): INV E-220
Micro Deval: INV E-238
ndice de Durabilidad de Agregados: INV E-226
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Diapositiva 139

Solidez bajo la accin de sulfatos (ASTM C 88 INV E-220)
Fracciones del agregado, de diversos tamaos, se someten a

cinco ciclos de expansin y contraccin, consistente cada uno de
ellos en:
Inmersin durante un lapso de 16 a 18 horas en una

solucin de sulfato de sodio o de magnesio
Secado hasta peso constante a 110 oC
Terminado el ltimo ciclo se lavan las fracciones para eliminar el sulfato
que contengan; se secan y se tamizan sobre los tamices en los

cuales se retenan antes del ensayo, determinado las prdidas
en peso sufridas por cada fraccin
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Diapositiva 140

Solidez bajo la accin de sulfatos (ASTM C 88 INV E-220)
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Diapositiva 141

Resistencia como capa
CBR de Campo
CBR de laboratorio INV E148
CBR de campo INV E-169
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Diapositiva 142

CARACTERSTICAS QUMICAS
Determinacin Cuantitativa de los Compuestos de

Azufre en los Agregados (contenido de sulfatos
expresado como SO4=),
INV E-233
Determinacin de la Reactividad agregado-lcali

(Mtodo Qumico) ,
INV E-234
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Diapositiva 143
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Diapositiva 144
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Diapositiva 145
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Diapositiva 146
ESPECIFICACIONES
INVAS 2007
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Diapositiva 147
DESCRIPCION DEL ARTICULO

ARTICULO
INVIAS-2007
300
DISPOSICIONES
GENERALES
PARA
LA
EJECUCIN
DE
AFIRMADOS,
SUBBASES
GRANULARES Y BASES GRANULARES Y
ESTABILIZADAS
311
Afirmados
320
Sub-base granular
330
Base granular
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Diapositiva 148
NT1: Nivel de trnsito 1. Menos de 0.5 x 106 ejes

equivalentes de 80 kN en el carril de diseo.
NT2: Nivel de trnsito 2. Entre 0.5 x 106 y 5.0 x 106 ejes

equivalentes de 80 kN.en el carril de diseo.
NT3: Nivel de trnsito 3. Mayor de 5.0 x 106 ejes

equivalentes de 80 kN en el carril de diseo.
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Diapositiva 149

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Diapositiva 150
CONSTRUCCION DE CAPAS
GRANULARES
ARTICULOS INVIAS
300, 310, 311, 320, 330 2007
ESPECIFICACIONES
IDU- ET-05
PRESENTADO POR
JULIAN IBARRA
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Diapositiva 151
CAPAS GRANULARES
CARPETA ASFALTICA
BASE GRANULAR
SUB BASE GRANULAR
SUBRASANTE
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Diapositiva 152
EJECUCION DE LOS TRABAJOS
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Diapositiva 153
Ejecucin de los trabajos
Explotacin
elaboracin
de
agregados.
Acopio de los agregados.
Transporte,
almacenamiento
colocacin
Preparacin
de
la
Muestreo
Ensayos
Control de calidad
de cada proceso
superficie
existente.
Extensin, mezcla y conformacin
Compactacin.
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Diapositiva 154
EXPLOTACION Y ELABORACION DE
MATERIALES
Origen
Durabilidad
Resistencia mecnica
Geomtra
Limpieza
Textura
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Diapositiva 155
EQUIPO A UTILIZAR
Transporte
Compactacin
Colocacin
Explotacin
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Diapositiva 156
EQUIPO A UTILIZAR
Transporte
Compactacin
Colocacin
Explotacin
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Diapositiva 157
FASE DE EXPERIMENTACION
Tramo para calibracin de equipos
Definir procesos
Determinar parmetros de construccin: #

pasadas, espesores ptimos, etc
Optimizar ensayos
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Diapositiva 158
PREPARACION DE LA SUPERFICIE
EXISTENTE
Solamente se autorizar
la colocacin del la
capa granular cuando
la estructura de soporte
tenga
la
densidad
apropiada,
cotas,
drenajes, cunetas y
dems
secciones
indicadas en los planos
de construccin
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Diapositiva 159
TRANSPORTE, ALMACENAMIENTO Y
COLOCACION DEL MATERIAL
Volquetas
Prevenir la contaminacin y
segregacin
de
los
materiales
Acopios cubiertos para evitar

cambios en sus propiedades
fsicas.
Fcil acceso al sitio
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Diapositiva 160
EXTENDIDO Y CONFORMACION
El material ser colocado

sobre la capa de soporte
debidamente preparada.
El material ser extendido en
una capa uniforme por medio
de
una
motoniveladora:
espesor mayor al espesor
compacto.
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Diapositiva 161
Para la conformacin de la base,

se mezcla todo el material por
medio de la cuchilla de la
motoniveladora
profundidad
en
de
toda
la
la
capa,
llevndolo en forma alternada

hacia el centro y los bordes de la
calzada
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Diapositiva 162
El escarificado del material se

