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Structure
6.1 Introduction
Objdves
6.1 INTRODUCTION
In Unit 5, the various types of indeterminate structures are described. The continuous beam can be analysed by the method described in this unit. The theorem of three moments was developed by the French engineer Clapeyron in 1857. This equation is a relationship that exists between the bending moments at three adjacent supports in a continuous member. It is particularly helpful in determining the bending moments at the supports of statically indeterminate beams. As moments (any category of actions) ate the unknowns, it is one of the force methods. The prerequisite for this is to know the principles of statics and a knowledge of shear force and bending moment diagrams for statically determinate beams. Moreover, the knowledge of moment area method or any other method to calculate the slope and deflection will be useful in understanding the derivation of this theorem.
Objectives
After studying this unit, you should be able to compute the unknown moments in the indeterminate beams subjected to
external load(s) with sinking of support, or external load(s) without sinking of support,
find reactions for indeterminate h e a m and to draw shear force diagram, and sketch the bending moment diagram. Sign Conventions Sagging bending moment is considered positive. In the final bending moment (due diagram (BMD), the ordinates are drawn oil that side of heam where tei~sion to bending) is developed. Thus, in the case of a simply-supported beam positive ordinates are drawn downwards. For the case of hogging (negative) bending moment, the lenrion is developed at the top fibres of the barn. Hence, tile ordinates are drawn upwards (negative sign).
This is applicable to any two adjoining spans of a continuous beam and can be repeatedly used for other two adjoining spans. For n numbers of spans (n- I ) sin~ultaneous equations may be written which give solutio~i of redundant moments at the supports along with the conditions of statics. Consider two adjoining spans AB and BC of a continuous beam ABC as shown in Figure 6.1 (a). Span AB and BC are L1 and L2 respectively. Moments of inertia for AB and BC are 1, and I2 respectively. Figure 6.1 (b) shows bending moment diagram due to external loads as well as due to unknown moments at supports. Saggmg moment is considered positive. The lower part of
Hcre, MA , MB , M(- are assunled as hogging (negative). The upper pait shows BM diagram due lo loads Tor span AB and BC. Thus, these diagrams are drawn considering each heam as'separarc sinlply supported heam subjected to given external loads.
1,
la)
Figure 6.1
Let Al and A2 be area of bending moment diagram due to loads on siniply supported spans AB and BC respectively. XI and X2 are distances of their centres of gravity from A and C respectively. It may be noted Ulat for span AB -BC, B is the intermediate support whereas A and C are left and right supports respectively with respect to B. In order to solve for unknown moments, we need additional equation. It can be seen from Figure 6.1 (c) Lhat slope at B whether left or right of it, is same, i.e.
ORA = OBC (6.1) The slopes at B for span BA and BC respectively are same due to continuity at B . This is also known as a compatibility condition. As slopes are very small, we can write
where
~AB is
tau =
Z [(Area of M
and Here, t A is ~ upward (+ve) and t r is ~ downward (-ve) with respect to tangent at B.
L1
L2'
(6.3)
On simplifying,
This is the equation of three moments. We observe that MA ,Mu and Mc are three unknown moments. The terms on right hand side are obtained from bending moment diagram considering simply supported spans subjected to external loads. When there are n numbers of unknown moments for multispan continuous beams, n number of compatibility conditions are required and the continuity of slope at various supports is considered. If a bean1 has same a o s s section in all the spans, i.e. for prismatic beam, 1, = 12 = I. The three moment equation simplifies to
Example 6.1 Analyse continuous beam ABC given in Figure 6.2 (a). Find the reactions and draw shear force and bending moment diagrams.
Figure 6.2
I
I
Indetenniwte StludWC~ 1
Solution
I 1
I
I
Here, in this case, since A and C are simple supports, moments MA= MC = 0, L 1 = 6 m , h = 8 m , I I = I and 12=21. For simply supported b e a m AB-subjected to uniformaly distributed load (w), wL : be ing moment diagram is a parabola and malrimum BM is . For span AB, 8 AI is area of parabolic BM diagram and XI is distance of C.G. of BM diagram from left support A.
ld
12
I
I
Ll and XI = -is measured from A. 2 Hence, w(~i)\x6~ 5x216-270 LI 4 4 4 f parabolic BM diagram and X2 is distance of C.G. of For span BC, At is area o BM diagram from right support C.
