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American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER)
e-ISSN : 2320-0847 p-ISSN : 2320-0936
Volume-02, Issue-05, pp-122-127
www.ajer.us
Research Paper Open Access
Some Fixed Point and Common Fixed Point Theorems in
2-Banach Spaces
A.S.Saluja, Alkesh Kumar Dhakde
Govt. J.H. P.G. College Betul (M.P.), India
IES College of Technology Bhopal (M.P.), India
Abstract: In the present paper we prove some fixed point and common fixed point theorems in 2-Banach
spaces for new rational expression. Which generalize the well known results.
AMS: 47H10, 54H25.
Keywords: Banach Space, 2-Banach Spaces, Fixed point, Common Fixed point.
I. INTRODUCTION
The study of non-contraction mapping concerning the existence of fixed points draws attention of
various authors in non-linear analysis. It is well known that the differential and integral equations that arise in
physical problems are generally non-linear, therefore the fixed point methods specially Banachs contraction
principle provides a powerful tool for obtaining the solutions of these equations which were very difficult to
solve by any other methods. Recently Verma [9] described about the application of Banachs contraction
principle [2]. Ghalar [5] introduced the concept of 2-Banach spaces. Recently Badshah and Gupta [3], Yadava,
Rajput and Bhardwaj [10], Yadava, Rajput, Choudhary and Bhardwaj [11] also worked for Banach and 2-Banch
spaces for non contraction mappings. In present paper we prove some fixed point and common fixed point
theorems for non-contraction mappings, in 2-Banach spaces motivated by above, before starting the main result
first we write some definitions.
Definition (1.2A), 2-Banach Spaces:
In a paper Gahler [5] define a linear 2-normed space to be pair ( ) ., , L where L is a linear space and . ., is
non negative , real valued function defined on L such that L c b a e , ,
(i) 0 , = b a if and only if a and b are linearly dependent
(ii) a b b a , , =
(iii) | | | , , , b a b a = is real
(iv) c a b a c b a , , , + s +
Hence . ., is called a 2-norm.
Definition (1.2B):
A sequence { }
n
x in a linear 2-normed space L, is called a convergent sequence if there is, L xe , such that
L y y x x
n
n
e =
all for 0 , lim .
Definition (1.2C):
A sequence { }
n
x in a linear 2-normed space L , is called a Cauchy sequence if there exists L z y e , , such that
y and z are linearly independent and
American J ournal of Engineering Research (AJ ER) 2013
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0 , lim
,
=
y x x
n m
n m
Definition (1.2D):
A linear 2-normed space in which every Cauchy sequence is convergent is called 2-Banach spaces.
II. MAIN RESULTS
Theorem 1.1:
Let T be a mapping of a 2-Banach spaces into itself. If T satisfies the following conditions:
I T =
2
, where I is identity mapping (1.1)
a y x
a Tx y a Ty x a Ty y a Tx x
a y x
a y x a Ty x a Tx y a Ty y
a y x
a Ty y a Tx x
a Ty Tx
,
2
, ,
2
, ,
,
, , , ,
,
, ,
,
2
3
+
(
+
+
(
+
+
+
+
>
q o
| o
(1.2)
Where y x = , 0 > a is real with 4 3 2 4 10 8 > + + + + q o | o .Then T has unique fixed point.
Proof: Suppose x
is any point in 2-Banach space X .
Taking ( ) ( ) y T z x I T y = + = ,
2
1
( ) a Tx T Ty a x T Ty a x z , , ,
2
= =
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
a Tx y
a Ty Tx a Tx T y a Tx T Tx a Ty y
a Tx y
a Tx y a Tx T y a Ty Tx a Tx T Tx
a Tx y
a Tx T Tx a Ty y
,
2
, ,
2
, ,
,
, , , ,
,
, ,
2
3
+
(
+
+
(
+
+
+
+
>
q o
| o
| |
a Tx y
a Ty y a y Tx a x y a x Tx a Ty y
a Tx x
a Tx y a x y a Ty y a y Tx a x Tx
a Tx x
a x Tx a Ty y
,
2
, , ,
2
, ,
,
4
1
, , , , ,
,
2
1
, ,
2
3
+
(
+ +
+
(
+
+
+ +
+
>
q o
| o
a Tx x
a Ty y a Tx x a Tx x
a x Tx a Ty y
a Tx x
a Tx x a Tx x a Ty y a Tx x a x Tx
a Ty y
,
2 2
, ,
2
1
,
2
1
2
, ,
,
4
1
,
8
1
,
2
1
, ,
2
1
,
, 2
2
3
+
(
(
(
+ +
+
(
+
+
+
(
+
+ >
q
o
| o
a Tx x
a Ty y a Tx x a x Tx a Ty y
a Tx x
a Tx x
Ty y a Tx x a Ty y
,
2 2
, ,
2
, ,
,
,
,
2
1
4
2
, 2
2
3
+
(
+
+
(
+
+
+
(
+ + >
q
o
|
o
American J ournal of Engineering Research (AJ ER) 2013
w w w . a j e r . u s
Page 124
| |
| | | | a Tx x a Ty y a Tx x a x Tx a Ty y
a Tx x a Ty y a Tx x a Ty y
,
2
, ,
2
, ,
2
, , 4 , 2
2
, 2
+ + + + +
+ + + >
q o
|
o
( ) ( ) o | o q o |
o
| o
q o |
+ + + + + + + >
|
.