deber de realizar para poder
uniformizar el riego de agua y
garantizar una humedad
homognea en todo el material
colocado en la calzada .
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Diapositiva 163
PROCESO DE HUMECTACION
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Diapositiva 164
PROCESO DE COMPACTACION
Concluida la distribucin y la
humectacin del material, cada
capa deber ser compactada en su
ancho total por medio de rodillos
lisos vibratorios con un peso
mnimo de 10 Ton.
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Diapositiva 165
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Diapositiva 166
CONTROL DE CALIDAD
Control De Procedencia
Control De Produccin
Calidad Del Producto Terminado
Terminado
Compactacin
Lisura
Espesor
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Diapositiva 167
Requisitos de los agregados para afirmados, subbase granulares y bases granulares
ENSAYO
NT 1
NORMA
INV-E
AFIRMADO
SUBBASE
GRANULAR
NT 2
BASE
GRANULAR
AFIRMADO
SUB BASE
GERANULAR
NT 3
BASE
GRANULAR
SUB BASE
GRANULAR
BASE
GRANULAR
granulometra
E-213
DUREZA
-Desgaste en la maquina
de los ngeles (Gradacin
A)
-En seco, 500 revoluciones
(%)
-En seco, 100 revoluciones
(%)
-Despus de 48 horas de
inmersin, 500 revoluciones
(%)
50
40
50
50
40
55
55
35
30
30
25
70
90
75
E-218
Relacin hmedo/seco, 500

revoluciones
Desgaste en el equipo MicroDeval (%)
50
50
50
E-238
Evaluacin de la resistencia
mecnica por el mtodo del
10% de Finos
-Valor en seco. (KN)
E-224
- Relacin hmedo/ seco

(%)
Contenido de terrones de
arcilla y partculas
deleznables (%)
35
E-211
75
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Diapositiva 168
NT 1
NORMA
INV-E
ENSAYO
AFIRMADO
SUBBASE
GRANULAR
NT 2
BASE
GRANULAR
AFIRMADO
SUB BASE
GERANULAR
NT 3
BASE
GRANULAR
SUB BASE
GRANULAR
BASE
GRANULAR
DURABILIDAD
Perdidas en el
ensayo de solidez en
sulfatos
-Sulfato de sodio (%)
E-220
12
12
12
12
12
12
18
18
18
18
18
18
40
40
40
40
4-9
25
25
12
12
18
18
40
-- Sulfato de magnesio
(%)
LIMPIEZA
Limite liquido (%)
E-125
ndice de plasticidad
(%)
E-126
Equivalente de arena
(%)
E-133
Valor de azul
metileno (1)
E-235
4-9
-
10
25
30
10
Art 311
Contraccin lineal
30
de
25
40
Art 311
E-127
GEOMETRIA DE LAS
PARTCULAS
ndices de
alargamiento y
aplanamiento (%)
E-230
35
50
E-227
35
35
60
50
-
Porcentaje de caras
fracturadas (una cara)
Angularidad de la
fraccin fina (%)
35
35
E-239
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Diapositiva 169
ENSAYO
NORM
A INVE
NT 1
NT 2
AFIRMADO
SUBBASE
GRANULAR
BASE
GRANULAR
AFIRMADO
15
30
80
15
SUB BASE
GERANULAR
NT 3
BASE
GRANULAR
SUB BASE
GRANULAR
BASE
GRANULAR
80
30
100
RESISTENCIA DEL
MATERIAL
CBR (%) Nota :
Porcentaje asociado
al
valor mnimo
especificado de la
densidad seca, medido
en una muestra
sometida a cuatro das
de inmersio mtodo D
E-148
30
(1) El ensayo de Valor de azul de metileno solo ser exigido cuando el

equivalente de arena del material de base granular sea inferior a
treinta (30), pero igual o superior a veinticinco (25)
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Diapositiva 170
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Capas Granulares

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Diapositiva 1

Hugo Len Arenas Lozano

Hugo Len Arenas Lozano

Las capas granulares

Caracterizacin de los materiales ptreos

Especificaciones para afirmados

Especificaciones para sub-bases

Especificaciones para bases

Las Capas Granulares

Las Capas Granulares

El espesor de la capa granular est constituido, por

Las Capas Granulares

Se encuentra bajo la capa de

Debido a su proximidad con la

Se construye con materiales

Las Capas Granulares

El material que se coloca entre la subrasante y

Las Capas Granulares

Las Capas Granulares

Las Capas Granulares

ESTABILIDAD: Es la capacidad para soportar y disipar las cargas de forma

permanente sin perder sus propiedades iniciales.

FORMA DE LAS PARTICULAS: afecta fundamentalmente al esqueleto mineral

COMPACTACION (Resistencia a la accin mecnica como capa)

GRADO DE TRITURACION (Textura)

RESISTENCIA A LA ACCION DEL CLIMA (intemperismo)

RESISTENCIA AL PULIMENTO resistencia a perder aspereza en su textura

Las Capas Granulares

Un agregado que cumple con los requisitos de costo y

Las Capas Granulares

Como establecer la Idoneidad de un

La composicin mineralgica de los agregados

Las Capas Granulares

Como establecer la Idoneidad de un agregado?

Resumen de propiedades ingenieriles segn Cordon y Beste

CONTENT OF SILICA SiO2 %

CONTENT OF ALKALINE OR ALKALINE EARTH OXIDE, %

Las Capas Granulares

El examen petrogrfico de las rocas (secciones delgadas)

Tamao del grano

Calcular las proporciones de las especies mineralgicas de la roca

Permite tambin dilucidar e inclusive resolver un problema

Las Capas Granulares

Grano de cuarzo no reactivo con un

Cuarzo reactivo exhibiendo bandas oscuras

Las Capas Granulares

Las propiedades Qumicas de las partculas

Falla por deficiente adherencia

Reaccin expansiva entre la

Hugo Len Arenas Lozano

Las Capas Granulares

Las Especificaciones y ensayos

Las Capas Granulares

Las Capas Granulares

Resistencia a la abrasin y dureza

Resistencia a la accin climtica (intemperismo)

Forma y textura superficial

Limpieza y materiales deletreos

Estructuracin como capa

Las Capas Granulares

Deben ser aleatorias

Muestras Aleatorias tomadas

por lo que se debe efectuar un procedimiento de