I
I
6A2x2 w(~2)' - 8 x 83 - 1024 L2 - 4 4 Thus, the three moment equation for spans AB -BC is as follows :
We get,
I
- 782 : . MB = - 39.1 kN m
20MB =
e
(hogging)
To find reactions, the reactions due ta load [Figure 6.2 (b)] and those due to end
moment MB[Figure 6.2 (c)] are superimposed. Thus, we get, RA= 15 - 6.517 = 8.483 kN RBA= 15 + 6.517 = 21.517 kN RBc= 32 + 4.888 = 36.888 kN RB RBA+ RBC= 58.4045 kN
'
Rc= 32-4.888 = 27.112 kN can be stated as algebraic sum of vertical (8 x 8) + (5 x 6) - (8.483 + 21.517 + 36.888 + 27.1 12) = 0
I I
(OK)
The shear force and bending moment diagrains are shown in Figure 6.2 (d) and 6.2 (e)respectively. The bending moment at B is hogging. Therefore, tension is at top and hence, negative BM diagram is drawn at top and the positive BM diagram considering simply supported spans AB and CD is superimposed. The resulting bending moment diagram is redrawn in Figure 6.2 (f) on a horizontal abscissa. Maximum positive bending momeilt will wcur where SF is equal to 0.
Theorem of ~ h r e e Morncntv
SAQ 1
Analyse the corilinuous beam shown in Figure 6.3. Also draw bending moment diagram.
Figure 6.3
Example 6.2 If aqy span is subjected to (a) point load as shown in Figure 6.4 (a), and (b) partial u.d.1. as shown in Figure 6.5 (a),
calculate the terms -and-6AX2 if the span is on left or on right with respect L L to intermediate support. Note : This example is aimed to W e you understand the computation of terms on right h a d side of three moment equation. This depends on types of loads and their disposition.
w1
Solution
(a) Figure 6.4 (b) shows the bending moment diagram considering simply supported beam carrying concentrated p i n t load P, the area
A =
[+Ix (?Ix
.
L=
Pab
Distance of C.G. of area from left end = Xi= (L + a)B Distance of C.G.of area from right end = X2 = (L +b)B Thus, MI L
-
WELA lromA.
L
Similarly,
(b) Figure 6.5 (b) shows bending moment diagram of the simply supported beam loaded as shown in Figure 6.5 (a).
To find MX1 for parabolic potti&, i.e. between C and D,the expression fa L bending moment between x = 4 to 6 from A is as follows :
The moment of area of bending moment under parabola between C and D with respect to A is
l G . ? ! l
2
(y)
(4'4)
\
AX2 for left triangle with respect to right support = AXI for right triangle with respect to left support = AX2 for right triangle with respect to right support = AXI due to partial u.d.1. with respect to left support,
-(6+$)
" r "x 2
2 2
= 1520k~m'
Therefore,
--(
(72x4) 4 + - + 4 4 8 + 2
:]
1296
Therefore,
6AX2
= 972k~m'
Alternate ~ e t h o d ( M e t h o d of Superposition) Consider Figure 6.5 (a) and'assume end B as tixed, RA = 18 kN is deemed to be a load, revised bending moment diagram will be as per Figure 6.5 (c).
Similarly,
SAQ 2
An intermediate span PQ is subjected to (a) unit'ornlly distributed load w = 30 kN/m as shown in Figure 6.6 (a), and (b) external moment M as shown in Figure 6.6 (b). 6AX1 6AX2 Calculate - and - with respect to left support and right support. L L
Figure 6.6
SAQ 3
-.
A~ialysc the co~~tilluous heam shown in Figure 6.7 and draw bending moment 'and shear force cliagr;uns
Figure 6.7
Theorem or Three
Moment3
Solution
Considering equilibrium of AB and of joint B, equivalent bending moment -PL (hoiging) and vertical load P can be taken at roller B as shown in Figure 6.8 (b).
M B = - PL (hogging)
Considering spans BC- CC' with no load on span BC and CC', the three moment equation is as follows : MB x 2 L + 2 M c ( 2 L + 0 ) + 0 = 0
C)n simplification, this gives
Mc =
MC =
- MB 2
(sagging)
Thus, we get
SAQ 5
Analyse the fixed beam with iilter~lal hinge as shown in Figure 6.10.
Example 6.4 Analyse the prismatic beam given in.Figwe 6.11 (a) and draw bending moment diagram.
Solutlon Span BC is subjected to two types of loads, hence the method of superposition is applied. For simplicity, partial u.d.1 and point load are considered separately. Span AB-BC
Pab (L + b)
L
Lz
k!