|
\
|
+ + + +
|
.
|
\
|
+ + + >
4 4 ,
2
1
3 ,
2
1
,
2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
3
,
a Ty y a Tx x
a Ty y a Tx x
Now for
a Ty Tx a x z y a x u , , 2 , = =
a y x
a Tx y a Ty x a Ty y a Tx x
a y x
a y x a Ty x a Tx y a Ty y
a y x
a Ty y a Tx x
,
2
, ,
2
, ,
,
, , , ,
,
, ,
2
3
+
(
+
+
(
+
+
+
+
>
q o
| o
a Tx x
a Tx x a Tx x
a Ty y a Tx x
a Tx x
a Tx x a Tx x a Tx x a Ty y
a Tx x
a Ty y a Tx x
,
2 2
,
2
1
,
2
1
2
, ,
,
4
1
,
8
1
,
2
1
,
2
1
,
,
2
1
, ,
2
3
+
(
(
(
+
+
(
+
+
+
(
>
q
o
| o
a Tx x a Tx x
a Ty y a Tx x
a Tx x a Ty y a Ty y
,
2
,
2
2
, ,
,
2
, , 2
+ +
(
+
+ + + >
q o
|
| o
|
.
|
\
|
+ + +
|
.
|
\
|
+ + + >
2
2 ,
2 2 2 2
,
| o
q o |
a Ty y a Tx x
( ) ( ) | o q o | + + + + + + > 2 4 ,
2
1
,
2
1
a Ty y a Tx x
Now
a u x a x z a u z , , , + =
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) | o
q o | o | o q o |
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + >
2 4 ,
2
1
,
2
1
4 4 ,
2
1
3 ,
2
1
a Ty y
a Tx x a Ty y a Tx x
( ) ( ) | o o | o q o | q o | + + + + + + + + + + + + + + > 2 4 4 4 ,
2
1
3 ,
2
1
a Ty y a Tx x
( ) ( ) o | o q o | + + + + + + + > 2 6 8 ,
2
1
2 2 2 4 ,
2
1
a Ty y a Tx x
(1.3)
On the other hand
American J ournal of Engineering Research (AJ ER) 2013
w w w . a j e r . u s
Page 125
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
a y Ty
a y T y y T
a z y y T a u z
, 2
, 2
, 2 ,
=
+ =
=
(1.4)
So ( ) ( ) q | o q o | + + + + + + + > 2 6 8 ,
2
1
2 2 2 4 ,
2
1
, 2 a Ty y a Tx x a y Ty
( ) | | ( ) a Tx x a Ty y , 2 2 2 4 , 2 6 8 4 + + + > + + + q o | q | o
( )
( ) 4 3 2 4 10 8 as , ,
,
2 2 2 4
2 6 8 4
,
> + + + + s
+ + +
+ + +
s
q o | o
q o |
q | o
a Ty y k a Tx x
a Ty y a Tx x
Where
( )
1
2 2 2 4
2 6 8 4
<
+ + +
+ + +
=
q o |
q | o
k
Let ( ) I T R + =
2
1
, then
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
a Tx x
k
a Ty y a y y R
a x R x R R a x R x R
,
2
,
2
1
,
, ,
2
<
= =
=
By the definition of R we claim that ( ) { } x R
n
is a Cauchy sequence in X , ( ) { } x R
n
is converges to so element
0
x in X . So
( ) { }
0
lim x x R
n
n
=
. So ( ) { }
0 0
x x R = . Hence ( )
0 0
x x T =
So
0
x is a fixed point of T .
Uniqueness:
If possible let
0 0
x y = is another fixed point of T .Then
a Ty Tx a y x , ,
0 0 0 0
=
a y x
a Tx y a Ty x a Ty y a Tx x
a y x
a y x a Ty x a Tx y a Ty y
a y x
a Ty y a Tx x
,
2
, ,
2
, ,
,
, , , ,
,
, ,
0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2
0 0
3
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0
0 0 0 0
+
(
+
+
(
+
+
>
q o
| o
a y x a y x a y x , , ,
0 0 0 0 0 0
+ + > q o |
( ) a y x ,
0 0
+ + > q o |
Which is contradiction so
0 0
y x = .Hence fixed point in unique.