= 972 kN m2
,
' ~ ' ~ a r t 3
= -3168
PartAof-
"
L1
lX'
Pal ( L + a)
PartB of-
[ y )
Part B
I
I
641x1 Total -= 1260 + 1140 = 2400 kN m2 L Applying moment area theorem, L1 = 8 m, Lz = 0 8MB+16Mc = -2400 MB+2Mc = -300 Solution of simultaneous Eqs. (6.5) and (6.6) yields, MB = - 82 kN m (hogging);Me = - 109 kN m (hogging)
When there is sinking of support in case of prismatic beam, we have 11 = 12 = I and the equation becomes
Note :
While writing signs of S1 and & we have to take care. For span AB, S1 is positive if intermediate support B is at lower level by 61 than left support (A ). For span BC, & is positive, if intermediate support B is lower by 62 with respect to right support C.
Example 6.5 For a continuous beam ABC as shown in Figure 6.13, if support B sinks by 5 mrn and support C sinks by 2 mm with respect to unyielded support A, find bending moment at B. Take E l = 36 x lo3 kNm2 as constant for the beam.
Figure 6.13
while 62 wi& respect to B = 0.005 - 0.002 = 0.003 m (positive) Applying three moment theorem,
28MB = 182
.= Me = 6.5 kN m (sagging)
SAQ 6
Attempt Example 6.5, if supporl B sinks by 2 mrn and support C sirlks by 5 iriln with respect to A and EI for span BC = 72 x 1 0 % ~ m2.
Example 6.6 For the loaded beam shown in Figure 6.11 of Example 6.4, if B settles by 8 mm, analyse the beam. Take EI = 72 x lo3 kN m2 for all spans. Solution Span AB-BC
Here, LI = AB = 6 m, & = BC = 8 m and intermediate support sinks. Therefore, 61 = 62 = 0.008 m Applying three moment theorem,
For MA= 0 and refering Example 6.4, AX lL can be directly written down to form equations
where - 3168 is cartied forward from Example 6.4; refer Eq. (6.5).
.'.
Span BC-CC '
S1 = -0.008m and
-= -432kNm
L1
6EZ6
where - 2400 is carried forward from Example 6.4; refer Eq. (6.6) MB + 2Mc = - 354 On solving Eqs. (6.7) and (6.8), we get MB = - 3 1 kN m (hogging) Mc = - 161.5 kN m (hogging) (6.8)
6.5
SUMMARY
In this unit, you have learnt the three moment equatlon which gives relationship between three bending moments at three consecutive supports in two adjoining spans of a continuous beam. In this method, the unhowns are redundant moments at the supports. 11e number of unknowns n is equal to the degree of static indeterminacy. Here, n compatibility equations are obtained by writing three mclment equations for each group of adjacent spans one by one.
In this unit, sagging bending moment is considered positive. Three moment equation for continuous beam as follows : The generalised equation for continuous beam when subjected to external load and support settlement is given by,
When prismatic beam is subjected to external load and there is no support settlement, substitute II = 12 = I, then last two terms on R.H.S in the above equation are omitted. When supports are yielding and there is no external load in prismatic beam, II = 12 = I then first two terms on R.H.S. in the above equation are omitted. Terms 6AXlIL with respect to left end and 6AX21L with respect to right end for typical types of loads are shown in Table 6.1, treating the beam member as simply supported.
Table 6.1 :Values of the Quantity =for
r-
(hogging)
To write three moment equation in case of beams with fixed support, additional span of zero length without load is assumed. IndeterIhinate beams include
: The moments at the ends of members are called end moments. : Beam having uniform cross section is called prismatic beam. : Beams having more than one span and continuous over number of supports are called continuous beams. : Compatibility condition involving bending moments at three successive supports is called three moment equation.
Yielding of Supports
: Vertical settlement or rotational slip of the supports due to probable displacement of the footings is defined as yielding of supports. This iliduces fixed end actions at the ends. Settlement is also known as sinking of the support.
The loads and reactions are shown in Figure 6.14 (a). Here, MA and MD are zero and Me andMc are unknown moments. Thus, two equations are required. Consider spans AB-BC for three moment equation. Another equation is formed by considering spans BC-CD for three moment equation. Here, L1 = 8 m and L2 = 4 rtl and -is zero as span CD is not
L2
loaded. equations gives the unknowns MB The solution of these two linear simultanec~us and Mc as follows :
Shear force and bending moment diagrams are given in Figures 6.14 (b) and
6.14 (c) respectively.
2ubz - b3]
L~
SAQ 3
SAQ 4 Considering span A 'A-AB and AB-BB following equations are obtained :
MA + 2MB = -
Pub (L + a ) L'
Refer Figure 6.10. Figure 6.16 (a) shows the equivalent beam to he analysed consitler he;un I)C-CO, and ohlain r1lolllellt.s using Lllrec momenl ll~corcm.
Figure 6.16
kN In (hogging)