Theorem 2.1:
Let T and G be two expansion mappings of a 2-Banach space X into itself. T and G satisfy the following
conditions:
(2.1) T and G commute
(2.1) I T =
2
and I G =
2
, where I is identity mapping.
American J ournal of Engineering Research (AJ ER) 2013
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Page 126
(2.3)
a Gy Gx
a Tx Gy a Ty Gx a Ty Gy a Tx Gx
a Gy Gx
a Gy Gx a Ty Gx a Tx Gy a Ty Gy
a Gy Gx
a Ty Gy a Tx Gx
a Ty Tx
,
2
, , ,
2
, ,
,
, , , ,
,
, ,
,
2
3
+
(
+
+
(
+
+
+
+
>
q o
| o
For every | | 1 . 0 , , , , , , e e q o | o X y x with y x = and 0 = Gy Gx and 1 > + + q o | .
Then there exists a unique common fixed of T and G such that ( )
0 0
x x T = and ( ) .
0 0
x x G =
Proof: -
Suppose x is point in 2-Banach space X it is clear that ( ) I TG =
2
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) a y G G x G G
a x G T y G G a y G T x G G a y G T y G G a x G T x G G
a y G G x G G
a y G G x G G a y G T x G G a x G T y G G a y G T y G G
a y G G x G G
a y G T y G G a x G T x G G
a y G TG x G TG
,
2
, ,
2
, ,
,
, , , ,
,
, ,
, . .
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
2 2
3
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
+
(
(
+
+
(
(
+
+
+
+
>
q
o
|
o
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
a Gy Gx
a Gx TG y G a Gx TG Gx a Gy TG Gy a Gx TG Gx
a Gy Gx
a Gy Gx Gy TG Gx a Gx TG Gy a Gy TG Gy
a Gy Gx
a Gy TG Gy a Gx TG Gx
,
2
, ,
2
, ,
,
, , ,
,
, ,
2
3
2
+
(
+
+
(
+
+
+
+
>
q
o
| o
Taking ( ) p x G = , ( ) q y G = , where q p =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
a q p
a p TG q a q TG p a q TG q a p TG p
a q p
a q p q TG p a p TG q a q TG q
a q p
a q TG q a p TG p
,
2
, ,
2
, ,
,
, , ,
,
, ,
2
3
+
(
+
+
(
+
+
+
+
>
q o
| o
Taking R TG= we get
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
a q p
a p R q a q R p a p R q a p R p
a q p
a q p q R p a p R q a q R q
a q p
a q R q a p R p
a q R p R
,
2
, ,
2
, ,
,
, , ,
,
, ,
,
2
3
+
(
+
+
(
+
+
+
+
>
q o
| o
It is clear by theorem (1.1); that TG R = has at least one fixed point say
0
x in K that is
( ) ( )
0 0 0
x x TG x R = =
And so ( )( ) ( )
0 0
. x T x TG T =
Or ( ) ( )
0 0
2
x T Gx T =
( ) ( )
0 0
x T x G =
Now
American J ournal of Engineering Research (AJ ER) 2013
w w w . a j e r . u s
Page 127
( ) ( ) a x T T Tx a x T Tx a x Tx , . , ,
0 0 0
2
0 0 0
= =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) a Tx G x G
a x T Tx G a Tx T x G a Tx T Tx G a x T x G
a Tx G x G
a Tx G x G a Tx T x G a x T Tx G a Tx T Tx G
a Tx G x G
a Tx T x GT a x T x G
,
2
, ,
2
, ,
,
, , , ,
,
, ,
0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2
0 0
3
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0
0 0 0 0
+
(
+
+
(
+
+
+
+
>
q
o
|
o
( ) a x Tx ,
0 0
+ + = q o |
So ( ) ( ) 1
0 0
> + + = q | x x T
That is
0
x is the fixed point of T .
But ( ) ( )
0 0
x G x T = so ( )
0 0
x x G = .
Hence
0
x is the fixed point of T and G .
Uniqueness:
If possible let
0 0
x y = is another common fixed point of T and G .
Then ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) a y T T x T T a y T x T a y x , , ,
0 0 0
2
0
2
0 0
= =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) a Ty G Tx G
a Tx T Ty G a Ty T Tx G a Ty T Ty G a Tx T Tx G
a Ty G Tx G
a Ty G Tx G a Ty T Tx G a Tx T Ty G a Ty T Ty G
a Ty G Tx G
a Ty T Ty G a Tx T Tx G
,
2
, ,
2
, ,
,
, , , ,
,
, ,
0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2
0 0
3
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0
0 0 0 0
+
(
+
+
(
+
+
+
+
>
q
o
|
o
a y x a y x a y x , , ,
0 0 0 0 0 0
+ + > q o |
( ) a y x ,
0 0
+ + > q o |
But 1 > + + q o |
So
0 0
y x = . So common fixed point in unique.
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